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Volkova NA, Romanov MN, Abdelmanova AS, Larionova PV, German NY, Vetokh AN, Shakhin AV, Volkova LA, Anshakov DV, Fisinin VI, Narushin VG, Griffin DK, Sölkner J, Brem G, McEwan JC, Brauning R, Zinovieva NA. Genotyping-by-Sequencing Strategy for Integrating Genomic Structure, Diversity and Performance of Various Japanese Quail ( Coturnix japonica) Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3439. [PMID: 38003057 PMCID: PMC10668688 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traces of long-term artificial selection can be detected in genomes of domesticated birds via whole-genome screening using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. This study thus examined putative genomic regions under selection that are relevant to the development history, divergence and phylogeny among Japanese quails of various breeds and utility types. We sampled 99 birds from eight breeds (11% of the global gene pool) of egg (Japanese, English White, English Black, Tuxedo and Manchurian Golden), meat (Texas White and Pharaoh) and dual-purpose (Estonian) types. The genotyping-by-sequencing analysis was performed for the first time in domestic quails, providing 62,935 SNPs. Using principal component analysis, Neighbor-Net and Admixture algorithms, the studied breeds were characterized according to their genomic architecture, ancestry and direction of selective breeding. Japanese and Pharaoh breeds had the smallest number and length of homozygous segments indicating a lower selective pressure. Tuxedo and Texas White breeds showed the highest values of these indicators and genomic inbreeding suggesting a greater homozygosity. We revealed evidence for the integration of genomic and performance data, and our findings are applicable for elucidating the history of creation and genomic variability in quail breeds that, in turn, will be useful for future breeding improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Volkova
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (N.A.V.); (A.S.A.); (P.V.L.); (N.Y.G.); (A.N.V.); (A.V.S.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Michael N. Romanov
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (N.A.V.); (A.S.A.); (P.V.L.); (N.Y.G.); (A.N.V.); (A.V.S.); (L.A.V.)
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK;
| | - Alexandra S. Abdelmanova
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (N.A.V.); (A.S.A.); (P.V.L.); (N.Y.G.); (A.N.V.); (A.V.S.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Polina V. Larionova
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (N.A.V.); (A.S.A.); (P.V.L.); (N.Y.G.); (A.N.V.); (A.V.S.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Nadezhda Yu. German
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (N.A.V.); (A.S.A.); (P.V.L.); (N.Y.G.); (A.N.V.); (A.V.S.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Anastasia N. Vetokh
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (N.A.V.); (A.S.A.); (P.V.L.); (N.Y.G.); (A.N.V.); (A.V.S.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Alexey V. Shakhin
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (N.A.V.); (A.S.A.); (P.V.L.); (N.Y.G.); (A.N.V.); (A.V.S.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Ludmila A. Volkova
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (N.A.V.); (A.S.A.); (P.V.L.); (N.Y.G.); (A.N.V.); (A.V.S.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Dmitry V. Anshakov
- Breeding and Genetic Center Zagorsk Experimental Breeding Farm—Branch of the Federal Research Centre, All-Russian Poultry Research and Technological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sergiev Posad 141311, Moscow Oblast, Russia;
| | - Vladimir I. Fisinin
- Federal Research Center “All-Russian Poultry Research and Technological Institute” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sergiev Posad 141311, Moscow Oblast, Russia;
| | - Valeriy G. Narushin
- Research Institute for Environment Treatment, 69032 Zaporizhya, Ukraine;
- Vita-Market Co., Ltd., 69032 Zaporizhya, Ukraine
| | - Darren K. Griffin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK;
| | - Johann Sölkner
- Institute of Livestock Sciences (NUWI), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Gottfried Brem
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - John C. McEwan
- AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand; (J.C.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Rudiger Brauning
- AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand; (J.C.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Natalia A. Zinovieva
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk 142132, Moscow Oblast, Russia; (N.A.V.); (A.S.A.); (P.V.L.); (N.Y.G.); (A.N.V.); (A.V.S.); (L.A.V.)
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2
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Guhlin J, Le Lec MF, Wold J, Koot E, Winter D, Biggs PJ, Galla SJ, Urban L, Foster Y, Cox MP, Digby A, Uddstrom LR, Eason D, Vercoe D, Davis T, Howard JT, Jarvis ED, Robertson FE, Robertson BC, Gemmell NJ, Steeves TE, Santure AW, Dearden PK. Species-wide genomics of kākāpō provides tools to accelerate recovery. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1693-1705. [PMID: 37640765 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The kākāpō is a critically endangered, intensively managed, long-lived nocturnal parrot endemic to Aotearoa New Zealand. We generated and analysed whole-genome sequence data for nearly all individuals living in early 2018 (169 individuals) to generate a high-quality species-wide genetic variant callset. We leverage extensive long-term metadata to quantify genome-wide diversity of the species over time and present new approaches using probabilistic programming, combined with a phenotype dataset spanning five decades, to disentangle phenotypic variance into environmental and genetic effects while quantifying uncertainty in small populations. We find associations for growth, disease susceptibility, clutch size and egg fertility within genic regions previously shown to influence these traits in other species. Finally, we generate breeding values to predict phenotype and illustrate that active management over the past 45 years has maintained both genome-wide diversity and diversity in breeding values and, hence, evolutionary potential. We provide new pathways for informing future conservation management decisions for kākāpō, including prioritizing individuals for translocation and monitoring individuals with poor growth or high disease risk. Overall, by explicitly addressing the challenge of the small sample size, we provide a template for the inclusion of genomic data that will be transformational for species recovery efforts around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Guhlin
- Genomics Aotearoa, Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Marissa F Le Lec
- Genomics Aotearoa, Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Jana Wold
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Emily Koot
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Palmerston North, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - David Winter
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa New Zealand
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Stephanie J Galla
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Lara Urban
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
- Helmholtz AI, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Yasmin Foster
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Murray P Cox
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa New Zealand
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Andrew Digby
- Kākāpō Recovery Programme, Department of Conservation, Invercargill, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Lydia R Uddstrom
- Kākāpō Recovery Programme, Department of Conservation, Invercargill, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Daryl Eason
- Kākāpō Recovery Programme, Department of Conservation, Invercargill, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Deidre Vercoe
- Kākāpō Recovery Programme, Department of Conservation, Invercargill, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Tāne Davis
- Rakiura Tītī Islands Administering Body, Invercargill, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Jason T Howard
- Neurogenetics of Language Lab, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Mirxes, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Fiona E Robertson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Bruce C Robertson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Neil J Gemmell
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Tammy E Steeves
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Anna W Santure
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand
| | - Peter K Dearden
- Genomics Aotearoa, Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand.
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3
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Menor-Flores M, Vega-Rodríguez MA, Molina F. Iterative Level-0: A new and fast algorithm to traverse mating networks calculating the inbreeding and relationship coefficients. Comput Biol Med 2023; 164:107296. [PMID: 37566933 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In population medical genetics, the study of autosomal recessive disorders in highly endogamous populations is a major topic where calculating the inbreeding and relationship coefficients on mating networks is crucial. However, a challenge arises when dealing with large and complex mating networks, making their traversal difficult during the calculation process. For this calculation, we propose using Iterative Level-0 (IL0) as a new and faster algorithm that traverses mating networks more efficiently. The purpose of this work is to explain in detail the IL0 algorithm and prove its superiority by comparing it with two algorithms based on the best-known algorithms in the area: Depth First Search (DFS) and Breadth First Search (BFS). A Cytoscape application has been developed to calculate the inbreeding and relationship coefficients of individuals composing any mating network. In this application, the IL0 proposal together with DFS-based and BFS-based algorithms have been implemented. Any user can access this freely available Cytoscape application (https://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/inbreeding) that allows the comparison between the IL0 proposal and the best-known algorithms (based on DFS and BFS). In addition, a diverse set of mating networks has been collected in terms of complexity (number of edges) and species (humans, primates, and dogs) for the experiments. The runtime obtained by the IL0, DFS-based, and BFS-based algorithms when calculating the inbreeding and relationship coefficients proved the improvement of IL0. In fact, a speedup study reflected that the IL0 algorithm is 7.60 to 127.50 times faster than DFS-based and BFS-based algorithms. Moreover, a scalability study found that the growth of the IL0 runtime has a linear dependence on the number of edges of the mating network, while the DFS-based and BFS-based runtimes have a quadratic dependence. Therefore, the IL0 algorithm can solve the problem of calculating the inbreeding and relationship coefficients many times faster (up to 127.50) than the two algorithms based on the famous DFS and BFS. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that IL0 scales much better as the complexity of mating networks increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Menor-Flores
- Escuela Politécnica, Universidad de Extremadura(1), Campus Universitario s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Vega-Rodríguez
- Escuela Politécnica, Universidad de Extremadura(1), Campus Universitario s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Felipe Molina
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura (1), Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
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4
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Campbell LK, Peery RM, Magor KE. Evolution and expression of the duck TRIM gene repertoire. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1220081. [PMID: 37622121 PMCID: PMC10445537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1220081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are involved in development, innate immunity, and viral restriction. TRIM gene repertoires vary between species, likely due to diversification caused by selective pressures from pathogens; however, this has not been explored in birds. We mined a de novo assembled transcriptome for the TRIM gene repertoire of the domestic mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos), a reservoir host of influenza A viruses. We found 57 TRIM genes in the duck, which represent all 12 subfamilies based on their C-terminal domains. Members of the C-IV subfamily with C-terminal PRY-SPRY domains are known to augment immune responses in mammals. We compared C-IV TRIM proteins between reptiles, birds, and mammals and show that many C-IV subfamily members have arisen independently in these lineages. A comparison of the MHC-linked C-IV TRIM genes reveals expansions in birds and reptiles. The TRIM25 locus with related innate receptor modifiers is adjacent to the MHC in reptile and marsupial genomes, suggesting the ancestral organization. Within the avian lineage, both the MHC and TRIM25 loci have undergone significant TRIM gene reorganizations and divergence, both hallmarks of pathogen-driven selection. To assess the expression of TRIM genes, we aligned RNA-seq reads from duck tissues. C-IV TRIMs had high relative expression in immune relevant sites such as the lung, spleen, kidney, and intestine, and low expression in immune privileged sites such as in the brain or gonads. Gene loss and gain in the evolution of the TRIM repertoire in birds suggests candidate immune genes and potential targets of viral subversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee K. Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rhiannon M. Peery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Katharine E. Magor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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5
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Pérez‐Pereira N, Quesada H, Caballero A. An empirical evaluation of the estimation of inbreeding depression from molecular markers under suboptimal conditions. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1302-1315. [PMID: 37492144 PMCID: PMC10363801 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inbreeding depression (ID), the reduction in fitness due to inbreeding, is typically measured by the regression of the phenotypic values of individuals for a particular trait on their corresponding inbreeding coefficients (F). While genealogical records can provide these coefficients, they may be unavailable or incomplete, making molecular markers a useful alternative. The power to detect ID and its accuracy depend on the variation of F values of individuals, the sample sizes available, and the accuracy in the estimation of individual fitness traits and F values. In this study, we used Drosophila melanogaster to evaluate the effectiveness of molecular markers in estimating ID under suboptimal conditions. We generated two sets of 100 pairs of unrelated individuals from a large panmictic population and mated them for two generations to produce non-inbred and unrelated individuals (F = 0) and inbred individuals (full-sib progeny; F = 0.25). Using these expected genealogical F values, we calculated inbreeding depression for two fitness-related traits, pupae productivity and competitive fitness. We then sequenced the males from 17 non-inbred pairs and 17 inbred pairs to obtain their genomic inbreeding coefficients and estimate ID for the two traits. The scenario assumed was rather restrictive in terms of estimation of ID because: (1) the individuals belonged to the same generation of a large panmictic population, leading to low variation in individual F coefficients; (2) the sample sizes were small; and (3) the traits measured depended on both males and females while only males were sequenced. Despite the challenging conditions of our study, we found that molecular markers provided estimates of ID that were comparable to those obtained from simple pedigree estimations with larger sample sizes. The results therefore suggest that genomic measures of inbreeding are useful to provide estimates of inbreeding depression even under very challenging scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Pérez‐Pereira
- Centro de Investigación MariñaUniversidade de Vigo, Facultade de BioloxíaVigoSpain
| | - Humberto Quesada
- Centro de Investigación MariñaUniversidade de Vigo, Facultade de BioloxíaVigoSpain
| | - Armando Caballero
- Centro de Investigación MariñaUniversidade de Vigo, Facultade de BioloxíaVigoSpain
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6
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Cornes BK, Paisie C, Swanzey E, Fields PD, Schile A, Brackett K, Reinholdt LG, Srivastava A. Protein coding variation in the J:ARC and J:DO outbred laboratory mouse stocks provides a molecular basis for distinct research applications. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad015. [PMID: 36649207 PMCID: PMC10085793 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Outbred laboratory mice (Mus musculus) are readily available and have high fecundity, making them a popular choice in biomedical research, especially toxicological and pharmacological applications. Direct high throughput genome sequencing (HTS) of these widely used research animals is an important genetic quality control measure that enhances research reproducibility. HTS data have been used to confirm the common origin of outbred stocks and to molecularly define distinct outbred populations. But these data have also revealed unexpected population structure and homozygosity in some populations; genetic features that emerge when outbred stocks are not properly maintained. We used exome sequencing to discover and interrogate protein-coding variation in a newly established population of Swiss-derived outbred stock (J:ARC) that is closely related to other, commonly used CD-1 outbred populations. We used these data to describe the genetic architecture of the J:ARC population including heterozygosity, minor allele frequency, LD decay, and we defined novel, protein-coding sequence variation. These data reveal the expected genetic architecture for a properly maintained outbred stock and provide a basis for the on-going genetic quality control. We also compared these data to protein-coding variation found in a multiparent outbred stock, the Diversity Outbred (J:DO). We found that the more recently derived, multiparent outbred stock has significantly higher interindividual variability, greater overall genetic variation, higher heterozygosity, and fewer novel variants than the Swiss-derived J:ARC stock. However, among the novel variants found in the J:DO stock, significantly more are predicted to be protein-damaging. The fact that individuals from this population can tolerate a higher load of potentially damaging variants highlights the buffering effects of allelic diversity and the differing selective pressures in these stocks. While both outbred stocks offer significant individual heterozygosity, our data provide a molecular basis for their intended applications, where the J:DO are best suited for studies requiring maximum, population-level genetic diversity and power for mapping, while the J:ARC are best suited as a general-purpose outbred stock with robust fecundity, relatively low allelic diversity, and less potential for extreme phenotypic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda K Cornes
- Mammalian Genetics, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, USA
| | - Carolyn Paisie
- Mammalian Genetics, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, USA
| | - Emily Swanzey
- Mammalian Genetics, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, USA
| | - Peter D Fields
- Mammalian Genetics, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, USA
| | - Andrew Schile
- Mammalian Genetics, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, USA
| | - Kelly Brackett
- Mammalian Genetics, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, USA
| | | | - Anuj Srivastava
- Mammalian Genetics, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, USA
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7
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Ramasamy U, Elizur A, Subramanian S. Deleterious mutation load in the admixed mice population. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1084502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Deleterious mutation loads are known to correlate negatively with effective population size (Ne). Due to this reason, previous studies observed a higher proportion of harmful mutations in small populations than that in large populations. However, the mutational load in an admixed population that derived from introgression between individuals from two populations with vastly different Ne is not known. We investigated this using the whole genome data from two subspecies of the mouse (Mus musculus castaneus and Mus musculus musculus) with significantly different Ne. We used the ratio of diversities at nonsynonymous and synonymous sites (dN/dS) to measure the harmful mutation load. Our results showed that this ratio observed for the admixed population was intermediate between those of the parental populations. The dN/dS ratio of the hybrid population was significantly higher than that of M. m. castaneus but lower than that of M. m. musculus. Our analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the proportion of M. m. musculus ancestry in admixed individuals and their dN/dS ratio. This suggests that the admixed individuals with high proportions of M. m. musculus ancestry have large dN/dS ratios. We also used the proportion of deleterious nonsynonymous SNVs as a proxy for deleterious mutation load, which also produced similar results. The observed results were in concordance with those expected by theory. We also show a shift in the distribution of fitness effects of nonsynonymous SNVs in the admixed genomes compared to the parental populations. These findings suggest that the deleterious mutation load of the admixed population is determined by the proportion of the ancestries of the subspecies. Therefore, it is important to consider the status and the level of genetic admixture of the populations whilst estimating the mutation loads.
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8
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Martin CA, Sheppard EC, Illera JC, Suh A, Nadachowska-Brzyska K, Spurgin LG, Richardson DS. Runs of homozygosity reveal past bottlenecks and contemporary inbreeding across diverging populations of an island-colonizing bird. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1972-1989. [PMID: 36704917 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Genomes retain evidence of the demographic history and evolutionary forces that have shaped populations and drive speciation. Across island systems, contemporary patterns of genetic diversity reflect population demography, including colonization events, bottlenecks, gene flow and genetic drift. Here, we investigate genome-wide diversity and the distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH) using whole-genome resequencing of individuals (>22× coverage) from six populations across three archipelagos of Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii)-a passerine that has recently undergone island speciation. We show the most dramatic reduction in diversity occurs between the mainland sister species (the tawny pipit) and Berthelot's pipit and is lowest in the populations that have experienced sequential bottlenecks (i.e., the Madeiran and Selvagens populations). Pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent (PSMC) analyses estimated that Berthelot's pipit diverged from its sister species ~2 million years ago, with the Madeiran archipelago founded 50,000 years ago, and the Selvagens colonized 8000 years ago. We identify many long ROH (>1 Mb) in these most recently colonized populations. Population expansion within the last 100 years may have eroded long ROH in the Madeiran archipelago, resulting in a prevalence of short ROH (<1 Mb). However, the extensive long and short ROH detected in the Selvagens suggest strong recent inbreeding and bottleneck effects, with as much as 38% of the autosomes consisting of ROH >250 kb. These findings highlight the importance of demographic history, as well as selection and genetic drift, in shaping contemporary patterns of genomic diversity across diverging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK.,Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC-Oviedo University-Principality of Asturias), University of Oviedo, Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alexander Suh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK.,Department of Organismal Biology - Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lewis G Spurgin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
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9
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Duntsch L, Whibley A, de Villemereuil P, Brekke P, Bailey S, Ewen JG, Santure AW. Genomic signatures of inbreeding depression for a threatened Aotearoa New Zealand passerine. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1893-1907. [PMID: 36655901 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
For small and isolated populations, the increased chance of mating between related individuals can result in a substantial reduction in individual and population fitness. Despite the increasing availability of genomic data to measure inbreeding accurately across the genome, inbreeding depression studies for threatened species are still scarce due to the difficulty of measuring fitness in the wild. Here, we investigate inbreeding and inbreeding depression for the extensively monitored Tiritiri Mātangi island population of a threatened Aotearoa New Zealand passerine, the hihi (Notiomystis cincta). First, using a custom 45 k single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, we explore genomic inbreeding patterns by inferring homozygous segments across the genome. Although all individuals have similar levels of ancient inbreeding, highly inbred individuals are affected by recent inbreeding, which can probably be explained by bottleneck effects such as habitat loss after European arrival and their translocation to the island in the 1990s. Second, we investigate genomic inbreeding effects on fitness, measured as lifetime reproductive success, and its three components, juvenile survival, adult annual survival and annual reproductive success, in 363 hihi. We find that global inbreeding significantly affects juvenile survival but none of the remaining fitness traits. Finally, we employ a genome-wide association approach to test the locus-specific effects of inbreeding on fitness, and identify 13 SNPs significantly associated with lifetime reproductive success. Our findings suggest that inbreeding depression does impact hihi, but at different genomic scales for different traits, and that purging has therefore failed to remove all variants with deleterious effects from this population of conservation concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Duntsch
- Centre for Biodiversity and Biosecurity (CBB), School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Annabel Whibley
- Centre for Biodiversity and Biosecurity (CBB), School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pierre de Villemereuil
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), École Pratique des Hautes Études, PSL, MNHN, CNRS, SU, UA, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Brekke
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Bailey
- Centre for Biodiversity and Biosecurity (CBB), School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John G Ewen
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Anna W Santure
- Centre for Biodiversity and Biosecurity (CBB), School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Population genomics reveals moderate genetic differentiation between populations of endangered Forest Musk Deer located in Shaanxi and Sichuan. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:668. [PMID: 36138352 PMCID: PMC9503231 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many endangered species exist in small, genetically depauperate, or inbred populations, hence promoting genetic differentiation and reducing long-term population viability. Forest Musk Deer (Moschus berezovskii) has been subject to illegal hunting for hundreds of years due to the medical and commercial values of musk, resulting in a significant decline in population size. However, it is still unclear to what extent the genetic exchange and inbreeding levels are between geographically isolated populations. By using whole-genome data, we reconstructed the demographic history, evaluated genetic diversity, and characterized the population genetic structure of Forest Musk Deer from one wild population in Sichuan Province and two captive populations from two ex-situ centers in Shaanxi Province. Results SNP calling by GATK resulted in a total of 44,008,662 SNPs. Principal component analysis (PCA), phylogenetic tree (NJ tree), ancestral component analysis (ADMIXTURE) and the ABBA-BABA test separated Sichuan and Shaanxi Forest Musk Deer as two genetic clusters, but no obvious genetic differentiation was observed between the two captive populations. The average pairwise FST value between the populations in Sichuan and Shaanxi ranged from 0.05–0.07, suggesting a low to moderate genetic differentiation. The mean heterozygous SNPs rate was 0.14% (0.11%—0.15%) for Forest Musk Deer at the genomic scale, and varied significantly among three populations (Chi-square = 1.22, p < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis Test), with the Sichuan population having the lowest (0.11%). The nucleotide diversity of three populations varied significantly (p < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis Test), with the Sichuan population having the lowest genetic θπ (1.69 × 10–3). Conclusions Genetic diversity of Forest Musk Deer was moderate at the genomic scale compared with other endangered species. Genetic differentiation between populations in Sichuan and Shaanxi may not only result from historical biogeographical factors but also be associated with contemporary human disturbances. Our findings provide scientific aid for the conservation and management of Forest Musk Deer. They can extend the proposed measures at the genomic level to apply to other musk deer species worldwide. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08896-9.
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11
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The kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus). Trends Genet 2022; 38:881-882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Ramos L, Antunes A. Decoding sex: Elucidating sex determination and how high-quality genome assemblies are untangling the evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes. Genomics 2022; 114:110277. [PMID: 35104609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is a diverse and widespread process. In gonochoristic species, the differentiation of sexes occurs through diverse mechanisms, influenced by environmental and genetic factors. In most vertebrates, a master-switch gene is responsible for triggering a sex determination network. However, only a few genes have acquired master-switch functions, and this process is associated with the evolution of sex-chromosomes, which have a significant influence in evolution. Additionally, their highly repetitive regions impose challenges for high-quality sequencing, even using high-throughput, state-of-the-art techniques. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in sex determination and their role in the evolution of species, particularly vertebrates, focusing on sex chromosomes and the challenges involved in sequencing these genomic elements. We also address the improvements provided by the growth of sequencing projects, by generating a massive number of near-gapless, telomere-to-telomere, chromosome-level, phased assemblies, increasing the number and quality of sex-chromosome sequences available for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Ramos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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