1
|
Ostridge HJ, Fontsere C, Lizano E, Soto DC, Schmidt JM, Saxena V, Alvarez-Estape M, Barratt CD, Gratton P, Bocksberger G, Lester JD, Dieguez P, Agbor A, Angedakin S, Assumang AK, Bailey E, Barubiyo D, Bessone M, Brazzola G, Chancellor R, Cohen H, Coupland C, Danquah E, Deschner T, Dotras L, Dupain J, Egbe VE, Granjon AC, Head J, Hedwig D, Hermans V, Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Jeffery KJ, Jones S, Junker J, Kadam P, Kaiser M, Kalan AK, Kambere M, Kienast I, Kujirakwinja D, Langergraber KE, Lapuente J, Larson B, Laudisoit A, Lee KC, Llana M, Maretti G, Martín R, Meier A, Morgan D, Neil E, Nicholl S, Nixon S, Normand E, Orbell C, Ormsby LJ, Orume R, Pacheco L, Preece J, Regnaut S, Robbins MM, Rundus A, Sanz C, Sciaky L, Sommer V, Stewart FA, Tagg N, Tédonzong LR, van Schijndel J, Vendras E, Wessling EG, Willie J, Wittig RM, Yuh YG, Yurkiw K, Vigilant L, Piel A, Boesch C, Kühl HS, Dennis MY, Marques-Bonet T, Arandjelovic M, Andrés AM. Local genetic adaptation to habitat in wild chimpanzees. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.09.601734. [PMID: 39026872 PMCID: PMC11257515 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.09.601734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
How populations adapt to their environment is a fundamental question in biology. Yet we know surprisingly little about this process, especially for endangered species such as non-human great apes. Chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, are particularly interesting because they inhabit diverse habitats, from rainforest to woodland-savannah. Whether genetic adaptation facilitates such habitat diversity remains unknown, despite having wide implications for evolutionary biology and conservation. Using 828 newly generated exomes from wild chimpanzees, we find evidence of fine-scale genetic adaptation to habitat. Notably, adaptation to malaria in forest chimpanzees is mediated by the same genes underlying adaptation to malaria in humans. This work demonstrates the power of non-invasive samples to reveal genetic adaptations in endangered populations and highlights the importance of adaptive genetic diversity for chimpanzees. One-Sentence Summary Chimpanzees show evidence of local genetic adaptation to habitat, particularly to pathogens, such as malaria, in forests.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kuderna LFK, Gao H, Janiak MC, Kuhlwilm M, Orkin JD, Bataillon T, Manu S, Valenzuela A, Bergman J, Rousselle M, Silva FE, Agueda L, Blanc J, Gut M, de Vries D, Goodhead I, Harris RA, Raveendran M, Jensen A, Chuma IS, Horvath JE, Hvilsom C, Juan D, Frandsen P, Schraiber JG, de Melo FR, Bertuol F, Byrne H, Sampaio I, Farias I, Valsecchi J, Messias M, da Silva MNF, Trivedi M, Rossi R, Hrbek T, Andriaholinirina N, Rabarivola CJ, Zaramody A, Jolly CJ, Phillips-Conroy J, Wilkerson G, Abee C, Simmons JH, Fernandez-Duque E, Kanthaswamy S, Shiferaw F, Wu D, Zhou L, Shao Y, Zhang G, Keyyu JD, Knauf S, Le MD, Lizano E, Merker S, Navarro A, Nadler T, Khor CC, Lee J, Tan P, Lim WK, Kitchener AC, Zinner D, Gut I, Melin AD, Guschanski K, Schierup MH, Beck RMD, Umapathy G, Roos C, Boubli JP, Rogers J, Farh KKH, Marques Bonet T. A global catalog of whole-genome diversity from 233 primate species. Science 2023; 380:906-913. [PMID: 37262161 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn7829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The rich diversity of morphology and behavior displayed across primate species provides an informative context in which to study the impact of genomic diversity on fundamental biological processes. Analysis of that diversity provides insight into long-standing questions in evolutionary and conservation biology and is urgent given severe threats these species are facing. Here, we present high-coverage whole-genome data from 233 primate species representing 86% of genera and all 16 families. This dataset was used, together with fossil calibration, to create a nuclear DNA phylogeny and to reassess evolutionary divergence times among primate clades. We found within-species genetic diversity across families and geographic regions to be associated with climate and sociality, but not with extinction risk. Furthermore, mutation rates differ across species, potentially influenced by effective population sizes. Lastly, we identified extensive recurrence of missense mutations previously thought to be human specific. This study will open a wide range of research avenues for future primate genomic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas F K Kuderna
- IBE, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. PRBB, C. Doctor Aiguader N88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Illumina Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Illumina Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Hong Gao
- Illumina Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Illumina Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Mareike C Janiak
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
| | - Martin Kuhlwilm
- IBE, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. PRBB, C. Doctor Aiguader N88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph D Orkin
- IBE, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. PRBB, C. Doctor Aiguader N88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Département d'anthropologie, Université de Montréal, 3150 Jean-Brillant, Montréal, QC H3T 1N8, Canada
| | - Thomas Bataillon
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shivakumara Manu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Alejandro Valenzuela
- IBE, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. PRBB, C. Doctor Aiguader N88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juraj Bergman
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Felipe Ennes Silva
- Research Group on Primate Biology and Conservation, Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development, Estrada da Bexiga 2584, CEP 69553-225, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology (EBE), Département de Biologie des Organismes, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Av. Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, CP 160/12, B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Lidia Agueda
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julie Blanc
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dorien de Vries
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
| | - Ian Goodhead
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
| | - R Alan Harris
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Muthuswamy Raveendran
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Axel Jensen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Julie E Horvath
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - David Juan
- IBE, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. PRBB, C. Doctor Aiguader N88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Joshua G Schraiber
- Illumina Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Illumina Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | - Fabrício Bertuol
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Manaus, Amazonas 69080-900, Brazil
| | - Hazel Byrne
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. UT 84102, USA
| | | | - Izeni Farias
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Manaus, Amazonas 69080-900, Brazil
| | - João Valsecchi
- Research Group on Terrestrial Vertebrate Ecology, Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisa para Estudos sobre Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia - RedeFauna, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica - ComFauna, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Malu Messias
- Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Mihir Trivedi
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Rogerio Rossi
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Tomas Hrbek
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal (LEGAL), Manaus, Amazonas 69080-900, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Nicole Andriaholinirina
- Life Sciences and Environment, Technology and Environment of Mahajanga, University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Clément J Rabarivola
- Life Sciences and Environment, Technology and Environment of Mahajanga, University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Alphonse Zaramody
- Life Sciences and Environment, Technology and Environment of Mahajanga, University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Clifford J Jolly
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Jane Phillips-Conroy
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory Wilkerson
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop TX 78602, USA
| | - Christian Abee
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop TX 78602, USA
| | - Joe H Simmons
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop TX 78602, USA
| | | | - Sree Kanthaswamy
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Fekadu Shiferaw
- Guinea Worm Eradication Program, The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dongdong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Long Zhou
- Center for Evolutionary and Organismal Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- Center for Evolutionary and Organismal Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Villum Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xueshi Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Julius D Keyyu
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Head Office, P.O. Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Minh D Le
- Department of Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science and Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Esther Lizano
- IBE, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. PRBB, C. Doctor Aiguader N88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Merker
- Department of Zoology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- IBE, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. PRBB, C. Doctor Aiguader N88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) and Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Pg. Luís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Doctor Aiguader, N88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C. Wellington 30, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tilo Nadler
- Cuc Phuong Commune, Nho Quan District, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Jessica Lee
- Mandai Nature, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine (PRISM), Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Weng Khong Lim
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine (PRISM), Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Genomic Medicine Centre, Singapore
| | - Andrew C Kitchener
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK, and School of Geosciences, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, Germany Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Primate Cognition, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, HMRB 202, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, HMRB 202, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Katerina Guschanski
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Robin M D Beck
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
| | - Govindhaswamy Umapathy
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jean P Boubli
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kyle Kai-How Farh
- Illumina Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Illumina Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Tomas Marques Bonet
- IBE, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. PRBB, C. Doctor Aiguader N88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri I Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) and Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Pg. Luís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fontsere C, Frandsen P, Hernandez-Rodriguez J, Niemann J, Scharff-Olsen CH, Vallet D, Le Gouar P, Ménard N, Navarro A, Siegismund HR, Hvilsom C, Gilbert MTP, Kuhlwilm M, Hughes D, Marques-Bonet T. The genetic impact of an Ebola outbreak on a wild gorilla population. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:735. [PMID: 34635054 PMCID: PMC8504571 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous Ebola virus outbreaks have occurred in Equatorial Africa over the past decades. Besides human fatalities, gorillas and chimpanzees have also succumbed to the fatal virus. The 2004 outbreak at the Odzala-Kokoua National Park (Republic of Congo) alone caused a severe decline in the resident western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) population, with a 95% mortality rate. Here, we explore the immediate genetic impact of the Ebola outbreak in the western lowland gorilla population. Results Associations with survivorship were evaluated by utilizing DNA obtained from fecal samples from 16 gorilla individuals declared missing after the outbreak (non-survivors) and 15 individuals observed before and after the epidemic (survivors). We used a target enrichment approach to capture the sequences of 123 genes previously associated with immunology and Ebola virus resistance and additionally analyzed the gut microbiome which could influence the survival after an infection. Our results indicate no changes in the population genetic diversity before and after the Ebola outbreak, and no significant differences in microbial community composition between survivors and non-survivors. However, and despite the low power for an association analysis, we do detect six nominally significant missense mutations in four genes that might be candidate variants associated with an increased chance of survival. Conclusion This study offers the first insight to the genetics of a wild great ape population before and after an Ebola outbreak using target capture experiments from fecal samples, and presents a list of candidate loci that may have facilitated their survival. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08025-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fontsere
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Peter Frandsen
- Research and Conservation, Copenhagen Zoo, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Biology, Section for Computational and RNA Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jessica Hernandez-Rodriguez
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Genomics of Health Research Group, Hospital Universitari Son Espases (HUSE) and Institut d'Investigacions Sanitaries de Balears (IDISBA), Palma, Spain
| | - Jonas Niemann
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Dominique Vallet
- UMR 6553, ECOBIO: Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Evolution, CNRS/University of Rennes 1, Station Biologique de Paimpont, 35380, Paimpont, France
| | - Pascaline Le Gouar
- UMR 6553, ECOBIO: Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Evolution, CNRS/University of Rennes 1, Station Biologique de Paimpont, 35380, Paimpont, France
| | - Nelly Ménard
- UMR 6553, ECOBIO: Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Evolution, CNRS/University of Rennes 1, Station Biologique de Paimpont, 35380, Paimpont, France
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA, 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hans R Siegismund
- Department of Biology, Section for Computational and RNA Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Hvilsom
- Research and Conservation, Copenhagen Zoo, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark.,University Museum, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Kuhlwilm
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Hughes
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA, 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|