Genetic Diversity in Chimpanzee Transcriptomics Does Not Represent Wild Populations

Generation of chimpanzee induced pluripotent stem cell lines for cross-species comparisons

As humans' closest living relatives, chimpanzees offer valuable insights into human evolution. However, technical and ethical limitations hinder investigations into the molecular and cellular foundations that distinguish chimpanzee and human traits. Recently, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as a novel model for functional comparative studies and provided a non-invasive alternative for studying embryonic phenomena. In this study, we generated five new chimpanzee iPSC lines from peripheral blood cells and skin fibroblasts with SeV vectors carrying four reprogramming factors (human OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and L-MYC) and characterized their pluripotency and differentiation potential. We also examined the expression of a human-specific non-coding RNA, HSTR1, which is predicted to be involved in human brain development. Our results show that the chimpanzee iPSCs possess pluripotent characteristics and can differentiate into various cell lineages. Moreover, we found that HSTR1 is expressed in human iPSCs and their neural derivatives but not in chimpanzee counterparts, supporting its possible role in human-specific brain development. As iPSCs are inherently variable due to genetic and epigenetic differences in donor cells or reprogramming procedures, it is essential to expand the number of chimpanzee iPSC lines to comprehensively capture the molecular and cellular properties representative of chimpanzees. Hence, our cells provide a valuable resource for investigating the function and regulation of human-specific transcripts such as HSTR1 and for understanding human evolution more generally.