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Tang L, Sabi MM, Fu M, Guan J, Wang Y, Xia T, Zheng K, Qu H, Han B. Host cell manipulation by microsporidia secreted effectors: Insights into intracellular pathogenesis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024:e13029. [PMID: 39030770 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Microsporidia are prolific producers of effector molecules, encompassing both proteins and nonproteinaceous effectors, such as toxins, small RNAs, and small peptides. These secreted effectors play a pivotal role in the pathogenicity of microsporidia, enabling them to subvert the host's innate immunity and co-opt metabolic pathways to fuel their own growth and proliferation. However, the genomes of microsporidia, despite falling within the size range of bacteria, exhibit significant reductions in both structural and physiological features, thereby affecting the repertoire of secretory effectors to varying extents. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding how microsporidia modulate host cells through the secretion of effectors, highlighting current challenges and proposed solutions in deciphering the complexities of microsporidial secretory effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Tang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Musa Makongoro Sabi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyu Guan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongnan Qu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Parrella P, Elikan AB, Snow JW. Pathogen- and host-directed pharmacologic strategies for control of Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp. infection in honey bees. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024:e13026. [PMID: 38572630 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites of the Fungal Kingdom that cause widespread infections in nature, with important effects on invertebrates involved in food production systems. The two microsporidian species Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae (and the less common Vairimorpha (Nosema) apis) can cause individual disease in honey bees and contribute to colony collapse. The efficacy, safety, and availability of fumagillin, the only drug currently approved to treat microsporidia infection in bees, is uncertain. In this review, we will discuss some of the most promising alternative strategies for the mitigation of Vairimorpha spp. with an emphasis on infection by V. ceranae, now the dominant species infecting bees. We will focus on pharmacologic interventions where the mechanism of action is known and examine both pathogen-directed and host-directed approaches. As limiting toxicity to host cells has been especially emphasized in treating bees that are already facing numerous stressors, strategies that disrupt pathogen-specific targets may be especially advantageous. Therefore, efforts to increase the knowledge and tools for facilitating the discovery of such targets and pharmacologic agents directed against them should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker Parrella
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jonathan W Snow
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, New York, USA
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Gàlvez-Morante A, Guéguen L, Natsidis P, Telford MJ, Richter DJ. Dollo Parsimony Overestimates Ancestral Gene Content Reconstructions. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae062. [PMID: 38518756 PMCID: PMC10995720 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ancestral reconstruction is a widely used technique that has been applied to understand the evolutionary history of gain and loss of gene families. Ancestral gene content can be reconstructed via different phylogenetic methods, but many current and previous studies employ Dollo parsimony. We hypothesize that Dollo parsimony is not appropriate for ancestral gene content reconstruction inferences based on sequence homology, as Dollo parsimony is derived from the assumption that a complex character cannot be regained. This premise does not accurately model molecular sequence evolution, in which false orthology can result from sequence convergence or lateral gene transfer. The aim of this study is to test Dollo parsimony's suitability for ancestral gene content reconstruction and to compare its inferences with a maximum likelihood-based approach that allows a gene family to be gained more than once within a tree. We first compared the performance of the two approaches on a series of artificial data sets each of 5,000 genes that were simulated according to a spectrum of evolutionary rates without gene gain or loss, so that inferred deviations from the true gene count would arise only from errors in orthology inference and ancestral reconstruction. Next, we reconstructed protein domain evolution on a phylogeny representing known eukaryotic diversity. We observed that Dollo parsimony produced numerous ancestral gene content overestimations, especially at nodes closer to the root of the tree. These observations led us to the conclusion that, confirming our hypothesis, Dollo parsimony is not an appropriate method for ancestral reconstruction studies based on sequence homology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gàlvez-Morante
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Laurent Guéguen
- LBBE, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Paschalis Natsidis
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maximilian J Telford
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniel J Richter
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona 08003, Spain
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Parrella P, Elikan AB, Kogan HV, Wague F, Marshalleck CA, Snow JW. Bleomycin reduces Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae infection in honey bees with some evident host toxicity. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0334923. [PMID: 38179918 PMCID: PMC10846157 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03349-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia cause disease in many beneficial insects, including honey bees, yet few pathogen control tools are available for protecting these important organisms against infection. Some evidence suggests that microsporidia possess a reduced number of genes encoding DNA repair proteins. We hypothesized that microsporidia would thus be susceptible to treatment with DNA-damaging agents and tested this hypothesis using a novel, rapid method for achieving robust and homogenous experimental infection of large numbers of newly emerged honey bees with one of its microsporidia pathogens, Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae. In carrying out these experiments, we found this novel V. ceranae inoculation method to have similar efficacy as other traditional methods. We show that the DNA-damaging agent bleomycin reduces V. ceranae levels, with minimal but measurable effects on honey bee survival and increased expression of midgut cellular stress genes, including those encoding SHSP. Increased expression of UpdlC suggests the occurrence of epithelial regeneration, which may contribute to host resistance to bleomycin treatment. While bleomycin does reduce infection levels, host toxicity issues may preclude its use in the field. However, with further work, bleomycin may provide a useful tool in the research setting as a potential selection agent for genetic modification of microsporidia.IMPORTANCEMicrosporidia cause disease in many beneficial insects, yet there are few tools available for control in the field or laboratory. Based on the reported paucity of DNA repair enzymes found in microsporidia genomes, we hypothesized that these obligate intracellular parasites would be sensitive to DNA damage. In support of this, we observed that the well-characterized DNA damage agent bleomycin can reduce levels of the microsporidia Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae in experimental infections in honey bees. Observation of slightly reduced honey bee survival and evidence of sublethal toxicity likely preclude the use of bleomycin in the field. However, this work identifies bleomycin as a compound that merits further exploration for use in research laboratories as a potential selection agent for generating genetically modified microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker Parrella
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Helen V. Kogan
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fatoumata Wague
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, New York, USA
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Thomé PC, Irisarri I, Wolinska J, Monaghan MT, Strassert JFH. Single-cell genomics reveals new rozellid lineages and supports their sister relationship to Microsporidia. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230398. [PMID: 38087939 PMCID: PMC10716661 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylum Rozellomycota has been proposed for a group of early-branching holomycotan lineages representing obligate parasites and hyperparasites of zoosporic fungi, oomycotes or phytoplankton. Given their predominantly intracellular lifestyle, rozellids are typically known from environmental ribosomal DNA data, except for the well-studied Rozella species. To date, the phylogenetic relationship between rozellids and microsporidians (Microsporidia) is not fully understood and most reliable hypotheses are based on phylogenomic analyses that incorporate the only publicly available rozellid genome of Rozella allomycis. Here, we provide genomic data of three new rozellid lineages obtained by single-cell sequencing from environmental samples and show with a phylogenomic approach that rozellids form a monophyletic group that is sister to microsporidians, corroborating the previously proposed phylum Rozellomycota. Whereas no mitochondrial genes coding for the respiratory Complex I could be found, we discovered a gene coding for a nucleotide phosphate transporter in one of the three draft genomes. The scattered absence of Complex I genes and scattered presence of nucleotide transporter genes across diverse microsporidian and rozellid lineages suggest that these adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle, which reduce the parasite's capability to synthesize ATP but enables it to steal ATP from its host, evolved independently in microsporidians and rozellids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline C. Thomé
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Iker Irisarri
- Section Phylogenomics, Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum of Nature Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael T. Monaghan
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen F. H. Strassert
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
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Wang R, Chen Y, Xu S, Wei E, He P, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Tang X, Shen Z. Ssn6 Interacts with Polar Tube Protein 2 and Transcriptional Repressor for RNA Polymerase II: Insight into Its Involvement in the Biological Process of Microsporidium Nosema bombycis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:990. [PMID: 37888246 PMCID: PMC10608102 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nosema bombycis is a representative species of Microsporidia, and is the pathogen that causes pebrine disease in silkworms. In the process of infection, the polar tube of N. bombycis is injected into the host cells. During proliferation, N. bombycis recruits the mitochondria of host cells. The general transcriptional corepressor Ssn6 contains six tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR) and undertakes various important functions. In this study, we isolated and characterized Nbssn6 of the microsporidium N. bombycis. The Nbssn6 gene contains a complete ORF of 1182 bp in length that encodes a 393 amino acid polypeptide. Indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that the Ssn6 protein was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus at the proliferative phase of N. bombycis. We revealed the interaction of Nbssn6 with polar tube protein 2 (Nbptp2) and the transcriptional repressor for RNA polymerase II (Nbtrrp2) by Co-IP and yeast two-hybrid assays. Results from RNA interference further confirmed that the transcriptional level of Nbptp2 and Nbtrrp2 was regulated by Nbssn6. These results suggest that Nbssn6 impacts the infection and proliferation of N. bombycis via interacting with the polar tube protein and transcriptional repressor for RNA polymerase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runpeng Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
| | - Sheng Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
| | - Erjun Wei
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
| | - Ping He
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
- Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
- Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
- Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zhongyuan Shen
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (R.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (E.W.); (P.H.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.T.)
- Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Frolova EV, Paskerova GG, Smirnov AV, Nassonova ES. Diversity, Distribution, and Development of Hyperparasitic Microsporidia in Gregarines within One Super-Host. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010152. [PMID: 36677444 PMCID: PMC9864637 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metchnikovellids (Microsporidia: Metchnikovellida) are poorly studied hyperparasitic microsporidia that live in gregarines inhabiting the intestines of marine invertebrates, mostly polychaetes. Our recent studies showed that diversity of metchnikovellids might be significantly higher than previously thought, even within a single host. Four species of metchnikovellids were found in the gregarines inhabiting the gut of the polychaete Pygospio elegans from littoral populations of the White and Barents Seas: the eugregarine Polyrhabdina pygospionis is the host for Metchnikovella incurvata and M. spiralis, while the archigregarine Selenidium pygospionis is the host for M. dogieli and M. dobrovolskiji. The most common species in the White Sea is M. incurvata, while M. dobrovolskiji prevails in the Barents Sea. Gregarines within a single worm could be infected with different metchnikovellid species. However, co-infection of one and the same gregarine with several species of metchnikovellids has never been observed. The difference in prevalence and intensity of metchnikovellid invasion apparently depends on the features of the life cycle and on the development strategies of individual species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Frolova
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St Petersburg University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gita G. Paskerova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St Petersburg University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Smirnov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St Petersburg University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena S. Nassonova
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Bukhari T, Pevsner R, Herren JK. Microsporidia: a promising vector control tool for residual malaria transmission. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.957109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) have resulted in a major decrease in malaria transmission. However, it has become apparent that malaria can be effectively transmitted despite high coverage of LLINs/IRS. Residual transmission can occur due to Plasmodium-carrying Anopheles mosquitoes that are insecticide resistant and have feeding and resting behavior that reduces their chance of encountering the currently deployed indoor malaria control tools. Residual malaria transmission is likely to be the most significant hurdle to achieving the goal of malaria eradication and research and development towards new tools and strategies that can control residual malaria transmission is therefore critical. One of the most promising strategies involves biological agents that are part of the mosquito microbiome and influence the ability of Anopheles to transmit Plasmodium. These differ from biological agents previously used for vector control in that their primary effect is on vectoral capacity rather than the longevity and fitness of Anopheles (which may or may not be affected). An example of this type of biological agent is Microsporidia MB, which was identified in field collected Anopheles arabiensis and caused complete inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum transmission without effecting the longevity and fitness of the host. Microsporidia MB belongs to a unique group of rapidly adapting and evolving intracellular parasites and symbionts called microsporidia. In this review we discuss the general biology of microsporidians and the inherent characteristics that make some of them particularly suitable for malaria control. We then discuss the research priorities for developing a transmission blocking strategy for the currently leading microsporidian candidate Microsporidia MB for malaria control.
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Seatamanoch N, Kongdachalert S, Sunantaraporn S, Siriyasatien P, Brownell N. Microsporidia, a Highly Adaptive Organism and Its Host Expansion to Humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:924007. [PMID: 35782144 PMCID: PMC9245026 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.924007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious disease has become the center of attention since the outbreak of COVID-19. For the coronavirus, bats are suspected to be the origin of the pandemic. Consequently, the spotlight has fallen on zoonotic diseases, and the focus now expands to organisms other than viruses. Microsporidia is a single-cell organism that can infect a wide range of hosts such as insects, mammals, and humans. Its pathogenicity differs among species, and host immunological status plays an important role in infectivity and disease severity. Disseminated disease from microsporidiosis can be fatal, especially among patients with a defective immune system. Recently, there were two Trachipleistophora hominis, a microsporidia species which can survive in insects, case reports in Thailand, one patient had disseminated microsporidiosis. This review gathered data of disseminated microsporidiosis and T. hominis infections in humans covering the biological and clinical aspects. There was a total of 22 cases of disseminated microsporidiosis reports worldwide. Ten microsporidia species were identified. Maximum likelihood tree results showed some possible correlations with zoonotic transmissions. For T. hominis, there are currently eight case reports in humans, seven of which had Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. It is observed that risks are higher for the immunocompromised to acquire such infections, however, future studies should look into the entire life cycle, to identify the route of transmission and establish preventive measures, especially among the high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirin Seatamanoch
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Switt Kongdachalert
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakone Sunantaraporn
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisa Brownell
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Narisa Brownell,
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10
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Jespersen N, Monrroy L, Barandun J. Impact of Genome Reduction in Microsporidia. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:1-42. [PMID: 35543997 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia represent an evolutionary outlier in the tree of life and occupy the extreme edge of the eukaryotic domain with some of their biological features. Many of these unicellular fungi-like organisms have reduced their genomic content to potentially the lowest limit. With some of the most compacted eukaryotic genomes, microsporidia are excellent model organisms to study reductive evolution and its functional consequences. While the growing number of sequenced microsporidian genomes have elucidated genome composition and organization, a recent increase in complementary post-genomic studies has started to shed light on the impacts of genome reduction in these unique pathogens. This chapter will discuss the biological framework enabling genome minimization and will use one of the most ancient and essential macromolecular complexes, the ribosome, to illustrate the effects of extreme genome reduction on a structural, molecular, and cellular level. We outline how reductive evolution in microsporidia has shaped DNA organization, the composition and function of the ribosome, and the complexity of the ribosome biogenesis process. Studying compacted mechanisms, processes, or macromolecular machines in microsporidia illuminates their unique lifestyle and provides valuable insights for comparative eukaryotic structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Jespersen
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Science for Life Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Leonardo Monrroy
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Science for Life Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Barandun
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Science for Life Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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11
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Corsaro D. Insights into Microsporidia Evolution from Early Diverging Microsporidia. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:71-90. [PMID: 35543999 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia have drastically modified genomes and cytology resulting from their high level of adaptation to intracytoplasmic parasitism. Their origins, which had long remained enigmatic, were placed within the line of Rozella, a primitive endoparasitic chytrid. These origins became more and more refined with the discovery of various parasites morphologically similar to the primitive lines of microsporidia (Metchnikovellids and Chytridiopsids) but which possess fungal-like genomes and functional mitochondria. These various parasites turn out to be distinct missing links between a large assemblage of chytrid-like rozellids and the true microsporidians, which are actually a very evolved branch of the rozellids themselves. The question of how to consider the historically known Microsporidia and the various microsporidia-like organisms within paraphyletic rozellids is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Corsaro
- CHLAREAS Chlamydia Research Association, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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12
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Williams BAP, Williams TA, Trew J. Comparative Genomics of Microsporidia. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:43-69. [PMID: 35543998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The microsporidia are a phylum of intracellular parasites that represent the eukaryotic cell in a state of extreme reduction, with genomes and metabolic capabilities embodying eukaryotic cells in arguably their most streamlined state. Over the past 20 years, microsporidian genomics has become a rapidly expanding field starting with sequencing of the genome of Encephalitozoon cuniculi, one of the first ever sequenced eukaryotes, to the current situation where we have access to the data from over 30 genomes across 20+ genera. Reaching back further in evolutionary history, to the point where microsporidia diverged from other eukaryotic lineages, we now also have genomic data for some of the closest known relatives of the microsporidia such as Rozella allomycis, Metchnikovella spp. and Amphiamblys sp. Data for these organisms allow us to better understand the genomic processes that shaped the emergence of the microsporidia as a group. These intensive genomic efforts have revealed some of the processes that have shaped microsporidian cells and genomes including patterns of genome expansions and contractions through gene gain and loss, whole genome duplication, differential patterns of invasion and purging of transposable elements. All these processes have been shown to occur across short and longer time scales to give rise to a phylum of parasites with dynamic genomes with a diversity of sizes and organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jahcub Trew
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Abstract
DNA repair is an important component of genome integrity and organisms with reduced repair capabilities tend to accumulate mutations at elevated rates. Microsporidia are intracellular parasites exhibiting high levels of genetic divergence postulated to originate from the lack of several proteins, including the heterotrimeric Rad9–Rad1–Hus1 DNA repair clamp. Microsporidian species from the Encephalitozoonidae have undergone severe streamlining with small genomes coding for about 2,000 proteins. The highly divergent sequences found in Microsporidia render functional inferences difficult such that roughly half of these 2,000 proteins have no known function. Using a structural homology-based annotation approach combining protein structure prediction and tridimensional similarity searches, we found that the Rad9–Rad1–Hus1 DNA clamp is present in Microsporidia, together with many other components of the DNA repair machinery previously thought to be missing from these organisms. Altogether, our results indicate that the DNA repair machinery is present and likely functional in Microsporidia.
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New data on the fine structure of Deuteramoeba mycophaga CCAP 1586/1 (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea). Eur J Protistol 2021; 82:125853. [PMID: 34953302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genus Deuteramoeba is one of the six amoebae genera belonging to the best-known amoeba family - Amoebidae (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea), containing such a popular species as Amoeba proteus. However, members of other genera of the family Amoebidae are much less known, and most of the studies of their morphology and ultrastructure date back to the 1970s and 1980s. Since these "classical" species are believed to be "well studied", their morphology and fine structure rarely become a subject of re-investigation. The absence of modern morphological data may be critical when molecular data of the type strain are not available, and the only way to identify a species is by morphological comparison. For this paper, we performed an ultrastructural study of the strain CCAP 1586/1 - the type strain of the species Deuteramoeba mycophaga. Our study revealed new details of the nuclear structure, including a peripheral layer of filaments and a heterogeneous nucleolus, and provided new data on the cytoplasmic inclusions of this species. We performed a whole-genome amplification of the DNA from a single amoeba cell followed by NGS sequencing and searched for genetic evidence for the presence of a putative nuclear parasite detected in 2017, but found no evidence for the presence of Opisthosporidia.
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Phylogenomics of a new fungal phylum reveals multiple waves of reductive evolution across Holomycota. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4973. [PMID: 34404788 PMCID: PMC8371127 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to multicellular fungi and unicellular yeasts, unicellular fungi with free-living flagellated stages (zoospores) remain poorly known and their phylogenetic position is often unresolved. Recently, rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses of two atypical parasitic fungi with amoeboid zoospores and long kinetosomes, the sanchytrids Amoeboradix gromovi and Sanchytrium tribonematis, showed that they formed a monophyletic group without close affinity with known fungal clades. Here, we sequence single-cell genomes for both species to assess their phylogenetic position and evolution. Phylogenomic analyses using different protein datasets and a comprehensive taxon sampling result in an almost fully-resolved fungal tree, with Chytridiomycota as sister to all other fungi, and sanchytrids forming a well-supported, fast-evolving clade sister to Blastocladiomycota. Comparative genomic analyses across fungi and their allies (Holomycota) reveal an atypically reduced metabolic repertoire for sanchytrids. We infer three main independent flagellum losses from the distribution of over 60 flagellum-specific proteins across Holomycota. Based on sanchytrids' phylogenetic position and unique traits, we propose the designation of a novel phylum, Sanchytriomycota. In addition, our results indicate that most of the hyphal morphogenesis gene repertoire of multicellular fungi had already evolved in early holomycotan lineages.
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Frolova EV, Paskerova GG, Smirnov AV, Nassonova ES. Molecular phylogeny and new light microscopic data of Metchnikovella spiralis (Microsporidia: Metchnikovellidae), a hyperparasite of eugregarine Polyrhabdina sp. from the polychaete Pygospio elegans. Parasitology 2021; 148:779-786. [PMID: 33843504 PMCID: PMC11010189 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metchnikovellids are a deep-branching group of microsporidia, parasites of gregarines inhabiting the alimentary tract of polychaetes and some other invertebrates. The diversity and phylogeny of these hyperparasites remain poorly studied. Modern descriptions and molecular data are still lacking for many species. The results of a light microscopy study and molecular data for Metchnikovella spiralis Sokolova et al., 2014, a hyperparasite of the eugregarine Polyrhabdina sp., isolated from the polychaete Pygospio elegans, were obtained. The original description of M. spiralis was based primarily on the analysis of stained preparations and transmission electron microscopy images. Here, the species description was complemented with the results of in vivo observations and phylogenetic analysis based on the SSU rRNA gene. It was shown that in this species, free sporogony precedes sac-bound sporogony, as it occurs in the life cycle of most other metchnikovellids. Spore sacs are entwined with spirally wound cords, and possess only one polar plug. Phylogenetic analyses did not group M. spiralis with M. incurvata, another metchnikovellid from the same gregarine species, but placed it as a sister branch to Amphiacantha. The paraphyletic nature of the genus Metchnikovella was discussed. The taxonomic summary for M. spiralis was emended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Frolova
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology RAS, Tikhoretsky ave. 4, Saint Petersburg194064, Russian Federation
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, Saint Petersburg199034, Russian Federation
| | - Gita G. Paskerova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, Saint Petersburg199034, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V. Smirnov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, Saint Petersburg199034, Russian Federation
| | - Elena S. Nassonova
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology RAS, Tikhoretsky ave. 4, Saint Petersburg194064, Russian Federation
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, Saint Petersburg199034, Russian Federation
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Luo J, He Q, Xu JZ, Xu C, Han YZ, Gao HL, Meng XZ, Pan GQ, Li T, Zhou ZY. Microsporidia infection upregulates host energy metabolism but maintains ATP homeostasis. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 186:107596. [PMID: 33910037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular parasites which lack mitochondria and have highly reduced genomes. Therefore, they are unable to produce ATP via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Instead, they have evolved strategies to obtain and manipulate host metabolism to acquire nutrients. However, little is known about how microsporidia modulate host energy metabolisms. Here, we present the first targeted metabolomics study to investigate changes in host energy metabolism as a result of infection by a microsporidian. Metabolites of silkworm embryo cell (BmE) were measured 48 h post infection by Nosema bombycis. Thirty metabolites were detected, nine of which were upregulated and mainly involved in glycolysis (glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) and the TCA cycle (succinate, α-ketoglutarate, cis-aconitate, isocitrate, citrate, fumarate). Pathway enrichment analysis suggested that the upregulated metabolites could promote the synthesization of nucleotides, fatty acids, and amino acids by the host. ATP concentration in host cells, however, was not significantly changed by the infection. This ATP homeostasis was also found in Encephalitozoon hellem infected mouse macrophage RAW264.7, human monocytic leukemia THP-1, human embryonic kidney 293, and human foreskin fibroblast cells. These findings suggest that microsporidia have evolved strategies to maintain levels of ATP in the host while stimulating metabolic pathways to provide additional nutrients for the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yin-Ze Han
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hai-Long Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guo-Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ze-Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China.
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Park E, Poulin R. Revisiting the phylogeny of microsporidia. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:855-864. [PMID: 33891934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Canonical microsporidians are a group of obligate intracellular parasites of a wide range of hosts comprising ~1,300 species of >220 genera. Microsporidians are related to fungi, and many characterised and uncharacterized groups closely related to them have been discovered recently, filling the knowledge gaps between them. These groups assigned to the superphylum Opisthosporidia have provided several important insights into the evolution of diverse intracellular parasitic lineages within the tree of eukaryotes. The most studied among opisthosporidians, canonical microsporidians, were known to science more than 160 years ago, however, the classification of canonical Microsporidia has been challenging due to common morphological homoplasy, and accelerated evolutionary rates. Instead of morphological characters, ssrRNA sequences have been used as the primary data for the classification of canonical microsporidians. Previous studies have produced a useful backbone of the microsporidian phylogeny, but provided only some nodal support, causing some confusion. Here, we reconstructed phylogenetic trees of canonical microsporidians using Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood inferences. We included rRNA sequences of 126 described/named genera, by far the broadest taxon coverage to date. Overall, our trees show similar topology and recovered four of the five main clades demonstrated in previous studies (Clades 1, 3, 4 and 5). Family level clades were well resolved within each major clade, but many were discordant with the recently revised classification. Therefore, revision and some reshuffling, especially within and between Clades 1 and 3 are required. We also reconstructed phylogenetic trees of Opisthosporidia to better integrate the evolutionary history of canonical microsporidians in a broader context. We discuss several traits shared only by canonical microsporidians that may have contributed to their striking ecological success in diverse metazoans. More targeted studies on the neglected host groups will be of value for a better understanding of the evolutionary history of these interesting intracellular parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Park
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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Nassonova ES, Bondarenko NI, Paskerova GG, Kováčiková M, Frolova EV, Smirnov AV. Evolutionary relationships of Metchnikovella dogieli Paskerova et al., 2016 (Microsporidia: Metchnikovellidae) revealed by multigene phylogenetic analysis. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:525-534. [PMID: 33415389 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The species Metchnikovella dogieli (Paskerova et al. Protistology 10:148-157, 2016) belongs to one of the early diverging microsporidian groups, the metchnikovellids (Microsporidia: Metchnikovellidae). In relation to typical ('core') microsporidia, this group is considered primitive. The spores of metchnikovellids have no classical polar sac-anchoring disk complex, no coiled polar tube, no posterior vacuole, and no polaroplast. Instead, they possess a short thick manubrium that expands into a manubrial cistern. These organisms are hyperparasites; they infect gregarines that parasitise marine invertebrates. M. dogieli is a parasite of the archigregarine Selenidium pygospionis (Paskerova et al. Protist 169:826-852, 2018), which parasitises the polychaete Pygospio elegans. This species was discovered in samples collected in the silt littoral zone at the coast of the White Sea, North-West Russia, and was described based on light microscopy. No molecular data are available for this species, and the publicly accessible genomic data for metchnikovellids are limited to two species: M. incurvata Caullery & Mesnil, 1914 and Amphiamblys sp. WSBS2006. In the present study, we applied single-cell genomics methods with whole-genome amplification to perform next-generation sequencing of M. dogieli genomic DNA. We performed a phylogenetic analysis based on the SSU rRNA gene and reconstructed a multigene phylogeny using a concatenated alignment that included 46 conserved single-copy protein domains. The analyses recovered a fully supported clade of metchnikovellids as a basal group to the core microsporidia. Two members of the genus Metchnikovella did not form a clade in our tree. This may indicate that this genus is paraphyletic and requires revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Nassonova
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology RAS, Tikhoretsky ave. 4, St. Petersburg, Russia, 194064. .,Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034.
| | - Natalya I Bondarenko
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology RAS, Tikhoretsky ave. 4, St. Petersburg, Russia, 194064.,Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034
| | - Gita G Paskerova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034
| | - Magdaléna Kováčiková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ekaterina V Frolova
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology RAS, Tikhoretsky ave. 4, St. Petersburg, Russia, 194064.,Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034
| | - Alexey V Smirnov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034
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20
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Weidner E, Sokolova YY, Overstreet RM. Microsporidia Can Acquire Lamin-like Intermediate Filaments and Cell Adhesion Catenin-cadherin Complexes from the Host (?). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 67:583-592. [PMID: 32498127 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
On their spore surfaces, Microsporidia often develop a canopy of filaments with characteristics of intermediate filaments (IF), as we demonstrated in previous studies on Thelohania sp., Ameson michaelis, and Spraguea lophii. Genomic studies indicate that among invertebrates, lamins that may localize in the cytoplasm or nucleus, are the only known IF type. These IFs can bind to the substrate containing cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) cadherins, associated with β and γ catenins. The objects of this study were to determine whether microsporidia have CAMs with the attached IFs on their envelopes and to find out if these proteins are provided by the host. An examination was made for localization of lamins and CAMs on the spores of the mentioned above species and Anncaliia algerae, plus in the host animals. Then, we determined whether the spores of A. michaelis and A. algerae could bind vertebrate nuclear lamin onto the spore surface. We also tested transgenic Drosophila melanogaster stocks bearing cadherin-GFP to see whether developing A. algerae parasites in these hosts could acquire host CAMs. The tests were positive for all these experiments. We hypothesize that microsporidia are able to acquire host lamin IFs and cell adhesion catenin-cadherin complexes from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl Weidner
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yuliya Y Sokolova
- Institute of Cytology, St. Petersburg, Russia.,The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Robin M Overstreet
- Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, USA
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Trzebny A, Slodkowicz-Kowalska A, Becnel JJ, Sanscrainte N, Dabert M. A new method of metabarcoding Microsporidia and their hosts reveals high levels of microsporidian infections in mosquitoes (Culicidae). Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 20:1486-1504. [PMID: 32516485 PMCID: PMC7818484 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA metabarcoding offers new perspectives, especially with regard to the high‐throughput identification and diagnostics of pathogens. Microsporidia are an example of widely distributed, opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms in which molecular identification is important for both environmental research and clinical diagnostics. We have developed a method for parallel detection of both microsporidian infection and the host species. We designed new primer sets: one specific for the classical Microsporidia (targeting the hypervariable V5 region of small subunit [ssu] rDNA), and a second one targeting a shortened fragment of the COI gene (standard metazoan DNA‐barcode); both markers are well suited for next generation sequencing. Analysis of the ssu rDNA data set representing 607 microsporidian species (120 genera) indicated that the V5 region enables identification of >98% species in the data set (596/607). To test the method, we used microsporidians that infect mosquitoes in natural populations. Using mini‐COI data, all field‐collected mosquitoes were unambiguously assigned to seven species; among them almost 60% of specimens were positive for at least 11 different microsporidian species, including a new microsporidian ssu rDNA sequence (Microsporidium sp. PL01). Phylogenetic analysis showed that this species belongs to one of the two main clades in the Terresporidia. We found a high rate of microsporidian co‐infections (9.4%). The numbers of sequence reads for the operational taxonomic units suggest that the occurrence of Nosema spp. in co‐infections could benefit them; however, this observation should be retested using a more intensive host sampling. Our results show that DNA barcoding is a rapid and cost‐effective method for deciphering sample diversity in greater resolution, including the hidden biodiversity that may be overlooked using classical methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Trzebny
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Slodkowicz-Kowalska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine I, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - James J Becnel
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Neil Sanscrainte
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Miroslawa Dabert
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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He Q, Luo J, Xu JZ, Meng XZ, Pan GQ, Li T, Zhou ZY. Characterization of Hsp70 gene family provides insight into its functions related to microsporidian proliferation. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 174:107394. [PMID: 32428446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), a highly conserved protein family, is widely distributed in organisms and plays fundamental roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, reports on Hsp70 genes are scarce in microsporidia, a very large group of obligate intracellular parasites that can infect nearly all animals, including humans. In this study, we identified 37 Hsp70 proteins from eight microsporidian genomes and classified them into four subfamilies (A-D). The number of Hsp70 genes in these microsporidia was significantly fewer than in Rozella allomycis and yeast. All microsporidian species contained genes from each subfamily and similar subcellular locations (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol, and cytosol and/or nucleus), indicating that each Hsp70 member may fulfil distinct functions. The conserved structures and motifs of the Hsp70 proteins in the same subfamily were highly similar. Expression analysis indicated that the subfamily C cytosol (cyto)-associated Hsp70s is functional during microsporidia development. Immunofluorescence assays revealed that Cyto-NbHsp70 was cytoplasmically located in the proliferation-stage of Nosema bombycis. Cyto-NbHsp70 antiserum also labeled Encephalitozoon hellem within infected cells, suggesting that this antiserum is a potential molecular marker for labeling the proliferative phases of different microsporidian species. The propagation of N. bombycis was significantly inhibited following RNAi of Cyto-NbHsp70, indicating that Cyto-NbHsp70 is important for pathogen proliferation. Our phylogenetic data suggest that Hsp70 proteins evolved during microsporidia adaption to intracellular parasitism, and they play important roles in pathogen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guo-Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ze-Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China.
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Abstract
A new microsporidian species, Globosporidium paramecii gen. nov., sp. nov., from Paramecium primaurelia is described on the basis of morphology, fine structure, and SSU rRNA gene sequence. This is the first case of microsporidiosis in Paramecium reported so far. All observed stages of the life cycle are monokaryotic. The parasites develop in the cytoplasm, at least some part of the population in endoplasmic reticulum and its derivates. Meronts divide by binary fission. Sporogonial plasmodium divides by rosette-like budding. Early sporoblasts demonstrate a well-developed exospore forming blister-like structures. Spores with distinctive spherical shape are dimorphic in size (3.7 ± 0.2 and 1.9 ± 0.2 μm). Both types of spores are characterized by a thin endospore, a short isofilar polar tube making one incomplete coil, a bipartite polaroplast, and a large posterior vacuole. Experimental infection was successful for 5 of 10 tested strains of the Paramecium aurelia species complex. All susceptible strains belong to closely related P. primaurelia and P. pentaurelia species. Phylogenetic analysis placed the new species in the Clade 4 of Microsporidia and revealed its close relationship to Euplotespora binucleata (a microsporidium from the ciliate Euplotes woodruffi), to Helmichia lacustris and Mrazekia macrocyclopis, microsporidia from aquatic invertebrates.
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Timofeev S, Tokarev Y, Dolgikh V. Energy metabolism and its evolution in Microsporidia and allied taxa. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1433-1441. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Wadi L, Reinke AW. Evolution of microsporidia: An extremely successful group of eukaryotic intracellular parasites. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008276. [PMID: 32053705 PMCID: PMC7017984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wadi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron W. Reinke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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26
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Wang HC, Susko E, Roger AJ. The Relative Importance of Modeling Site Pattern Heterogeneity Versus Partition-Wise Heterotachy in Phylogenomic Inference. Syst Biol 2020; 68:1003-1019. [PMID: 31140564 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large taxa-rich genome-scale data sets are often necessary for resolving ancient phylogenetic relationships. But accurate phylogenetic inference requires that they are analyzed with realistic models that account for the heterogeneity in substitution patterns amongst the sites, genes and lineages. Two kinds of adjustments are frequently used: models that account for heterogeneity in amino acid frequencies at sites in proteins, and partitioned models that accommodate the heterogeneity in rates (branch lengths) among different proteins in different lineages (protein-wise heterotachy). Although partitioned and site-heterogeneous models are both widely used in isolation, their relative importance to the inference of correct phylogenies has not been carefully evaluated. We conducted several empirical analyses and a large set of simulations to compare the relative performances of partitioned models, site-heterogeneous models, and combined partitioned site heterogeneous models. In general, site-homogeneous models (partitioned or not) performed worse than site heterogeneous, except in simulations with extreme protein-wise heterotachy. Furthermore, simulations using empirically-derived realistic parameter settings showed a marked long-branch attraction (LBA) problem for analyses employing protein-wise partitioning even when the generating model included partitioning. This LBA problem results from a small sample bias compounded over many single protein alignments. In some cases, this problem was ameliorated by clustering similarly-evolving proteins together into larger partitions using the PartitionFinder method. Similar results were obtained under simulations with larger numbers of taxa or heterogeneity in simulating topologies over genes. For an empirical Microsporidia test data set, all but one tested site-heterogeneous models (with or without partitioning) obtain the correct Microsporidia+Fungi grouping, whereas site-homogenous models (with or without partitioning) did not. The single exception was the fully partitioned site-heterogeneous analysis that succumbed to the compounded small sample LBA bias. In general unless protein-wise heterotachy effects are extreme, it is more important to model site-heterogeneity than protein-wise heterotachy in phylogenomic analyses. Complete protein-wise partitioning should be avoided as it can lead to a serious LBA bias. In cases of extreme protein-wise heterotachy, approaches that cluster similarly-evolving proteins together and coupled with site-heterogeneous models work well for phylogenetic estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Chun Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, 6316 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Edward Susko
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, 6316 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Andrew J Roger
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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27
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Naranjo‐Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of the Fungi. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:2101-2137. [PMID: 31659870 PMCID: PMC6899921 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fungal kingdom comprises a hyperdiverse clade of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the presence of a chitinous cell wall, the loss of phagotrophic capabilities and cell organizations that range from completely unicellular monopolar organisms to highly complex syncitial filaments that may form macroscopic structures. Fungi emerged as a 'Third Kingdom', embracing organisms that were outside the classical dichotomy of animals versus vegetals. The taxonomy of this group has a turbulent history that is only now starting to be settled with the advent of genomics and phylogenomics. We here review the current status of the phylogeny and taxonomy of fungi, providing an overview of the main defined groups. Based on current knowledge, nine phylum-level clades can be defined: Opisthosporidia, Chytridiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Zoopagomycota, Mucoromycota, Glomeromycota, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. For each group, we discuss their main traits and their diversity, focusing on the evolutionary relationships among the main fungal clades. We also explore the diversity and phylogeny of several groups of uncertain affinities and the main phylogenetic and taxonomical controversies and hypotheses in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Naranjo‐Ortiz
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88Barcelona08003Spain
- Health and Experimental Sciences DepartmentUniversitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)08003BarcelonaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
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28
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Major P, Sendra KM, Dean P, Williams TA, Watson AK, Thwaites DT, Embley TM, Hirt RP. A new family of cell surface located purine transporters in Microsporidia and related fungal endoparasites. eLife 2019; 8:e47037. [PMID: 31355745 PMCID: PMC6699826 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane-located transport proteins are key adaptations for obligate intracellular Microsporidia parasites, because they can use them to steal host metabolites the parasites need to grow and replicate. However, despite their importance, the functions and substrate specificities of most Microsporidia transporters are unknown. Here, we provide functional data for a family of transporters conserved in all microsporidian genomes and also in the genomes of related endoparasites. The universal retention among otherwise highly reduced genomes indicates an important role for these transporters for intracellular parasites. Using Trachipleistophora hominis, a Microsporidia isolated from an HIV/AIDS patient, as our experimental model, we show that the proteins are ATP and GTP transporters located on the surface of parasites during their intracellular growth and replication. Our work identifies a new route for the acquisition of essential energy and nucleotides for a major group of intracellular parasites that infect most animal species including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Major
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, the Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Kacper M Sendra
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, the Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul Dean
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, the Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Tom A Williams
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, the Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Watson
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, the Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - David T Thwaites
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, the Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - T Martin Embley
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, the Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - Robert P Hirt
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, the Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
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Nenarokova A, Záhonová K, Krasilnikova M, Gahura O, McCulloch R, Zíková A, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J. Causes and Effects of Loss of Classical Nonhomologous End Joining Pathway in Parasitic Eukaryotes. mBio 2019; 10:e01541-19. [PMID: 31311886 PMCID: PMC6635534 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01541-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report frequent losses of components of the classical nonhomologous end joining pathway (C-NHEJ), one of the main eukaryotic tools for end joining repair of DNA double-strand breaks, in several lineages of parasitic protists. Moreover, we have identified a single lineage among trypanosomatid flagellates that has lost Ku70 and Ku80, the core C-NHEJ components, and accumulated numerous insertions in many protein-coding genes. We propose a correlation between these two phenomena and discuss the possible impact of the C-NHEJ loss on genome evolution and transition to the parasitic lifestyle.IMPORTANCE Parasites tend to evolve small and compact genomes, generally endowed with a high mutation rate, compared with those of their free-living relatives. However, the mechanisms by which they achieve these features, independently in unrelated lineages, remain largely unknown. We argue that the loss of the classical nonhomologous end joining pathway components may be one of the crucial steps responsible for characteristic features of parasite genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nenarokova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Záhonová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marija Krasilnikova
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Ondřej Gahura
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Richard McCulloch
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Life Science Research Centre and Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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30
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Urbieta-Magro A, Higes M, Meana A, Gómez-Moracho T, Rodríguez-García C, Barrios L, Martín-Hernández R. The levels of natural Nosema spp. infection in Apis mellifera iberiensis brood stages. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:657-667. [PMID: 31170411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nosema ceranae is the most prevalent endoparasite of Apis mellifera iberiensis and it is a major health problem for bees worldwide. The infective capacity of N. ceranae has been demonstrated experimentally in honey bee brood, however no data are available about its prevalence in brood under natural conditions. Thus, brood combs from 10 different hives were analyzed over two consecutive years, taking samples before and after winter. A total of 1433 larvae/pupae were analyzed individually and N. ceranae (3.53%) was the microsporidian most frequently detected, as opposed to Nosema apis (0.42%) which was more frequently detected in conjunction with N. ceranae (0.71%). The active multiplication of both microsporidians was confirmed by the expression (real-time-PCR) of the N. ceranae polar tube protein 3 gene and/or the N. apis RNA polymerase II gene in 24% of the brood samples positive for Nosema spp. Both genes are related to microsporidian multiplication. As such, N. ceranae multiplication was confirmed in 1.06% of the samples, while N. apis multiplication was only observed in co-infections with N. ceranae (0.07%). Brood cells were analyzed for the presence of Nosema spp., as those are the immediate environment where the brood stages develop. The brood samples infected by Nosema spp. were in brood cells in which that microsporidians were not detected, while brood cells positive for N. ceranae hosted brood stages that were not apparently infected, indicating that this is unlikely to be the main pathway of infection. Finally, the colonies with brood infected by N. ceranae showed higher levels (numbers) of infected adult bees, although the differences were not significant before (P = 0.260), during (P = 0.055) or after (P = 0.056) brood sampling. These results show that N. ceranae is a bee parasite ubiquitous to all members of the colony, irrespective of the age of the bee. It is also of veterinary interest and should be considered when studying the epidemiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Urbieta-Magro
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de San Martín s/n, 19180 Marchamalo, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Mariano Higes
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de San Martín s/n, 19180 Marchamalo, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Meana
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Gómez-Moracho
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de San Martín s/n, 19180 Marchamalo, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-García
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de San Martín s/n, 19180 Marchamalo, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Laura Barrios
- Statistics Department, Computing Center SGAI-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de San Martín s/n, 19180 Marchamalo, Guadalajara, Spain; Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT-FEDER), Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla - La Mancha, Spain.
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31
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Davis WJ, Amses KR, Benny GL, Carter-House D, Chang Y, Grigoriev I, Smith ME, Spatafora JW, Stajich JE, James TY. Genome-scale phylogenetics reveals a monophyletic Zoopagales (Zoopagomycota, Fungi). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 133:152-163. [PMID: 30639767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous genome-scale phylogenetic analyses of Fungi have under sampled taxa from Zoopagales; this order contains many predacious or parasitic genera, and most have never been grown in pure culture. We sequenced the genomes of 4 zoopagalean taxa that are predators of amoebae, nematodes, or rotifers and the genome of one taxon that is a parasite of amoebae using single cell sequencing methods with whole genome amplification. Each genome was a metagenome, which was assembled and binned using multiple techniques to identify the target genomes. We inferred phylogenies with both super matrix and coalescent approaches using 192 conserved proteins mined from the target genomes and performed ancestral state reconstructions to determine the ancestral trophic lifestyle of the clade. Our results indicate that Zoopagales is monophyletic. Ancestral state reconstructions provide moderate support for mycoparasitism being the ancestral state of the clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Davis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kevin R Amses
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Gerald L Benny
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Derreck Carter-House
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, United States
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Igor Grigoriev
- United States of America Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joseph W Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, United States
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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