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Abouelenein D, Acquaticci L, Alessandroni L, Borsetta G, Caprioli G, Mannozzi C, Marconi R, Piatti D, Santanatoglia A, Sagratini G, Vittori S, Mustafa AM. Volatile Profile of Strawberry Fruits and Influence of Different Drying Methods on Their Aroma and Flavor: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5810. [PMID: 37570780 PMCID: PMC10420878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Strawberries are the most popular berry fruit in the world, due to their distinctive aroma, flavor, and known health properties. Because volatile substances play a large role in strawberry flavor, even little alterations can have a big impact on how the fruit tastes. Strawberries are thought to have a complex aroma. Fresh strawberry fruits contain more than 360 volatile compounds, including esters, furans, terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and sulfur compounds. Despite having far lower concentrations than esters, terpenoids, furanones, and sulfur compounds, all have a considerable impact on how people perceive the aroma of strawberries. With a focus on the active aroma components and the many analytical methods used to identify them, including gas chromatography, electronic nose sensing, and proton-transfer- reaction mass spectrometry, the present review's aim was to provide a summary of the relevant literature. Additionally, strawberry fruits are frequently dried to create a powder in order to increase their shelf life. Consequently, the impact of various drying techniques on strawberries' volatile profile was investigated in the current review. This review can be considered a good reference for research concerning the aroma profile of strawberries. It helps to better understand the complex aroma and flavor of strawberries and provides a guide for the effects of drying processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Abouelenein
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Laura Acquaticci
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Laura Alessandroni
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Germana Borsetta
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Giovanni Caprioli
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Cinzia Mannozzi
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Riccardo Marconi
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Diletta Piatti
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Agnese Santanatoglia
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Sauro Vittori
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Ahmed M. Mustafa
- CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.A.); (L.A.); (L.A.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (C.M.); (R.M.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Qin Y, Jia W, Sun X, LV H. Development of electronic nose for detection of micro-mechanical damages in strawberries. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1222988. [PMID: 37588052 PMCID: PMC10425553 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1222988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A self-developed portable electronic nose and its classification model were designed to detect and differentiate minor mechanical damage to strawberries. The electronic nose utilises four metal oxide sensors and four electrochemical sensors specifically calibrated for strawberry detection. The selected strawberries were subjected to simulated damage using an H2Q-C air bath oscillator at varying speeds and then stored at 4°C to mimic real-life mechanical damage scenarios. Multiple feature extraction methods have been proposed and combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction for comparative modelling. Following validation with various models such as SVM, KNN, LDA, naive Bayes, and subspace ensemble, the Grid Search-optimised SVM (GS-SVM) method achieved the highest classification accuracy of 0.84 for assessing the degree of strawberry damage. Additionally, the Feature Extraction ensemble classifier achieved the highest classification accuracy (0.89 in determining the time interval of strawberry damage). This experiment demonstrated the feasibility of the self-developed electronic nose for detecting minor mechanical damage in strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Qin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Wenshen Jia
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Lu'an Branch, Anhui Institute of Innovation for Industrial Technology, Lu'an, China
| | - Xu Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Haolin LV
- College of Computer and Information, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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Lin M, Fawole OA, Saeys W, Wu D, Wang J, Opara UL, Nicolai B, Chen K. Mechanical damages and packaging methods along the fresh fruit supply chain: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10283-10302. [PMID: 35647708 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical damage of fresh fruit occurs throughout the postharvest supply chain leading to poor consumer acceptance and marketability. In this review, the mechanisms of damage development are discussed first. Mathematical modeling provides advanced ways to describe and predict the deformation of fruit with arbitrary geometry, which is important to understand their mechanical responses to external forces. Also, the effects of damage at the cellular and molecular levels are discussed as this provides insight into fruit physiological responses to damage. Next, direct measurement methods for damage including manual evaluation, optical detection, magnetic resonance imaging, and X-ray computed tomography are examined, as well as indirect methods based on physiochemical indexes. Also, methods to measure fruit susceptibility to mechanical damage based on the bruise threshold and the amount of damage per unit of impact energy are reviewed. Further, commonly used external and interior packaging and their applications in reducing damage are summarized, and a recent biomimetic approach for designing novel lightweight packaging inspired by the fruit pericarp. Finally, future research directions are provided.HIGHLIGHTSMathematical modeling has been increasingly used to calculate damage to fruit.Cell and molecular mechanisms response to fruit damage is an under-explored area.Susceptibility measurement of different mechanical forces has received attention.Customized design of reusable and biodegradable packaging is a hot topic of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Lin
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Olaniyi Amos Fawole
- Postharvest Research Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wouter Saeys
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Di Wu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Department of Packaging Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Umezuruike Linus Opara
- SARChI Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- UNESCO International Centre for Biotechnology, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Bart Nicolai
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Non-Destructive Detection of Damaged Strawberries after Impact Based on Analyzing Volatile Organic Compounds. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22020427. [PMID: 35062387 PMCID: PMC8780591 DOI: 10.3390/s22020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Strawberries are susceptible to mechanical damage. The detection of damaged strawberries by their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can avoid the deficiencies of manual observation and spectral imaging technologies that cannot detect packaged fruits. In the present study, the detection of strawberries with impact damage is investigated using electronic nose (e-nose) technology. The results show that the e-nose technology can be used to detect strawberries that have suffered impact damage. The best model for detecting the extent of impact damage had a residual predictive deviation (RPD) value of 2.730, and the correct rate of the best model for identifying the damaged strawberries was 97.5%. However, the accuracy of the prediction of the occurrence time of impact was poor, and the RPD value of the best model was only 1.969. In addition, the gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry analysis further shows that the VOCs of the strawberries changed after suffering impact damage, which was the reason why the e-nose technology could detect the damaged fruit. The above results show that the mechanical force of impact caused changes in the VOCs of strawberries and that it is possible to detect strawberries that have suffered impact damage using e-nose technology.
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Lin M, Chen J, Wu D, Chen K. Volatile Profile and Biosynthesis of Post-harvest Apples are Affected by the Mechanical Damage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9716-9724. [PMID: 34375116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical damage to fruit causes flavor changes during post-harvest supply chains. It is important to identify the main volatiles and explore their biosynthesis mechanism. In this study, the volatile changes in apples caused by mechanical damage were analyzed by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. Hexanal and ethyl acetate were accumulated and identified as potential volatile biomarkers to detect damaged apples. The study on the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway and transcription factors (TFs) shows that mechanical damage up-regulated the expression of MdLOX-like, MdLOX3b, MdLOX7b, MdLOX7c, MdLOX2a, and MdAAT in the LOX pathway and that of one MYB TF (MdMYB-like), five ERF TFs (MdERF073, MdERF003, MdERF114, MdERF15, and MdERF2), and five WRKY TFs (MdWRKY23, MdWRKY17, MdWRKY46, MdWRKY48, and MdWRKY71). Notably, MdAAT was significantly correlated to MdMYB-like, MdWRKY23, MdWRKY71, MdERF15, and MdERF2. Thus, TFs may attribute to the accumulation of hexanal and ethyl acetate by regulating the expression of LOX pathway-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Lin
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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