1
|
Helwick K, Ross J. Reciprocal restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis reveals mitochondrial heteroplasmy in Caenorhabditis briggsae hybrids. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001306. [PMID: 39185015 PMCID: PMC11344225 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Although mitochondria are typically inherited maternally, exceptions exist. We previously demonstrated that within-species crosses of Caenorhabditis briggsae result in paternal mitochondrial transmission, and it would be useful to know whether hybrids have only paternal mitochondria (homoplasmy) or paternal and maternal mitochondria (heteroplasmy). We developed a reciprocal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to separately detect paternal and maternal mitochondrial DNA. Using new hybrid lines, this approach revealed that some hybrids are heteroplasmous and others have become homoplasmous for the paternal mitotype. These results motivate additional investigation of how paternal mitochondrial transmission is apparently facile in C. briggsae .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Helwick
- Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno
| | - Joseph Ross
- Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ben-Hur S, Sernik S, Afar S, Kolpakova A, Politi Y, Gal L, Florentin A, Golani O, Sivan E, Dezorella N, Morgenstern D, Pietrokovski S, Schejter E, Yacobi-Sharon K, Arama E. Egg multivesicular bodies elicit an LC3-associated phagocytosis-like pathway to degrade paternal mitochondria after fertilization. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5715. [PMID: 38977659 PMCID: PMC11231261 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are maternally inherited, but the mechanisms underlying paternal mitochondrial elimination after fertilization are far less clear. Using Drosophila, we show that special egg-derived multivesicular body vesicles promote paternal mitochondrial elimination by activating an LC3-associated phagocytosis-like pathway, a cellular defense pathway commonly employed against invading microbes. Upon fertilization, these egg-derived vesicles form extended vesicular sheaths around the sperm flagellum, promoting degradation of the sperm mitochondrial derivative and plasma membrane. LC3-associated phagocytosis cascade of events, including recruitment of a Rubicon-based class III PI(3)K complex to the flagellum vesicular sheaths, its activation, and consequent recruitment of Atg8/LC3, are all required for paternal mitochondrial elimination. Finally, lysosomes fuse with strings of large vesicles derived from the flagellum vesicular sheaths and contain degrading fragments of the paternal mitochondrial derivative. Given reports showing that in some mammals, the paternal mitochondria are also decorated with Atg8/LC3 and surrounded by multivesicular bodies upon fertilization, our findings suggest that a similar pathway also mediates paternal mitochondrial elimination in other flagellated sperm-producing organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Ben-Hur
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shoshana Sernik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sara Afar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alina Kolpakova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Politi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liron Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anat Florentin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ehud Sivan
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nili Dezorella
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Morgenstern
- de Botton Institute for Protein Profiling, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalised Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shmuel Pietrokovski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Schejter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Keren Yacobi-Sharon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eli Arama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cao J, Luo Y, Chen Y, Wu Z, Zhang J, Wu Y, Hu W. Maternal mitochondrial function affects paternal mitochondrial inheritance in Drosophila. Genetics 2024; 226:iyae014. [PMID: 38290047 PMCID: PMC10990420 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The maternal inheritance of mitochondria is a widely accepted paradigm, and mechanisms that prevent paternal mitochondria transmission to offspring during spermatogenesis and postfertilization have been described. Although certain species do retain paternal mitochondria, the factors affecting paternal mitochondria inheritance in these cases are unclear. More importantly, the evolutionary benefit of retaining paternal mitochondria and their ultimate fate are unknown. Here we show that transplanted exogenous paternal D. yakuba mitochondria can be transmitted to offspring when maternal mitochondria are dysfunctional in D. melanogaster. Furthermore, we show that the preserved paternal mitochondria are functional, and can be stably inherited, such that the proportion of paternal mitochondria increases gradually in subsequent generations. Our work has important implications that paternal mitochondria inheritance should not be overlooked as a genetic phenomenon in evolution, especially when paternal mitochondria are of significant differences from the maternal mitochondria or the maternal mitochondria are functionally abnormal. Our results improve the understanding of mitochondrial inheritance and provide a new model system for its study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinguo Cao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Key Laboratory of Mitochondrial Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yuying Luo
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yonghe Chen
- Department of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhaoqi Wu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jiting Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Gannan Medical University, Ministry of Education, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic and Developmental Related Diseases, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Gannan Medical University, Ministry of Education, Ganzhou 341000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nuryadi H, Mandagi IF, Masengi KWA, Kusumi J, Inomata N, Yamahira K. Evidence for hybridization-driven heteroplasmy maintained across generations in a ricefish endemic to a Wallacean ancient lake. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20230385. [PMID: 38503345 PMCID: PMC10950462 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Heteroplasmy, the presence of multiple mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes within cells of an individual, is caused by mutation or paternal leakage. However, heteroplasmy is usually resolved to homoplasmy within a few generations because of germ-line bottlenecks; therefore, instances of heteroplasmy are limited in nature. Here, we report heteroplasmy in the ricefish species Oryzias matanensis, endemic to Lake Matano, an ancient lake in Sulawesi Island, in which one individual was known to have many heterozygous sites in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene. In this study, we cloned the ND2 gene for some additional individuals with heterozygous sites and demonstrated that they are truly heteroplasmic. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the extra haplotype within the heteroplasmic O. matanensis individuals clustered with haplotypes of O. marmoratus, a congeneric species inhabiting adjacent lakes. This indicated that the heteroplasmy originated from paternal leakage due to interspecific hybridization. The extra haplotype was unique and contained two non-synonymous substitutions. These findings demonstrate that this hybridization-driven heteroplasmy was maintained across generations for a long time to the extent that the extra mitochondria evolved within the new host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Handung Nuryadi
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ixchel F. Mandagi
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | | | - Junko Kusumi
- Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Inomata
- Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamahira
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zuidema D, Jones A, Song WH, Zigo M, Sutovsky P. Identification of candidate mitochondrial inheritance determinants using the mammalian cell-free system. eLife 2023; 12:RP85596. [PMID: 37470242 PMCID: PMC10393022 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of sperm-borne mitochondria after fertilization is a conserved event. This process known as post-fertilization sperm mitophagy, ensures exclusively maternal inheritance of the mitochondria-harbored mitochondrial DNA genome. This mitochondrial degradation is in part carried out by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In mammals, ubiquitin-binding pro-autophagic receptors such as SQSTM1 and GABARAP have also been shown to contribute to sperm mitophagy. These systems work in concert to ensure the timely degradation of the sperm-borne mitochondria after fertilization. We hypothesize that other receptors, cofactors, and substrates are involved in post-fertilization mitophagy. Mass spectrometry was used in conjunction with a porcine cell-free system to identify other autophagic cofactors involved in post-fertilization sperm mitophagy. This porcine cell-free system is able to recapitulate early fertilization proteomic interactions. Altogether, 185 proteins were identified as statistically different between control and cell-free-treated spermatozoa. Six of these proteins were further investigated, including MVP, PSMG2, PSMA3, FUNDC2, SAMM50, and BAG5. These proteins were phenotyped using porcine in vitro fertilization, cell imaging, proteomics, and the porcine cell-free system. The present data confirms the involvement of known mitophagy determinants in the regulation of mitochondrial inheritance and provides a master list of candidate mitophagy co-factors to validate in the future hypothesis-driven studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalen Zuidema
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Alexis Jones
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Won-Hee Song
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Michal Zigo
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Peter Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tani H, Ishikawa K, Tamashiro H, Ogasawara E, Yasukawa T, Matsuda S, Shimizu A, Kang D, Hayashi JI, Wei FY, Nakada K. Aberrant RNA processing contributes to the pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases in trans-mitochondrial mouse model carrying mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) with a pathogenic A2748G mutation. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:9382-9396. [PMID: 35998911 PMCID: PMC9458463 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial tRNAs are indispensable for the intra-mitochondrial translation of genes related to respiratory subunits, and mutations in mitochondrial tRNA genes have been identified in various disease patients. However, the molecular mechanism underlying pathogenesis remains unclear due to the lack of animal models. Here, we established a mouse model, designated 'mito-mice tRNALeu(UUR)2748', that carries a pathogenic A2748G mutation in the tRNALeu(UUR) gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The A2748G mutation is orthologous to the human A3302G mutation found in patients with mitochondrial diseases and diabetes. A2748G mtDNA was maternally inherited, equally distributed among tissues in individual mice, and its abundance did not change with age. At the molecular level, A2748G mutation is associated with aberrant processing of precursor mRNA containing tRNALeu(UUR) and mt-ND1, leading to a marked decrease in the steady-levels of ND1 protein and Complex I activity in tissues. Mito-mice tRNALeu(UUR)2748 with ≥50% A2748G mtDNA exhibited age-dependent metabolic defects including hyperglycemia, insulin insensitivity, and hepatic steatosis, resembling symptoms of patients carrying the A3302G mutation. This work demonstrates a valuable mouse model with an inheritable pathological A2748G mutation in mt-tRNALeu(UUR) that shows metabolic syndrome-like phenotypes at high heteroplasmy level. Furthermore, our findings provide molecular basis for understanding A3302G mutation-mediated mitochondrial disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Tani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan,Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kaori Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tamashiro
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Emi Ogasawara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yasukawa
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shigeru Matsuda
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akinori Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan,Kashiigaoka Rehabilitation Hospital, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 813-0002, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hayashi
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nakada
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81 29 853 6694; Fax: +81 29 853 6614;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee J, Willett CS. Frequent Paternal Mitochondrial Inheritance and Rapid Haplotype Frequency Shifts in Copepod Hybrids. J Hered 2022; 113:171-183. [PMID: 35575078 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are assumed to be maternally inherited in most animal species, and this foundational concept has fostered advances in phylogenetics, conservation, and population genetics. Like other animals, mitochondria were thought to be solely maternally inherited in the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus, which has served as a useful model for studying mitonuclear interactions, hybrid breakdown, and environmental tolerance. However, we present PCR, Sanger sequencing, and Illumina Nextera sequencing evidence that extensive paternal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transmission is occurring in inter-population hybrids of T. californicus. PCR on four types of crosses between three populations (total sample size of 376 F1 individuals) with 20% genome-wide mitochondrial divergence showed 2% to 59% of F1 hybrids with both paternal and maternal mtDNA, where low and high paternal leakage values were found in different cross directions of the same population pairs. Sequencing methods further verified nucleotide similarities between F1 mtDNA and paternal mtDNA sequences. Interestingly, the paternal mtDNA in F1s from some crosses inherited haplotypes that were uncommon in the paternal population. Compared to some previous research on paternal leakage, we employed more rigorous methods to rule out contamination and false detection of paternal mtDNA due to non-functional nuclear mitochondrial DNA fragments. Our results raise the potential that other animal systems thought to only inherit maternal mitochondria may also have paternal leakage, which would then affect the interpretation of past and future population genetics or phylogenetic studies that rely on mitochondria as uniparental markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyun Lee
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher S Willett
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma H, Van Dyken C, Darby H, Mikhalchenko A, Marti-Gutierrez N, Koski A, Liang D, Li Y, Tippner-Hedges R, Kang E, Lee Y, Sidener H, Ramsey C, Hodge T, Amato P, Mitalipov S. Germline transmission of donor, maternal and paternal mtDNA in primates. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:493-505. [PMID: 33289786 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What are the long-term developmental, reproductive and genetic consequences of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) in primates? SUMMARY ANSWER Longitudinal investigation of MRT rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) generated with donor mtDNA that is exceedingly distant from the original maternal counterpart suggest that their growth, general health and fertility is unremarkable and similar to controls. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Mitochondrial gene mutations contribute to a diverse range of incurable human disorders. MRT via spindle transfer in oocytes was developed and proposed to prevent transmission of pathogenic mtDNA mutations from mothers to children. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The study provides longitudinal studies on general health, fertility as well as transmission and segregation of parental mtDNA haplotypes to various tissues and organs in five adult MRT rhesus macaques and their offspring. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS MRT was achieved by spindle transfer between metaphase II oocytes from genetically divergent rhesus macaque populations. After fertilization of oocytes with sperm, heteroplasmic zygotes contained an unequal mixture of three parental genomes, i.e. donor (≥97%), maternal (≤3%), and paternal (≤0.1%) mitochondrial (mt)DNA. MRT monkeys were grown to adulthood and their development and general health was regularly monitored. Reproductive fitness of male and female MRT macaques was evaluated by time-mated breeding and production of live offspring. The relative contribution of donor, maternal, and paternal mtDNA was measured by whole mitochondrial genome sequencing in all organs and tissues of MRT animals and their offspring. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Both male and female MRT rhesus macaques containing unequal mixture of three parental genomes, i.e. donor (≥97%), maternal (≤3%), and paternal (≤0.1%) mtDNA reached healthy adulthood, were fertile and most animals stably maintained the initial ratio of parental mtDNA heteroplasmy and donor mtDNA was transmitted from females to offspring. However, in one monkey out of four analyzed, initially negligible maternal mtDNA heteroplasmy levels increased substantially up to 17% in selected internal tissues and organs. In addition, two monkeys showed paternal mtDNA contribution up to 33% in selected internal tissues and organs. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Conclusions in this study were made on a relatively low number of MRT monkeys, and on only one F1 (first generation) female. In addition, monkey MRT involved two wildtype mtDNA haplotypes, but not disease-relevant variants. Clinical trials on children born after MRT will be required to fully determine safety and efficacy of MRT for humans. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our data show that MRT is compatible with normal postnatal development including overall health and reproductive fitness in nonhuman primates without any detected adverse effects. 'Mismatched' donor mtDNA in MRT animals even from the genetically distant mtDNA haplotypes did not cause secondary mitochondrial dysfunction. However, carry-over maternal or paternal mtDNA contributions increased substantially in selected internal tissues / organs of some MRT animals implying the possibility of mtDNA mutation recurrence. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work has been funded by the grants from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, the National Institutes of Health (RO1AG062459 and P51 OD011092), National Research Foundation of Korea (2018R1D1A1B07043216) and Oregon Health & Science University institutional funds. The authors declare no competing interests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ma
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Crystal Van Dyken
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Hayley Darby
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Aleksei Mikhalchenko
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nuria Marti-Gutierrez
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amy Koski
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dan Liang
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rebecca Tippner-Hedges
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Eunju Kang
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonmi Lee
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heather Sidener
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Cathy Ramsey
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Travis Hodge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Paula Amato
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shoukhrat Mitalipov
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Park YJ, Pang MG. Mitochondrial Functionality in Male Fertility: From Spermatogenesis to Fertilization. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010098. [PMID: 33445610 PMCID: PMC7826524 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are structurally and functionally distinct organelles that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), to provide energy to spermatozoa. They can also produce reactive oxidation species (ROS). While a moderate concentration of ROS is critical for tyrosine phosphorylation in cholesterol efflux, sperm–egg interaction, and fertilization, excessive ROS generation is associated with male infertility. Moreover, mitochondria participate in diverse processes ranging from spermatogenesis to fertilization to regulate male fertility. This review aimed to summarize the roles of mitochondria in male fertility depending on the sperm developmental stage (from male reproductive tract to female reproductive tract). Moreover, mitochondria are also involved in testosterone production, regulation of proton secretion into the lumen to maintain an acidic condition in the epididymis, and sperm DNA condensation during epididymal maturation. We also established the new signaling pathway using previous proteomic data associated with male fertility, to understand the overall role of mitochondria in male fertility. The pathway revealed that male infertility is associated with a loss of mitochondrial proteins in spermatozoa, which induces low sperm motility, reduces OXPHOS activity, and results in male infertility.
Collapse
|
10
|
Rodríguez-Pena E, Verísimo P, Fernández L, González-Tizón A, Bárcena C, Martínez-Lage A. High incidence of heteroplasmy in the mtDNA of a natural population of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230243. [PMID: 32191743 PMCID: PMC7082002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are mostly inherited by maternal via, that is, only mitochondria from eggs are retained in the embryos. However, this general assumption of uniparentally transmitted, homoplasmic and non-recombining mitochondrial genomes is becoming more and more controversial. The presence of different sequences of mtDNA within a cell or individual, known as heteroplasmy, is increasingly reported in several taxon of animals, such as molluscs, arthropods and vertebrates. In this work, a considerable frequency of heteroplasmy were detected in the COI and 16S genes of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla, possibly associated to hybridisation with the congeneric species Maja squinado. This finding is a fact to keep in mind before addressing molecular analyses based on mitochondrial markers, since the assumption of maternal inheritance could lead to erroneous results. As M. brachydactyla is a commercial species, heteroplasmy is an important aspect to take into account for the fisheries management of this resource, since effective population size could be overestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elba Rodríguez-Pena
- Dpto. de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avazadas, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Patricia Verísimo
- Dpto. de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avazadas, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández
- Dpto. de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avazadas, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ana González-Tizón
- Dpto. de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avazadas, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Covadonga Bárcena
- Dpto. de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avazadas, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Andrés Martínez-Lage
- Dpto. de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avazadas, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Amorim A, Fernandes T, Taveira N. Mitochondrial DNA in human identification: a review. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7314. [PMID: 31428537 PMCID: PMC6697116 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) presents several characteristics useful for forensic studies, especially related to the lack of recombination, to a high copy number, and to matrilineal inheritance. mtDNA typing based on sequences of the control region or full genomic sequences analysis is used to analyze a variety of forensic samples such as old bones, teeth and hair, as well as other biological samples where the DNA content is low. Evaluation and reporting of the results requires careful consideration of biological issues as well as other issues such as nomenclature and reference population databases. In this work we review mitochondrial DNA profiling methods used for human identification and present their use in the main cases of humanidentification focusing on the most relevant issues for forensics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- António Amorim
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Fernandes
- Escola de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Research Center for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Almada, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Abstract
A cell-free system using oocyte extracts is a valuable tool to study early events of animal fertilization and examine protein-protein interactions difficult to observe in whole cells. The process of postfertilization sperm mitophagy assures timely elimination of paternal, sperm-contributed mitochondria carrying potentially corrupted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Cell-free systems would be especially advantageous for studying postfertilization sperm mitophagy as large amounts of oocyte extracts can be incubated with hundreds to thousands of spermatozoa in a single trial, while only one spermatozoon per zygote can be examined by whole-cell approaches. Since sperm mitophagy is species-specific, the abundantly available frog egg extracts commonly used for cell-free systems have to be replaced with isospecific mammalian oocyte extracts, which are difficult to obtain. Here we describe the protocol for a mammalian, porcine cell-free system consisting of permeabilized domestic boar spermatozoa co-incubated with cell extracts from porcine oocytes, suitable for studying the interactions of maternal, oocyte-derived mitophagy factors with paternal, sperm mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Hee Song
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Peter Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Palozzi JM, Jeedigunta SP, Hurd TR. Mitochondrial DNA Purifying Selection in Mammals and Invertebrates. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4834-4848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
15
|
Meza-Lázaro RN, Poteaux C, Bayona-Vásquez NJ, Branstetter MG, Zaldívar-Riverón A. Extensive mitochondrial heteroplasmy in the neotropical ants of the Ectatomma ruidum complex (Formicidae: Ectatomminae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2018; 29:1203-1214. [PMID: 29385929 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2018.1431228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We assembled mitogenomes from 21 ant workers assigned to four morphospecies (E. ruidum spp. 1-4) and putative hybrids of the Ectatomma ruidum complex (E. ruidum spp. 2x3), and to E. tuberculatum using NGS data. Mitogenomes from specimens of E. ruidum spp. 3, 4 and 2 × 3 had a high proportion of polymorphic sites. We investigated whether polymorphisms in mitogenomes are due to nuclear mt paralogues (numts) or due to the presence of more than one mitogenome within an individual (heteroplasmy). We did not find loss of function signals in polymorphic protein-coding genes, and observed strong evidence for purifying selection in two haplotype-phased genes, which indicate the presence of two functional mitochondrial genomes coexisting within individuals instead of numts. Heteroplasmy due to hybrid paternal leakage is not supported by phylogenetic analyses. Our results reveal the presence of a fast-evolving secondary mitochondrial lineage of uncertain origin in the E. ruidum complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubi N Meza-Lázaro
- a Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria , CdMx, México , México
| | - Chantal Poteaux
- b Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée E.A. 4443 (LEEC), Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Villetaneuse , France
| | | | - Michael G Branstetter
- d USDA-ARS Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Utah State University , Logan , UT , USA
| | - Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón
- a Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria , CdMx, México , México
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Radzvilavicius AL, Lane N, Pomiankowski A. Sexual conflict explains the extraordinary diversity of mechanisms regulating mitochondrial inheritance. BMC Biol 2017; 15:94. [PMID: 29073898 PMCID: PMC5658935 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are predominantly inherited from the maternal gamete, even in unicellular organisms. Yet an extraordinary array of mechanisms enforce uniparental inheritance, which implies shifting selection pressures and multiple origins. RESULTS We consider how this high turnover in mechanisms controlling uniparental inheritance arises using a novel evolutionary model in which control of mitochondrial transmission occurs either during spermatogenesis (by paternal nuclear genes) or at/after fertilization (by maternal nuclear genes). The model treats paternal leakage as an evolvable trait. Our evolutionary analysis shows that maternal control consistently favours strict uniparental inheritance with complete exclusion of sperm mitochondria, whereas some degree of paternal leakage of mitochondria is an expected outcome under paternal control. This difference arises because mito-nuclear linkage builds up with maternal control, allowing the greater variance created by asymmetric inheritance to boost the efficiency of purifying selection and bring benefits in the long term. In contrast, under paternal control, mito-nuclear linkage tends to be much weaker, giving greater advantage to the mixing of cytotypes, which improves mean fitness in the short term, even though it imposes a fitness cost to both mating types in the long term. CONCLUSIONS Sexual conflict is an inevitable outcome when there is competition between maternal and paternal control of mitochondrial inheritance. If evolution has led to complete uniparental inheritance through maternal control, it creates selective pressure on the paternal nucleus in favour of subversion through paternal leakage, and vice versa. This selective divergence provides a reason for the repeated evolution of novel mechanisms that regulate the transmission of paternal mitochondria, both in the fertilized egg and spermatogenesis. Our analysis suggests that the widespread occurrence of paternal leakage and prevalence of heteroplasmy are natural outcomes of this sexual conflict.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arunas L Radzvilavicius
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nick Lane
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrew Pomiankowski
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Śmietanka B, Burzyński A. Disruption of doubly uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial DNA associated with hybridization area of European Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus in Norway. MARINE BIOLOGY 2017; 164:209. [PMID: 29056761 PMCID: PMC5630648 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-017-3235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Doubly uniparental inheritance of mitochondria (DUI) is best known in the blue mussel Mytilus. Under this model, two types of mitochondrial DNA exist: female type (F), transmitted from females to offspring of both genders, and male type (M), transmitted exclusively from males to sons. The mitogenomes are usually highly divergent, but an occasional replacement of a typical M genome by a particular F genome has been postulated to explain reduction of this divergence. Disruption of the DUI model has been reported in hybridization areas. Here, we present a new case of DUI disruption in a hybrid M. trossulus/M. edulis population from the North Sea (Norway). No M haplotypes derived from M. trossulus were identified in this population. Typical M haplotypes derived from M. edulis (ME) were rare. Two F-type haplogroups were found: one derived from M. edulis (FE) and the second derived from M. trossulus (FT). Many haplotypes from the FT group were recombinants, with the male CR sequence coming from the M. trossulus genome (FT1 haplogroup) in contrast to M. edulis CR as in the Baltic. FT1 haplotypes were abundant in the studied population, including homoplasmic females. However, males significantly more often carried these haplotypes; therefore, male heteroplasmy involved the original FE and recombinant FT, indicating that the FT genome undergoes masculinization. Structural similarity of FT1 CR with previously reported, masculinized Baltic haplotypes, which were derived from FE/ME recombination, provides further evidence that CR M-F recombination is a prerequisite for masculinization, also in the context of native M. trossulus mtDNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Śmietanka
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Artur Burzyński
- Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Elgvin TO, Trier CN, Tørresen OK, Hagen IJ, Lien S, Nederbragt AJ, Ravinet M, Jensen H, Sætre GP. The genomic mosaicism of hybrid speciation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602996. [PMID: 28630911 PMCID: PMC5470830 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization is widespread in nature and, in some instances, can result in the formation of a new hybrid species. We investigate the genetic foundation of this poorly understood process through whole-genome analysis of the hybrid Italian sparrow and its progenitors. We find overall balanced yet heterogeneous levels of contribution from each parent species throughout the hybrid genome and identify areas of novel divergence in the hybrid species exhibiting signals consistent with balancing selection. High-divergence areas are disproportionately located on the Z chromosome and overrepresented in gene networks relating to key traits separating the focal species, which are likely involved in reproductive barriers and/or species-specific adaptations. Of special interest are genes and functional groups known to affect body patterning, beak morphology, and the immune system, which are important features of diversification and fitness. We show that a combination of mosaic parental inheritance and novel divergence within the hybrid lineage has facilitated the origin and maintenance of an avian hybrid species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tore O. Elgvin
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cassandra N. Trier
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole K. Tørresen
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingerid J. Hagen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigbjørn Lien
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty for Biosciences, Centre for Integrative Genetics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, Norway
| | - Alexander J. Nederbragt
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mark Ravinet
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Glenn-Peter Sætre
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
El-Hattab AW, Scaglia F. Mitochondrial cytopathies. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:199-206. [PMID: 26996063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are found in all nucleated human cells and perform a variety of essential functions, including the generation of cellular energy. Most of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear DNA (nDNA) whereas a very small fraction is encoded by the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mutations in mtDNA or mitochondria-related nDNA genes can result in mitochondrial dysfunction which leads to a wide range of cellular perturbations including aberrant calcium homeostasis, excessive reactive oxygen species production, dysregulated apoptosis, and insufficient energy generation to meet the needs of various organs, particularly those with high energy demand. Impaired mitochondrial function in various tissues and organs results in the multi-organ manifestations of mitochondrial diseases including epilepsy, intellectual disability, skeletal and cardiac myopathies, hepatopathies, endocrinopathies, and nephropathies. Defects in nDNA genes can be inherited in an autosomal or X-linked manners, whereas, mtDNA is maternally inherited. Mitochondrial diseases can result from mutations of nDNA genes encoding subunits of the electron transport chain complexes or their assembly factors, proteins associated with the mitochondrial import or networking, mitochondrial translation factors, or proteins involved in mtDNA maintenance. MtDNA defects can be either point mutations or rearrangements. The diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders can be challenging in many cases and is based on clinical recognition, biochemical screening, histopathological studies, functional studies, and molecular genetic testing. Currently, there are no satisfactory therapies available for mitochondrial disorders that significantly alter the course of the disease. Therapeutic options include symptomatic treatment, cofactor supplementation, and exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman W El-Hattab
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics Department, Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Saeed AF, Wang R, Wang S. Microsatellites in Pursuit of Microbial Genome Evolution. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1462. [PMID: 26779133 PMCID: PMC4700210 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellites or short sequence repeats are widespread genetic markers which are hypermutable 1-6 bp long short nucleotide motifs. Significantly, their applications in genetics are extensive due to their ceaseless mutational degree, widespread length variations and hypermutability skills. These features make them useful in determining the driving forces of evolution by using powerful molecular techniques. Consequently, revealing important questions, for example, what is the significance of these abundant sequences in DNA, what are their roles in genomic evolution? The answers of these important questions are hidden in the ways these short motifs contributed in altering the microbial genomes since the origin of life. Even though their size ranges from 1 -to- 6 bases, these repeats are becoming one of the most popular genetic probes in determining their associations and phylogenetic relationships in closely related genomes. Currently, they have been widely used in molecular genetics, biotechnology and evolutionary biology. However, due to limited knowledge; there is a significant gap in research and lack of information concerning hypermutational mechanisms. These mechanisms play a key role in microsatellite loci point mutations and phase variations. This review will extend the understandings of impacts and contributions of microsatellite in genomic evolution and their universal applications in microbiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah F. Saeed
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Elsheikh MO, Begham Mustafa F, Ibrahim Eid I, Lutas A, Bhassu S. COI gene sequence analysis for testing cyclical mating in securing genetic diversity of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
22
|
Radojičić JM, Krizmanić I, Kasapidis P, Zouros E. Extensive mitochondrial heteroplasmy in hybrid water frog (Pelophylax spp.) populations from Southeast Europe. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4529-41. [PMID: 26668720 PMCID: PMC4670067 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Water frogs of the genus Pelophylax (previous Rana) species have been much studied in Europe for their outstanding reproductive mechanism in which sympatric hybridization between genetically distinct parental species produces diverse genetic forms of viable hybrid animals. The most common hybrid is P. esculentus that carries the genomes of both parental species, P. ridibundus and P. lessonae, but usually transfers the whole genome of only one parent to its offsprings (hybridogenesis). The evolutionary cost of transfer of the intact genome and hence the hemiclonal reproduction is the depletion of heterozygosity in the hybrid populations. Pelophylax esculentus presents an excellent example of the long‐term sustained hybridization and hemiclonal reproduction in which the effects of the low genetic diversity are balanced through the novel mutations and periodic recombinations. In this study, we analyzed the mitochondrial (mt) and microsatellites DNA variations in hybrid Pelophylax populations from southern parts of the Pannonian Basin and a north–south transect of the Balkan Peninsula, which are home for a variety of Pelophylax genetic lineages. The mtDNA haplotypes found in this study corresponded to P. ridibundus and P. epeiroticus of the Balkan – Anatolian lineage (ridibundus–bedriagae) and to P. lessonae and a divergent lessonae haplotype of the lessonae lineage. The mtDNA genomes showed considerable intraspecific variation and geographic differentiation. The Balkan wide distributed P. ridibundus was found in all studied populations and its nuclear genome, along with either the lessonae or the endemic epeiroticus genome, in all hybrids. An unexpected finding was that the hybrid populations were invariably heteroplasmic, that is, they contained the mtDNA of both parental species. We discussed the possibility that such extensive heteroplasmy is a result of hybridization and it comes from regular leakage of the paternal mtDNA from a sperm of one species that fertilizes eggs of another. In this case, the mechanisms that protect the egg from heterospecific fertilization and further from the presence of sperm mtDNA could become compromised due to their differences and divergence at both, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. The heteroplasmy once retained in the fertilized egg could be transmitted by hybrid backcrossing to the progeny and maintained in a population over generations. The role of interspecies and heteroplasmic hybrid animals due to their genomic diversity and better fitness compare to the parental species might be of the special importance in adaptations to miscellaneous and isolated environments at the Balkan Peninsula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena M Radojičić
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture Heraklion Greece ; Department of Biology University of Crete Heraklion Greece
| | - Imre Krizmanić
- Faculty of Biology Institute of Zoology University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Panagiotis Kasapidis
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture Heraklion Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is predominantly maternally inherited in eukaryotes. Diverse molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of strict maternal inheritance (SMI) of mtDNA have been described, but the evolutionary forces responsible for its predominance in eukaryotes remain to be elucidated. Exceptions to SMI have been reported in diverse eukaryotic taxa, leading to the prediction that several distinct molecular mechanisms controlling mtDNA transmission are present among the eukaryotes. We propose that these mechanisms will be better understood by studying the deviations from the predominating pattern of SMI. This minireview summarizes studies on eukaryote species with unusual or rare mitochondrial inheritance patterns, i.e., other than the predominant SMI pattern, such as maternal inheritance of stable heteroplasmy, paternal leakage of mtDNA, biparental and strictly paternal inheritance, and doubly uniparental inheritance of mtDNA. The potential genes and mechanisms involved in controlling mitochondrial inheritance in these organisms are discussed. The linkage between mitochondrial inheritance and sex determination is also discussed, given that the atypical systems of mtDNA inheritance examined in this minireview are frequently found in organisms with uncommon sexual systems such as gynodioecy, monoecy, or andromonoecy. The potential of deviations from SMI for facilitating a better understanding of a number of fundamental questions in biology, such as the evolution of mtDNA inheritance, the coevolution of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, and, perhaps, the role of mitochondria in sex determination, is considerable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Breton
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Donald T Stewart
- b Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang Z, Wilson A, Xu J. Mitochondrial DNA inheritance in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus gattii. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 75:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
25
|
Biolistic Transformation of Candida glabrata for Homoplasmic Mitochondrial Genome Transformants. Fungal Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10142-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
26
|
Dynamics of mitochondrial DNA nucleoids regulated by mitochondrial fission is essential for maintenance of homogeneously active mitochondria during neonatal heart development. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 35:211-23. [PMID: 25348719 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01054-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles, and their fusion and fission regulate cellular signaling, development, and mitochondrial homeostasis, including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) distribution. Cardiac myocytes have a specialized cytoplasmic structure where large mitochondria are aligned into tightly packed myofibril bundles; however, recent studies have revealed that mitochondrial dynamics also plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of cardiomyocytes. Here, we precisely analyzed the role of mitochondrial fission in vivo. The mitochondrial fission GTPase, Drp1, is highly expressed in the developing neonatal heart, and muscle-specific Drp1 knockout (Drp1-KO) mice showed neonatal lethality due to dilated cardiomyopathy. The Drp1 ablation in heart and primary cultured cardiomyocytes resulted in severe mtDNA nucleoid clustering and led to mosaic deficiency of mitochondrial respiration. The functional and structural alteration of mitochondria also led to immature myofibril assembly and defective cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Thus, the dynamics of mtDNA nucleoids regulated by mitochondrial fission is required for neonatal cardiomyocyte development by promoting homogeneous distribution of active mitochondria throughout the cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
|
27
|
Dokianakis E, Ladoukakis ED. Different degree of paternal mtDNA leakage between male and female progeny in interspecific Drosophila crosses. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:2633-41. [PMID: 25077015 PMCID: PMC4113288 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal transmission of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in animals is thought to prevent the spread of selfish deleterious mtDNA mutations in the population. Various mechanisms have been evolved independently to prevent the entry of sperm mitochondria in the embryo. However, the increasing number of instances of paternal mtDNA leakage suggests that these mechanisms are not very effective. The destruction of sperm mitochondria in mammalian embryos is mediated by nuclear factors. Also, the destruction of paternal mitochondria in intraspecific crosses is more effective than in interspecific ones. These observations have led to the hypothesis that leakage of paternal mtDNA (and consequently mtDNA recombination owing to ensuing heteroplasmy) might be more common in inter- than in intraspecific crosses and that it should increase with phylogenetic distance of hybridizing species. We checked paternal leakage in inter- and intraspecific crosses in Drosophila and found little evidence for this hypothesis. In addition, we have observed a higher level of leakage among male than among female progeny from the same cross. This is the first report of sex-specific leakage of paternal mtDNA. It suggests that paternal mtDNA leakage might not be a stochastic result of an error-prone mechanism, but rather, it may be under complex genetic control.
Collapse
|
28
|
Transmitochondrial mice as models for primary prevention of diseases caused by mutation in the tRNA(Lys) gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3104-9. [PMID: 24510903 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318109111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated transmitochondrial mice (mito-mice) that carry a mutation in the tRNA(Lys) gene encoded by mtDNA for use in studies of its pathogenesis and transmission profiles. Because patients with mitochondrial diseases frequently carry mutations in the mitochondrial tRNA(Lys) and tRNA(Leu(UUR)) genes, we focused our efforts on identifying somatic mutations of these genes in mouse lung carcinoma P29 cells. Of the 43 clones of PCR products including the tRNA(Lys) or tRNA(Leu(UUR)) genes in mtDNA of P29 cells, one had a potentially pathogenic mutation (G7731A) in the tRNA(Lys) gene. P29 subclones with predominant amounts of G7731A mtDNA expressed respiration defects, thus suggesting the pathogenicity of this mutation. We then transferred G7731A mtDNA into mouse ES cells and obtained F0 chimeric mice. Mating these F0 mice with C57BL/6J (B6) male mice resulted in the generation of F1 mice with G7731A mtDNA, named "mito-mice-tRNA(Lys7731)." Maternal inheritance and random segregation of G7731A mtDNA occurred in subsequent generations. Mito-mice-tRNA(Lys7731) with high proportions of G7731A mtDNA exclusively expressed respiration defects and disease-related phenotypes and therefore are potential models for mitochondrial diseases due to mutations in the mitochondrial tRNA(Lys) gene. Moreover, the proportion of mutated mtDNA varied markedly among the pups born to each dam, suggesting that selecting oocytes with high proportions of normal mtDNA from affected mothers with tRNA(Lys)-based mitochondrial diseases may be effective as a primary prevention for obtaining unaffected children.
Collapse
|
29
|
Enoki S, Shimizu A, Hayashi C, Imanishi H, Hashizume O, Mekada K, Suzuki H, Hashimoto T, Nakada K, Hayashi JI. Selection of rodent species appropriate for mtDNA transfer to generate transmitochondrial mito-mice expressing mitochondrial respiration defects. Exp Anim 2014. [PMID: 24521860 PMCID: PMC4160931 DOI: 10.1538/expanim..21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that transmitochondrial mito-mice with nuclear DNA from Mus musculus and mtDNA from M. spretus do not express respiration defects, whereas those with mtDNA from Rattus norvegicus cannot be generated from ES cybrids with mtDNA from R. norvegicus due to inducing significant respiration defects and resultant losing multipotency. Here, we isolated transmitochondrial cybrids with mtDNA from various rodent species classified between M. spretus and R. norvegicus, and compared the O2 consumption rates. The results showed a strong negative correlation between phylogenetic distance and reduction of O2 consumption rates, which would be due to the coevolution of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and the resultant incompatibility between the nuclear genome from M. musculus and the mitochondrial genome from the other rodent species. These observations suggested that M. caroli was an appropriate mtDNA donor to generate transmitochondrial mito-mice with nuclear DNA from M. musculus. Then, we generated ES cybrids with M. caroli mtDNA, and found that these ES cybrids expressed respiration defects without losing multipotency and can be used to generate transmitochondrial mito-mice expressing mitochondrial disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunkei Enoki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, Tennodai 1–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Akinori Shimizu
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, Tennodai 1–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Chisato Hayashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, Tennodai 1–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hirotake Imanishi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, Tennodai 1–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), 8
Ichiban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Osamu Hashizume
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, Tennodai 1–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Mekada
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Koyadai 3–1–1, Tsukuba-shi,
Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Ecology and Genetics, Graduate School of
Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810,
Japan
| | - Tetsuo Hashimoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, Tennodai 1–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nakada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, Tennodai 1–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hayashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, Tennodai 1–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Enoki S, Shimizu A, Hayashi C, Imanishi H, Hashizume O, Mekada K, Suzuki H, Hashimoto T, Nakada K, Hayashi JI. Selection of Rodent Species Appropriate for mtDNA Transfer to Generate Transmitochondrial Mito-Mice Expressing Mitochondrial Respiration Defects. Exp Anim 2014; 63:21-30. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shunkei Enoki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Akinori Shimizu
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Chisato Hayashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hirotake Imanishi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), 8 Ichiban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Osamu Hashizume
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Mekada
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Ecology and Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Hashimoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nakada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hayashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nakamura N. Ubiquitination regulates the morphogenesis and function of sperm organelles. Cells 2013; 2:732-50. [PMID: 24709878 PMCID: PMC3972651 DOI: 10.3390/cells2040732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now understood that protein ubiquitination has diverse cellular functions in eukaryotes. The molecular mechanism and physiological significance of ubiquitin-mediated processes have been extensively studied in yeast, Drosophila and mammalian somatic cells. Moreover, an increasing number of studies have emphasized the importance of ubiquitination in spermatogenesis and fertilization. The dysfunction of various ubiquitin systems results in impaired sperm development with abnormal organelle morphology and function, which in turn is highly associated with male infertility. This review will focus on the emerging roles of ubiquitination in biogenesis, function and stability of sperm organelles in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Luo SM, Schatten H, Sun QY. Sperm Mitochondria in Reproduction: Good or Bad and Where Do They Go? J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:549-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
33
|
Abstract
In animals, mtDNA is always transmitted through the female and this is termed "maternal inheritance." Recently, autophagy was reported to be involved in maternal inheritance by elimination of paternal mitochondria and mtDNA in Caenorhabditis elegans; moreover, by immunofluorescence, P62 and LC3 proteins were also found to colocalize to sperm mitochondria after fertilization in mice. Thus, it has been speculated that autophagy may be an evolutionary conserved mechanism for paternal mitochondrial elimination. However, by using two transgenic mouse strains, one bearing GFP-labeled autophagosomes and the other bearing red fluorescent protein-labeled mitochondria, we demonstrated that autophagy did not participate in the postfertilization elimination of sperm mitochondria in mice. Although P62 and LC3 proteins congregated to sperm mitochondria immediately after fertilization, sperm mitochondria were not engulfed and ultimately degraded in lysosomes until P62 and LC3 proteins disengaged from sperm mitochondria. Instead, sperm mitochondria unevenly distributed in blastomeres during cleavage and persisted in several cells until the morula stages. Furthermore, by using single sperm mtDNA PCR, we observed that most motile sperm that had reached the oviduct for fertilization had eliminated their mtDNA, leaving only vacuolar mitochondria. However, if sperm with remaining mtDNA entered the zygote, mtDNA was not eliminated and could be detected in newborn mice. Based on these results, we conclude that, in mice, maternal inheritance of mtDNA is not an active process of sperm mitochondrial and mtDNA elimination achieved through autophagy in early embryos, but may be a passive process as a result of prefertilization sperm mtDNA elimination and uneven mitochondrial distribution in embryos.
Collapse
|
34
|
Kasashima K, Nagao Y, Endo H. Dynamic regulation of mitochondrial genome maintenance in germ cells. Reprod Med Biol 2013; 13:11-20. [PMID: 24482608 PMCID: PMC3890057 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-013-0162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in the development and function of germ cells. Mitochondria contain a maternally inherited genome that should be transmitted to offspring without reactive oxygen species‐induced damage during germ line development. Germ cells are also involved in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) bottleneck; thus, the appropriate regulation of mtDNA in these cells is very important for this characteristic transmission. In this review, we focused on unique regulation of the mitochondrial genome in animal germ cells; paternal elimination and the mtDNA bottleneck in females. We also summarized the mitochondrial nucleoid factors involved in various mtDNA regulation pathways. Among them, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), which has pleiotropic and essential roles in mtDNA maintenance, appears to have putative roles in germ cell regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Kasashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Nagao
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endo
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Transmission of human mitochondrial DNA along the paternal lineage in transmitochondrial mice. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:330-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
36
|
Ishikawa K, Imanishi H, Takenaga K, Hayashi JI. Regulation of metastasis; mitochondrial DNA mutations have appeared on stage. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2013; 44:639-44. [PMID: 22895836 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been controversial whether mtDNA mutations are responsible for tumorigenesis and for the process to develop metastases. To clarify this issue, we established trans-mitochondrial cybrids with mtDNA exchanged between mouse tumor cells that possess high and low metastatic potential. The results revealed that the G13997A mutation in the ND6 gene of mtDNA from highly metastatic tumor cells reversibly controlled development of metastases by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The transmitochondrial model mice possessing G13997A mtDNA showed symptoms of impaired glucose tolerability, suggesting that ROS generated mtDNA mutations can regulate not only metastatic potential, but also age-associated disorders such as diabetes. We also identified other mtDNA mutations that affect metastatic potential but the mechanisms are independent of ROS production. The mtDNA-mediated reversible control of metastasis and age-associated disorders are novel functions of mtDNA, and suggests that ROS scavengers may be therapeutically effective to suppress these phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nunes MDS, Dolezal M, Schlötterer C. Extensive paternal mtDNA leakage in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:2106-17. [PMID: 23452233 PMCID: PMC3659417 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Strict maternal inheritance is considered a hallmark of animal mtDNA. Although recent reports suggest that paternal leakage occurs in a broad range of species, it is still considered an exceptionally rare event. To evaluate the impact of paternal leakage on the evolution of mtDNA, it is essential to reliably estimate the frequency of paternal leakage in natural populations. Using allele-specific real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), we show that heteroplasmy is common in natural populations with at least 14% of the individuals carrying multiple mitochondrial haplotypes. However, the average frequency of the minor mtDNA haplotype is low (0.8%), which suggests that this pervasive heteroplasmy has not been noticed before due to a lack of power in sequencing surveys. Based on the distribution of mtDNA haplotypes in the offspring of heteroplasmic mothers, we found no evidence for strong selection against one of the haplotypes. We estimated that the rate of paternal leakage is 6% and that at least 100 generations are required for complete sorting of mtDNA haplotypes. Despite the high proportion of heteroplasmic individuals in natural populations, we found no evidence for recombination between mtDNA molecules, suggesting that either recombination is rare or recombinant haplotypes are counter-selected. Our results indicate that evolutionary studies using mtDNA as a marker might be biased by paternal leakage in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D S Nunes
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li L, Lu X, Dean J. The maternal to zygotic transition in mammals. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:919-38. [PMID: 23352575 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prior to activation of the embryonic genome, the initiating events of mammalian development are under maternal control and include fertilization, the block to polyspermy and processing sperm DNA. Following gamete union, the transcriptionally inert sperm DNA is repackaged into the male pronucleus which fuses with the female pronucleus to form a 1-cell zygote. Embryonic transcription begins during the maternal to zygotic transfer of control in directing development. This transition occurs at species-specific times after one or several rounds of blastomere cleavage and is essential for normal development. However, even after activation of the embryonic genome, successful development relies on stored maternal components without which embryos fail to progress beyond initial cell divisions. Better understanding of the molecular basis of maternal to zygotic transition including fertilization, the activation of the embryonic genome and cleavage-stage development will provide insight into early human development that should translate into clinical applications for regenerative medicine and assisted reproductive technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Division of Molecular Embryonic Development, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology/Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Evidence of animal mtDNA recombination between divergent populations of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Genetica 2012; 140:19-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-012-9651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
40
|
Hoolahan AH, Blok VC, Gibson T, Dowton M. Paternal leakage of mitochondrial DNA in experimental crosses of populations of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Genetica 2012; 139:1509-19. [PMID: 22555855 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-012-9650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal mtDNA is typically assumed to be maternally inherited. Paternal mtDNA has been shown to be excluded from entering the egg or eliminated post-fertilization in several animals. However, in the contact zones of hybridizing species and populations, the reproductive barriers between hybridizing organisms may not be as efficient at preventing paternal mtDNA inheritance, resulting in paternal leakage. We assessed paternal mtDNA leakage in experimental crosses of populations of a cyst-forming nematode, Globodera pallida. A UK population, Lindley, was crossed with two South American populations, P5A and P4A. Hybridization of these populations was supported by evidence of nuclear DNA from both the maternal and paternal populations in the progeny. To assess paternal mtDNA leakage, a ~3.4 kb non-coding mtDNA region was analyzed in the parental populations and in the progeny. Paternal mtDNA was evident in the progeny of both crosses involving populations P5A and P4A. Further, paternal mtDNA replaced the maternal mtDNA in 22 and 40 % of the hybrid cysts from these crosses, respectively. These results indicate that under appropriate conditions, paternal leakage occurs in the mtDNA of parasitic nematodes, and supports the hypothesis that hybrid zones facilitate paternal leakage. Thus, assumptions of strictly maternal mtDNA inheritance may be frequently violated, particularly when divergent populations interbreed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelique H Hoolahan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Malyarchuk BA. Gene conversion in the mitochondrial genome on interspecific hybridization in voles of the Clethrionomys genus. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2012; 77:518-523. [PMID: 22813593 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of interspecific hybridization accompanied by transfer of the mitochondrial genome from the northern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rutilus) to the bank vole (Cl. glareolus) in northeastern Europe is well known already for 25 years. However, the possibility of recombination between homologous segments of maternal and paternal mtDNAs of the voles during fertilization was not previously studied. Analysis of data on variability of nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial gene for cytochrome b in populations of red-backed and bank voles in the area of their sympatry has shown that as a result of interspecific hybridization, the mitochondrial gene pool of bank voles contains not only mtDNA haplotypes of red-backed vole females, but also mtDNA haplotypes of bank voles bearing short nucleotide tracts of red-backed vole mtDNA. This finding supports the hypothesis that an incomplete elimination of red-backed vole paternal mtDNA during the interspecific hybridization between bank vole females and red-backed vole males leads to the gene conversion of bank vole maternal mtDNA tracts by homologous ones of mtDNA of red-backed vole males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Malyarchuk
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Portovaya 18, 685000 Magadan, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rawi SA, Galy V. L’allophagie, ou comment l’embryon élimine les mitochondries et autres organites paternels. Med Sci (Paris) 2012; 28:343-6. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2012284003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
43
|
Kawaura K, Saeki A, Masumura T, Morita S, Ogihara Y. Heteroplasmy and expression of mitochondrial genes in alloplasmic and euplasmic wheat. Genes Genet Syst 2012; 86:249-55. [PMID: 22214593 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.86.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant chondriome confers a complex nature. The atp4 gene (formerly called orf25) of Aegilops crassa (CR) harbors the promoter sequence of the rps7 gene from common wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring, CS). The rps7 gene of CR has the promoter sequence of CS atp6. The atp6 gene of CR contains an unknown sequence inside of its coding region. Since repeat sequences have been found around the breaking points, these structural alterations are most likely generated through homologous recombination. In this study, PCR analysis was performed to detect structural alterations in each of three lines: euplasmic lines of Ae. crassa, Chinese Spring, and alloplasmic Chinese Spring wheat with the cytoplasm of Ae. crassa ((cr)-CS). We found that each of these lines contained both genotypes, although mitochondrial genotypes of CR in Chinese Spring wheat and CS genotypes in Ae. crassa were still retained as minor fractions (less than 10%). On the other hand, CS mitochondrial gene frequencies in ((cr)-CS) were shown to be ca. 30%. SNP analysis after DNA sequencing of these genes indicated that minor types of all three mitochondrial genes in alloplasmic wheat contained the mitochondrial gene types from pollens. Since the frequencies of paternal mitochondrial gene types in F(1) were about 20%, successive backcrossing increased the frequencies of paternal mitochondrial gene types to around 30% in alloplasmic wheat. Expression profiles of these mitochondrial genes were quantitatively analyzed by RT-PCR. Transcripts of paternal mitochondrial gene types were scarcely found. This suggests that minor fractions including paternal mitochondrial gene types are maintained and silenced in the descendants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Kawaura
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Miraldo A, Hewitt GM, Dear PH, Paulo OS, Emerson BC. Numts help to reconstruct the demographic history of the ocellated lizard (Lacerta lepida) in a secondary contact zone. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1005-18. [PMID: 22221514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In northwestern Iberia, two largely allopatric Lacerta lepida mitochondrial lineages occur, L5 occurring to the south of Douro River and L3 to the north, with a zone of putative secondary contact in the region of the Douro River valley. Cytochrome b sequence chromatograms with polymorphisms at nucleotide sites diagnostic for the two lineages were detected in individuals in the region of the Douro River and further north within the range of L3. We show that these polymorphisms are caused by the presence of four different numts (I-IV) co-occurring with the L3 genome, together with low levels of heteroplasmy. Two of the numts (I and II) are similar to the mitochondrial genome of L5 but are quite divergent from the mitochondrial genome of L3 where they occur. We show that these numts are derived from the mitochondrial genome of L5 and were incorporated in L3 through hybridization at the time of secondary contact between the lineages. The additional incidence of these numts to the north of the putative contact zone is consistent with an earlier postglacial northward range expansion of L5, preceding that of L3. We show that genetic exchange between the lineages responsible for the origin of these numts in L3 after secondary contact occurred prior to, or coincident with, the northward expansion of L3. This study shows that, in the context of phylogeographic analysis, numts can provide evidence for past demographic events and can be useful tools for the reconstruction of complex evolutionary histories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Miraldo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7J, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Darabi MR, Shiravi A, Hojati V. The effects of ethanol and strontium on growth and development of two-cell arrested mouse embryos. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2012; 5:197-202. [PMID: 25210602 PMCID: PMC4152180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arresting at a certain stage of development like the two-cell stage could be one of the causes of infertility. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of ethanol and strontium on growth and development of mice embryos arrested at the two-cell stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, female mice were coupled with a male following superovulation. Positive vaginal plug mice were sacrificed 48 hours after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection. Two-cell embryos were transferred to M16 medium and divided to four groups. The first control group was incubated without any exposure to low temperatures. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were exposed to 4°C for 24 hours. The second control group was incubated immediately, while the third and fourth groups were exposed to 10 mM strontium for five minutes and 0.1% ethanol for a further five minutes. Growth rate and developmental parameters of embryos were analyzed by one- way ANOVA. The significant difference between the groups was determined by Post Hoc. RESULTS The data shows that developmental rate is decreased significantly by 4°C exposure. The mean percentage of degenerated embryo was significantly different between groups but the mean cleavage rate was not significantly different. The mean percent of morula, blastocyst and hatched blastocyst formation were significantly different between groups during a 120 hours study post hCG injection. CONCLUSION The effect of strontium and ethanol on arrested two-cell embryos had no significant effect on the mean percentage of morula, but ethanol treatment significantly increased the percentage of blastocyst and hatched blastocyst formation compared to strontium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdolhossein Shiravi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran,P.O.Box: 3671639998Department of BiologyDamghan BranchIslamic Azad UniversityDamghanIran
| | - Vida Hojati
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Milani L, Ghiselli F, Maurizii MG, Passamonti M. Doubly uniparental inheritance of mitochondria as a model system for studying germ line formation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28194. [PMID: 22140544 PMCID: PMC3226660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doubly Uniparental Inheritance (DUI) of mitochondria occurs when both mothers and fathers are capable of transmitting mitochondria to their offspring, in contrast to the typical Strictly Maternal Inheritance (SMI). DUI was found in some bivalve molluscs, in which two mitochondrial genomes are inherited, one through eggs, the other through sperm. During male embryo development, spermatozoon mitochondria aggregate in proximity of the first cleavage furrow and end up in the primordial germ cells, while they are dispersed in female embryos. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used MitoTracker, microtubule staining and transmission electron microscopy to examine the mechanisms of this unusual distribution of sperm mitochondria in the DUI species Ruditapes philippinarum. Our results suggest that in male embryos the midbody deriving from the mitotic spindle of the first division concurs in positioning the aggregate of sperm mitochondria. Furthermore, an immunocytochemical analysis showed that the germ line determinant Vasa segregates close to the first cleavage furrow. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In DUI male embryos, spermatozoon mitochondria aggregate in a stable area on the animal-vegetal axis: in organisms with spiral segmentation this zone is not involved in cleavage, so the aggregation is maintained. Moreover, sperm mitochondria reach the same embryonic area in which also germ plasm is transferred. In 2-blastomere embryos, the segregation of sperm mitochondria in the same region with Vasa suggests their contribution in male germ line formation. In DUI male embryos, M-type mitochondria must be recognized by egg factors to be actively transferred in the germ line, where they become dominant replacing the Balbiani body mitochondria. The typical features of germ line assembly point to a common biological mechanism shared by DUI and SMI organisms. Although the molecular dynamics of the segregation of sperm mitochondria in DUI species are unknown, they could be a variation of the mechanism regulating the mitochondrial bottleneck in all metazoans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Milani
- Department of Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Setohigashi Y, Hamaji T, Hayama M, Matsuzaki R, Nozaki H. Uniparental inheritance of chloroplast DNA is strict in the isogamous volvocalean Gonium. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19545. [PMID: 21559302 PMCID: PMC3085477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A problem has remained unresolved regarding the exceptions to the unilateral inheritance of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from MT+/female in Chlamydomonas and other volvocaleans demonstrated by the previous genetic analyses. For identification of the parental types of cpDNA, these studies used parents that have differences in restriction fragment length polymorphisms and exhibit partial sexual incompatibility. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, we used sexually compatible parents of the isogamous colonial volvocalean Gonium maiaprilis that seemed an ideal species to identify the pattern of cpDNA inheritance based on the length difference in the putative group I intron interrupted in the Rubisco large subunit gene and objective identification of mating types by the presence or absence of the minus-dominance (MID) gene. We examined patterns of inheritance of cpDNA and presence/absence of a MID ortholog (GmMID) in 107 F1 progeny of G. maiaprilis that were obtained by inducing germination of separated single zygotes. The results demonstrated no exception of the uniparental inheritance of cpDNA from the MT+ parent (lacking GmMID) in sexually compatible or genetically less divergent strains of G. maiaprilis. Conclusions/Significance The present data suggest that the uniparental inheritance of cpDNA is likely more strict in crossings of less diverged strains or sexually compatible parental volvocaleans, and some genetic inconsistency between the parents may cause exceptional uniparental inheritance of cpDNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Setohigashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hamaji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mahoko Hayama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsuzaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Peng Z, Xie C, Wan Q, Zhang L, Li W, Wu S. Sequence variations of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region are associated with familial nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:327-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
49
|
Garmyn AJ, Moser DW, Christmas RA, Minick Bormann J. Estimation of genetic parameters and effects of cytoplasmic line on scrotal circumference and semen quality traits in Angus bulls. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:693-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
50
|
Ghiselli F, Milani L, Passamonti M. Strict sex-specific mtDNA segregation in the germ line of the DUI species Venerupis philippinarum (Bivalvia: Veneridae). Mol Biol Evol 2010; 28:949-61. [PMID: 20952499 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Doubly Uniparental Inheritance (DUI) is one of the most striking exceptions to the common rule of standard maternal inheritance of metazoan mitochondria. In DUI, two mitochondrial genomes are present, showing different transmission routes, one through eggs (F-type) and the other through sperm (M-type). In this paper, we report results from a multiplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis on the Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum (formerly Tapes philippinarum). We quantified M- and F-types in somatic tissues, gonads, and gametes. Nuclear and external reference sequences were used, and the whole experimental process was designed to avoid any possible cross-contamination. In most male somatic tissues, the M-type is largely predominant: This suggests that the processes separating sex-linked mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) in somatic tissues are less precise than in other DUI species. In the germ line, we evidenced a strict sex-specific mtDNA segregation because both sperm and eggs do carry exclusively M- and F-types, respectively, an observation that is in contrast with a previous analysis on Mytilus galloprovincialis. More precisely, whereas two mtDNAs are present in the whole gonad, only the sex-specific one is detected in gametes. Because of this, we propose that the mtDNA transmission is achieved through a three-checkpoint process in V. philippinarum. The cytological mechanisms of male mitochondria segregation in males and degradation in females during the embryo development (here named Checkpoint #1 and Checkpoint #2) are already well known for DUI species; a Checkpoint #3 would act when primordial germ cells (PGCs) are first formed and would work in both males and females. We believe that Checkpoint #3 is a mere variation of the "mitochondrial bottleneck" in species with standard maternal inheritance, established when their PGCs separate during embryo cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ghiselli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|