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Aleuy OA, Peacock SJ, Molnár PK, Ruckstuhl KE, Kutz SJ. Local thermal adaptation and local temperature regimes drive the performance of a parasitic helminth under climate change: The case of Marshallagia marshalli from wild ungulates. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:6217-6233. [PMID: 37615247 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Across a species' range, populations are exposed to their local thermal environments, which on an evolutionary scale, may cause adaptative differences among populations. Helminths often have broad geographic ranges and temperature-sensitive life stages but little is known about whether and how local thermal adaptation can influence their response to climate change. We studied the thermal responses of the free-living stages of Marshallagia marshalli, a parasitic nematode of wild ungulates, along a latitudinal gradient. We first determine its distribution in wild sheep species in North America. Then we cultured M. marshalli eggs from different locations at temperatures from 5 to 38°C. We fit performance curves based on the metabolic theory of ecology to determine whether development and mortality showed evidence of local thermal adaptation. We used parameter estimates in life-cycle-based host-parasite models to understand how local thermal responses may influence parasite performance under general and location-specific climate-change projections. We found that M. marshalli has a wide latitudinal and host range, infecting wild sheep species from New Mexico to Yukon. Increases in mortality and development time at higher temperatures were most evident for isolates from northern locations. Accounting for location-specific parasite parameters primarily influenced the magnitude of climate change parasite performance, while accounting for location-specific climates primarily influenced the phenology of parasite performance. Despite differences in development and mortality among M. marshalli populations, when using site-specific climate change projections, there was a similar magnitude of impact on the relative performance of M. marshalli among populations. Climate change is predicted to decrease the expected lifetime reproductive output of M. marshalli in all populations while delaying its seasonal peak by approximately 1 month. Our research suggests that accurate projections of the impacts of climate change on broadly distributed species need to consider local adaptations of organisms together with local temperature profiles and climate projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Alejandro Aleuy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Calgary, Canada
| | - Stephanie J Peacock
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Calgary, Canada
| | - Péter K Molnár
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kathreen E Ruckstuhl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Calgary, Canada
| | - Susan J Kutz
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Calgary, Canada
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2
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van Heerwaarden B, Sgrò CM. The quantitative genetic basis of clinal divergence in phenotypic plasticity. Evolution 2017; 71:2618-2633. [PMID: 28857153 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is thought to be an important mechanism for adapting to environmental heterogeneity. Nonetheless, the genetic basis of plasticity is still not well understood. In Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans, body size and thermal stress resistance show clinal patterns along the east coast of Australia, and exhibit plastic responses to different developmental temperatures. The genetic basis of thermal plasticity, and whether the genetic effects underlying clinal variation in traits and their plasticity are similar, remains unknown. Here, we use line-cross analyses between a tropical and temperate population of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans developed at three constant temperatures (18°C, 25°C, and 29°C) to investigate the quantitative genetic basis of clinal divergence in mean thermal response (elevation) and plasticity (slope and curvature) for thermal stress and body size traits. Generally, the genetic effects underlying divergence in mean response and plasticity differed, suggesting that different genetic models may be required to understand the evolution of trait means and plasticity. Furthermore, our results suggest that nonadditive genetic effects, in particular epistasis, may commonly underlie plastic responses, indicating that current models that ignore epistasis may be insufficient to understand and predict evolutionary responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Kerwin RE, Feusier J, Muok A, Lin C, Larson B, Copeland D, Corwin JA, Rubin MJ, Francisco M, Li B, Joseph B, Weinig C, Kliebenstein DJ. Epistasis × environment interactions among Arabidopsis thaliana glucosinolate genes impact complex traits and fitness in the field. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1249-1263. [PMID: 28608555 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing number of studies showing that genotype × environment and epistatic interactions control fitness, the influences of epistasis × environment interactions on adaptive trait evolution remain largely uncharacterized. Across three field trials, we quantified aliphatic glucosinolate (GSL) defense chemistry, leaf damage, and relative fitness using mutant lines of Arabidopsis thaliana varying at pairs of causal aliphatic GSL defense genes to test the impact of epistatic and epistasis × environment interactions on adaptive trait variation. We found that aliphatic GSL accumulation was primarily influenced by additive and epistatic genetic variation, leaf damage was primarily influenced by environmental variation and relative fitness was primarily influenced by epistasis and epistasis × environment interactions. Epistasis × environment interactions accounted for up to 48% of the relative fitness variation in the field. At a single field site, the impact of epistasis on relative fitness varied significantly over 2 yr, showing that epistasis × environment interactions within a location can be temporally dynamic. These results suggest that the environmental dependency of epistasis can profoundly influence the response to selection, shaping the adaptive trajectories of natural populations in complex ways, and deserves further consideration in future evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Kerwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Julie Feusier
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alise Muok
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Catherine Lin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Brandon Larson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Daniel Copeland
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jason A Corwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Matthew J Rubin
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Marta Francisco
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, 36143, Spain
| | - Baohua Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bindu Joseph
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Cynthia Weinig
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- DynaMo Centre of Excellence, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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4
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Fry JD, Heinsohn SL, Mackay TFC. THE CONTRIBUTION OF NEW MUTATIONS TO GENOTYPE‐ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION FOR FITNESS IN
DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2017; 50:2316-2327. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/1995] [Accepted: 05/14/1996] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Fry
- Department of Genetics, Box 7614 North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695
| | - Stefanie L. Heinsohn
- Department of Genetics, Box 7614 North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695
| | - Trudy F. C. Mackay
- Department of Genetics, Box 7614 North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695
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5
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Deckert-Cruz DJ, Tyler RH, Landmesser JE, Rose MR. ALLOZYMIC DIFFERENTIATION IN RESPONSE TO LABORATORY DEMOGRAPHIC SELECTION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2017; 51:865-872. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/1996] [Accepted: 01/28/1997] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise J. Deckert-Cruz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697-2525
| | - Robert H. Tyler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697-2525
| | - Jacob E. Landmesser
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697-2525
| | - Michael R. Rose
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine California 92697-2525
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6
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Armbruster P, Bradshaw WE, Holzapfel CM. EVOLUTION OF THE GENETIC ARCHITECTURE UNDERLYING FITNESS IN THE PITCHER‐PLANT MOSQUITO,
WYEOMYIA SMITHII. Evolution 2017; 51:451-458. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/1996] [Accepted: 11/01/1996] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Armbruster
- Department of Biology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403‐1210
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7
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Groeters FR, Shaw DD. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LATITUDINAL VARIATION FOR EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT TIME AND CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE IN THE GRASSHOPPER CALEDIA CAPTIVA (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE). Evolution 2017; 46:245-257. [PMID: 28564964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb01999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/1991] [Accepted: 08/06/1991] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
From southeastern Queensland to southern Victoria, over a transect of 11° latitude, the Moreton taxon of the Australian grasshopper Caledia captiva exhibits a cline in chromosome structure that involves change from a metacentric to an acrocentric genome. In this study, we show that embryonic development time covaries with chromosome structure along the transect. Both development time and chromosome short arm length exhibit an overall negative correlation with latitude, but with maxima just south of the northern limit of the taxon's distribution. Selection for such a pattern appears to arise from changes in voltinism along the cline in season length that exists along the transect. Populations with the highest temperature thresholds for avoidance of embryonic diapause also have the slowest development time and probably represent the northern extreme of a primarily univoltine life cycle. North of this region bivoltinism increases in frequency and, as expected from a split of the season length, development time decreases. Maximum chromosome short arm length occurs in the vicinity of the northern univoltine populations, rather than at the limit of distribution where bivoltinism prevails. We conclude that variation in chromosome structure could be contributing to the heritable variation for development time that forms the basis for adaptive change in this trait. These results provide justification for investigating causal relationships between chromosome structure and development time, with an ultimate aim of understanding the adaptive significance of chromosomal variation in C. captiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis R Groeters
- Molecular and Population Genetics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 475, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, AUSTRALIA
| | - David D Shaw
- Molecular and Population Genetics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 475, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, AUSTRALIA
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8
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Abstract
Systems biology is an approach to dissection of complex traits that explicitly recognizes the impact of genetic, physiological, and environmental interactions in the generation of phenotypic variation. We describe comprehensive transcriptional and metabolic profiling in Drosophila melanogaster across four diets, finding little overlap in modular architecture. Genotype and genotype-by-diet interactions are a major component of transcriptional variation (24 and 5.3% of the total variation, respectively) while there were no main effects of diet (<1%). Genotype was also a major contributor to metabolomic variation (16%), but in contrast to the transcriptome, diet had a large effect (9%) and the interaction effect was minor (2%) for the metabolome. Yet specific principal components of these molecular phenotypes measured in larvae are strongly correlated with particular metabolic syndrome-like phenotypes such as pupal weight, larval sugar content and triglyceride content, development time, and cardiac arrhythmia in adults. The second principal component of the metabolomic profile is especially informative across these traits with glycine identified as a key loading variable. To further relate this physiological variability to genotypic polymorphism, we performed evolve-and-resequence experiments, finding rapid and replicated changes in gene frequency across hundreds of loci that are specific to each diet. Adaptation to diet is thus highly polygenic. However, loci differentially transcribed across diet or previously identified by RNAi knockdown or expression QTL analysis were not the loci responding to dietary selection. Therefore, loci that respond to the selective pressures of diet cannot be readily predicted a priori from functional analyses.
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9
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Boardman L, Sørensen JG, Johnson SA, Terblanche JS. Interactions between Controlled Atmospheres and Low Temperature Tolerance: A Review of Biochemical Mechanisms. Front Physiol 2011; 2:92. [PMID: 22144965 PMCID: PMC3228967 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled atmosphere treatments using carbon dioxide, oxygen, and/or nitrogen, together with controlled temperature and humidity, form an important method for post-harvest sterilization against insect-infested fruit. However, in insects, the cross tolerance and biochemical interactions between the various stresses of modified gas conditions and low temperature may either elicit or block standard stress responses which can potentiate (or limit) lethal low temperature exposure. Thus, the success of such treatments is sometimes erratic and does not always result in the desired pest mortality. This review focuses on the biochemical modes of action whereby controlled atmospheres affect insects low temperature tolerance, making them more (or occasionally, less) susceptible to cold sterilization. Insights into the integrated biochemical modes of action may be used together with the pests' low temperature tolerance physiology to determine which treatments may be of value in post-harvest sterilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Boardman
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch, South Africa
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10
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van Heerwaarden B, Sgrò CM. THE EFFECT OF DEVELOPMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON THE GENETIC ARCHITECTURE UNDERLYING SIZE AND THERMAL CLINES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AND D. SIMULANS FROM THE EAST COAST OF AUSTRALIA. Evolution 2010; 65:1048-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Rako L, Blacket MJ, McKechnie SW, Hoffmann AA. Candidate genes and thermal phenotypes: identifying ecologically important genetic variation for thermotolerance in the Australian Drosophila melanogaster cline. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:2948-57. [PMID: 17614909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinal variation in traits often reflects climatic adaptation; in Drosophila melanogaster clinal variation provides an opportunity to link variation in chromosomal inversions, microsatellite loci and various candidate genes to adaptive variation in traits. We undertook association studies with crosses from a single population of D. melanogaster from eastern Australia to investigate the association between genetic markers and traits showing clinal variation. By genotyping parents and phenotyping offspring, we minimized genotyping costs but had the power to detect association between markers and quantitative traits. Consistent with prior studies, we found strong associations between the clinal chromosomal inversion In(3R)Payne and markers within it, as well as among these markers. We also found an association between In(3L)Payne and one marker located within this inversion. Of the five predicted associations between markers and traits, four were detected (increased heat, decreased cold resistance and body size with the heat shock gene hsr-omega S, increased cold resistance with the inversion In(3L)Payne), while one was not detected (heat resistance and the heat shock gene hsp68). In a set of eight exploratory tests, we detected one positive association (between hsp23a and heat resistance) but no associations of heat resistance with alleles at the hsp26, hsp83, Desat 2, alpha-Gpdh, hsp70 loci, while cold resistance was not associated with Frost and Dca loci. These results confirm interactions between hsr-omega and thermal resistance, as well as between In(3L)Payne and cold resistance, but do not provide evidence for associations between thermal responses and alleles at other clinically varying marker genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Rako
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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12
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Van TLand J, Van Putten WF, Villarroel H, Kamping A, Delden WV. LATITUDINAL VARIATION FOR TWO ENZYME LOCI AND AN INVERSION POLYMORPHISM INDROSOPHILA MELANOGASTERFROM CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA. Evolution 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Killick SC, Carlsson AM, West SA, Little TJ. Testing the pluralist approach to sex: the influence of environment on synergistic interactions between mutation load and parasitism in Daphnia magna. J Evol Biol 2006; 19:1603-11. [PMID: 16910989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both deleterious mutations and parasites have been acknowledged as potential selective forces responsible for the evolutionary maintenance of sexual reproduction. The pluralist approach to sex proposes that these two factors may have to interact synergistically in order to stabilize sex, and one of the simplest ways this could occur is if parasites are capable of causing synergistic epistasis between mutations in their hosts. However, the effects of both deleterious mutations and parasitism are known to be influenced by a range of environmental factors, so the nature of the interaction may depend upon the organisms' environment. Using chemically mutated Daphnia magna lines, we examined the effects of mutation and parasitism under a range of temperature and food regimes. We found that although parasites were capable of causing synergistic epistasis between mutations in their hosts, these effects were dependent upon an interaction between parasite genotype and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Killick
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
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14
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Merritt TJS, Sezgin E, Zhu CT, Eanes WF. Triglyceride pools, flight and activity variation at the Gpdh locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2006; 172:293-304. [PMID: 16204217 PMCID: PMC1456158 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.047035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have created a set of P-element excision-derived Gpdh alleles that generate a range of GPDH activity phenotypes ranging from zero to full activity. By placing these synthetic alleles in isogenic backgrounds, we characterize the effects of minor and major activity variation on two different aspects of Gpdh function: the standing triglyceride pool and glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle-assisted flight. We observe small but statistically significant reductions in triglyceride content for adult Gpdh genotypes possessing 33-80% reductions from normal activity. These small differences scale to a notable proportion of the observed genetic variation in triglyceride content in natural populations. Using a tethered fly assay to assess flight metabolism, we observed that genotypes with 100 and 66% activity exhibited no significant difference in wing-beat frequency (WBF), while activity reductions from 60 to 10% showed statistically significant reductions of approximately 7% in WBF. These studies show that the molecular polymorphism associated with GPDH activity could be maintained in natural populations by selection in the triglyceride pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J S Merritt
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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15
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Selection on Viability of Individuals Heterozygous for the Temperature-Sensitive Lethal Mutation l(2)M167 DTS in Experimental Populations of Drosophila melanogaster. RUSS J GENET+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11177-005-0135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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The Effect of Male Mating Competitiveness, Developmental Rate, and Viability of Larvae and Pupae in Drosophila melanogaster Heterozygous for the Temperature-Sensitive Lethal Mutation l(2)M167 DTS on the Dynamics of the Mutation Elimination from the Population. RUSS J GENET+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11177-005-0117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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The effect of population density on the elimination dynamics of a recessive lethal mutation l(2)M167 DTS from experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster. RUSS J GENET+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11177-005-0081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Marden JH, Fitzhugh GH, Girgenrath M, Wolf MR, Girgenrath S. Alternative splicing, muscle contraction and intraspecific variation: associations between troponin T transcripts, Ca2+ sensitivity and the force and power output of dragonfly flight muscles during oscillatory contraction. J Exp Biol 2001; 204:3457-70. [PMID: 11707496 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.20.3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe flight muscles of Libellula pulchella dragonflies contain a mixture of six alternatively spliced transcripts of a single troponin T (TnT) gene. Here, we examine how intraspecific variation in the relative abundance of different TnT transcripts affects the Ca2+ sensitivity of skinned muscle fibers and the performance of intact muscles during work-loop contraction regimes that approximate in vivo conditions during flight. The relative abundance of one TnT transcript, or the pooled relative abundance of two TnT transcripts, showed a positive correlation with a 10-fold range of variation in Ca2+ sensitivity of skinned fibers (r2=0.77, P<0.0001) and a threefold range in peak specific force (r2=0.74, P<0.0001), specific work per cycle (r2=0.54; P<0.0001) and maximum specific power output (r2=0.48, P=0.0005) of intact muscle. Using these results to reanalyze previously published data for wing kinematics during free flight, we show that the relative abundances of these particular transcripts are also positively correlated with wingbeat frequency and amplitude. TnT variation alone may be responsible for these effects, or TnT variation may be a marker for changes in a suite of co-regulated molecules. Dragonflies from two ponds separated by 16 km differed significantly in both TnT transcript composition and muscle contractile performance, and within each population there are two distinct morphs that showed different maturational trajectories of TnT transcript composition and muscle contractility. Thus, there is broad intraspecific variability and a high degree of population structure for contractile performance phenotypes, TnT ribotypes and ontogenetic patterns involving these traits that affect locomotor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Marden
- 208 Mueller Laboratory, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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19
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Abstract
In order to fly, insects require flight muscles that constitute at least 12 to 16% of their total mass, and flight performance increases as this percentage increases. However, flight muscles are energetically and materially expensive to build and maintain, and investment in flight muscles constrains other aspects of function, particularly female fecundity. This review examines ways in which insects vary the size of their flight muscles, and how variation in the relative size and composition of flight muscles affects flight performance. Sources of variability in flight muscle size and composition include genetic differences within and between species, individual phenotypic responses to environmental stimuli, and maturational changes that occur before and during the adult stage. Insects have evolved a wide variety of ways to adjust flight muscle size and contractile performance in order to meet demands imposed by variation in life history and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Marden
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Most models describing the evolution of recombination have focused on the case of a single population, implicitly assuming that all individuals are equally likely to mate and that spatial heterogeneity in selection is absent. In these models, the evolution of recombination is driven by linkage disequilibria generated either by epistatic selection or drift. Models based on epistatic selection show that recombination can be favored if epistasis is negative and weak compared to directional selection and if the recombination modifier locus is tightly linked to the selected loci. In this article, we examine the joint effects of spatial heterogeneity in selection and epistasis on the evolution of recombination. In a model with two patches, each subject to different selection regimes, we consider the cases of mutation-selection and migration-selection balance as well as the spread of beneficial alleles. We find that including spatial heterogeneity extends the range of epistasis over which recombination can be favored. Indeed, recombination can be favored without epistasis, with negative and even with positive epistasis depending on environmental circumstances. The selection pressure acting on recombination-modifier loci is often much stronger with spatial heterogeneity, and even loosely linked modifiers and free linkage may evolve. In each case, predicting whether recombination is favored requires knowledge of both the type of environmental heterogeneity and epistasis, as none of these factors alone is sufficient to predict the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lenormand
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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21
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Land JV‘, Putten WFV, Villarroel H, Kamping A, Delden WV. LATITUDINAL VARIATION FOR TWO ENZYME LOCI AND AN INVERSION POLYMORPHISM IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER FROM CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA. Evolution 2000. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0201:lvftel]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Bryant EH, Meffert LM. The effect of serial founder-flush cycles on quantitative genetic variation in the housefly. Heredity (Edinb) 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1993.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Oudman L, Van Delden W, Kamping A, Bijlsma R. Polymorphism at the Adh and alpha Gpdh loci in Drosophila melanogaster: effects of rearing temperature on developmental rate, body weight, and some biochemical parameters. Heredity (Edinb) 1991; 67 ( Pt 1):103-15. [PMID: 1917548 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1991.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of developmental time in the world-wide cline of Adh and alpha Gpdh allele frequencies of Drosophila melanogaster, and the relationship with weight and some biochemical characters, were investigated. Experimental strains were constructed with different combinations of Adh and alpha Gpdh alleles but with similar genetic background. Developmental time, adult weight, protein-and triglyceride-content, and ADH and alpha GPDH enzyme activity were measured at a rearing temperature of 20, 25 and 29 degrees C. Genotype effects were found in all studied characters. In general the developmental times of genotypes were: AdhFF less than AdhFS less than AdhSS and alpha GpdhFF greater than alpha GpdhFS = alpha GpdhSS. Developmental time and adult weight were strongly affected by rearing temperature. Triglyceride content and ADH and alpha GPDH enzyme activity were slightly affected by temperature. Interactions between genotype and temperature effects were found for developmental rate, adult weight and protein content. No trade off was observed between developmental time on the one hand and adult weight, protein- and triglyceride-content, and ADH and alpha GPDH enzyme activity on the other hand. It is argued that developmental rate differences might be one of the underlying mechanisms of the world-wide cline of the Adh and alpha GPdh allele frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Oudman
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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