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Bhadra U, Gandhi SG, Palaparthi R, Balyan MK, Pal-Bhadra M. Drosophila maleless gene counteracts X global aneuploid effects in males. FEBS J 2016; 283:3457-70. [PMID: 27456781 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The loss of the entire X chromosome in Drosophila males generates a genome-wide aneuploid effect. We have employed a systems biology approach (microarray) to investigate the global aneuploid effect of the maleless (mle) mutation that disrupts the binding of male specific lethal (MSL) proteins that function in dosage compensation. A large number of the genes (144) that encode a broad spectrum of cellular transport proteins and transcription factors are located mainly in the autosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. We found several such targets to be sensitive to the aneuploid effect and conserved with the X chromosome in primitive Drosophila species and Anopheles gambiae. During evolution, they shifted gradually from their X-chromosomal positions to the autosomes in the species D. melanogaster, suggesting that the counteraction of trans-acting regulatory modifiers and their targets in two separate chromosomes is evolutionarily advantageous. These findings suggest a remarkable and previously unexpected level of complexity favoring natural compensation for the aneuploid effect. We propose that the MSL complex functions in dosage compensation in two separate steps. Initially, X-linked genes including X-linked trans-acting modifiers are hyperactivated in dosage compensated males. Later, these compensated modifiers eventually mitigate inverse aneuploid effects for the equality in expression of their autosomal targets in males and females. DATABASE Microarray data are available at the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) web deposit of National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with the accession number GSE78227.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Bhadra
- Functional Genomics and Gene Silencing Group, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Functional Genomics and Gene Silencing Group, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Palaparthi
- Functional Genomics and Gene Silencing Group, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manoj K Balyan
- Functional Genomics and Gene Silencing Group, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manika Pal-Bhadra
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
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2
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Birchler JA, Johnson AF, Veitia RA. Kinetics genetics: Incorporating the concept of genomic balance into an understanding of quantitative traits. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 245:128-34. [PMID: 26940497 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While most mutations are recessive, variants that affect quantitative traits are largely semi-dominant in their action making hybrids between divergent genotypes intermediate. In parallel, changes in chromosomal dosage (aneuploidy) for multiple regions of the genome modulate quantitative characters. We have previously argued that these observations are a reflection of a common process, originating from the more or less subtle effects of changes in dosage on the action of multi-subunit regulatory machineries. Kinetic analyses that vary the amount of one subunit of a complex while holding others constant do not always predict a linear response for the production of the whole. Indeed, in many instances, strong non-linear effects are expected. Here, we advocate that these kinetic observations and predictions should be incorporated into quantitative genetics thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Birchler
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - Adam F Johnson
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Reiner A Veitia
- Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Helene Brion, 75013 Paris, France; Universite Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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3
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Meza JS, Díaz-Fleischer F, Sánchez-Velásquez LR, Zepeda-Cisneros CS, Handler AM, Schetelig MF. Fitness cost implications of PhiC31-mediated site-specific integrations in target-site strains of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae). PLoS One 2014; 9:e109690. [PMID: 25303238 PMCID: PMC4193812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Site-specific recombination technologies are powerful new tools for the manipulation of genomic DNA in insects that can improve transgenesis strategies such as targeting transgene insertions, allowing transgene cassette exchange and DNA mobilization for transgene stabilization. However, understanding the fitness cost implications of these manipulations for transgenic strain applications is critical. In this study independent piggyBac-mediated attP target-sites marked with DsRed were created in several genomic positions in the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens. Two of these strains, one having an autosomal (attP_F7) and the other a Y-linked (attP_2-M6y) integration, exhibited fitness parameters (dynamic demography and sexual competitiveness) similar to wild type flies. These strains were thus selected for targeted insertion using, for the first time in mexfly, the phiC31-integrase recombination system to insert an additional EGFP-marked transgene to determine its effect on host strain fitness. Fitness tests showed that the integration event in the int_2-M6y recombinant strain had no significant effect, while the int_F7 recombinant strain exhibited significantly lower fitness relative to the original attP_F7 target-site host strain. These results indicate that while targeted transgene integrations can be achieved without an additional fitness cost, at some genomic positions insertion of additional DNA into a previously integrated transgene can have a significant negative effect. Thus, for targeted transgene insertions fitness costs must be evaluated both previous to and subsequent to new site-specific insertions in the target-site strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S. Meza
- Programa Moscafrut, SAGARPA-IICA, Metapa de Domínguez, Chiapas, México
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Francisco Díaz-Fleischer
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Lázaro R. Sánchez-Velásquez
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | - Alfred M. Handler
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marc F. Schetelig
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Institute for Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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4
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Di Stefano L, Ji JY, Moon NS, Herr A, Dyson N. Mutation of Drosophila Lsd1 disrupts H3-K4 methylation, resulting in tissue-specific defects during development. Curr Biol 2007; 17:808-12. [PMID: 17462898 PMCID: PMC1909692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Histone-tail modifications play a fundamental role in the processes that establish chromatin structure and determine gene expression. One such modification, histone methylation, was considered irreversible until the recent discovery of histone demethylases. Lsd1 was the first histone demethylase to be identified. Lsd1 is highly conserved in many species, from yeast to humans, but its function has primarily been studied through biochemical approaches. The mammalian ortholog has been shown to demethylate monomethyl- and dimethyl-K4 and -K9 residues of histone H3. Here we describe the effects of Lsd1 mutation in Drosophila. The inactivation of dLsd1 strongly affects the global level of monomethyl- and dimethyl-H3-K4 methylation and results in elevated expression of a subset of genes. dLsd1 is not an essential gene, but animal viability is strongly reduced in mutant animals in a gender-specific manner. Interestingly, dLsd1 mutants are sterile and possess defects in ovary development, indicating that dLsd1 has tissue-specific functions. Mutant alleles of dLsd1 suppress positional-effect variegation, suggesting a disruption of the balance between euchromatin and heterochromatin. Taken together, these results show that dLsd1-mediated H3-K4 demethylation has a significant and specific role in Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas Dyson
- *Corresponding author: Nicholas Dyson, , Fax: +1-617-726-7808, Tel: +1-617-726-7800
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Malmanche N, Clark DV. Identification of trans-dominant modifiers of Prat expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2003; 164:1419-33. [PMID: 12930749 PMCID: PMC1462663 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/164.4.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first committed step in the purine de novo synthesis pathway is performed by amidophosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.14) or Prat. Drosophila melanogaster Prat is an essential gene with a promoter that lacks a TATA-box and initiator element and has multiple transcription start sites with a predominant start site. To study the regulation of Prat expression in the adult eye, we used the Prat:bw reporter gene, in which the Prat coding region was replaced with the brown (bw) coding region. The pale-orange eye color of a single copy of Prat:bw prompted us to use a multicopy array of Prat:bw that was derived using P transposase mutagenesis and produces a darker-orange eye color in a bw(D); st genetic background. We used a 13-copy array of Prat:bw as a tool to recover dominant EMS-induced mutations that affect the expression of the transgene. After screening 21,000 F(1)s for deviation from the orange eye color, we isolated 23 dominant modifiers: 21 suppressors (1 Y-linked, 5 X-linked, 4 2-linked, and 11 3-linked) and 2 enhancers (1 2-linked and 1 3-linked). Quantification of their effect on endogenous Prat gene expression, using RT-PCR in young adult fly heads, identifies a subset of modifiers that are candidates for genes involved in regulating Prat expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Malmanche
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 6E1, Canada
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Horn C, Schmid BGM, Pogoda FS, Wimmer EA. Fluorescent transformation markers for insect transgenesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 32:1221-1235. [PMID: 12225913 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The first effectively achieved germ-line transformations of non-drosophilid insects were based on mutant rescue of eye color phenotypes. However, for most insect species neither visible mutants nor corresponding cloned genes are available. Therefore, the development of broadly applicable and reliable transformation markers will be of great importance to fully exploit the enormous potential transgenic insect technology has to offer. Here we review transposon-mediated germ-line transformation approaches that employ green fluorescent protein (GFP) variants to identify successful gene transfer. Furthermore, we provide novel data on the use of DsRed as an additional red fluorescent transformation marker for insect transgenesis. In conclusion, fluorescent proteins controlled by suitable strong promoters possess ideal characteristics to serve as transformation markers for a wide range of insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Horn
- Universität Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Universitätsstrasse 30 NWI, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Birchler JA, Bhadra U, Bhadra MP, Auger DL. Dosage-dependent gene regulation in multicellular eukaryotes: implications for dosage compensation, aneuploid syndromes, and quantitative traits. Dev Biol 2001; 234:275-88. [PMID: 11396999 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from a variety of data suggests that regulatory mechanisms in multicellular eukaryotes have evolved in such a manner that the stoichiometric relationship of the components of regulatory complexes affects target gene expression. This type of mechanism sets the level of gene expression and, as a consequence, the phenotypic characteristics. Because many types of regulatory processes exhibit dosage-dependent behavior, they would impact quantitative traits and contribute to their multigenic control in a semidominant fashion. Many dosage-dependent effects would also account for the extensive modulation of gene expression throughout the genome that occurs when chromosomes are added to or subtracted from the karyotype (aneuploidy). Moreover, because the majority of dosage-dependent regulators act negatively, this property can account for the up-regulation of genes in monosomics and hemizygous sex chromosomes to achieve dosage compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Birchler
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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8
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Bhadra U, Pal-Bhadra M, Birchler JA. Histone acetylation and gene expression analysis of sex lethal mutants in Drosophila. Genetics 2000; 155:753-63. [PMID: 10835396 PMCID: PMC1461119 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/155.2.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of sex determination mechanisms is often accompanied by reduction in dosage of genes on a whole chromosome. Under these circumstances, negatively acting regulatory genes would tend to double the expression of the genome, which produces compensation of the single-sex chromosome and increases autosomal gene expression. Previous work has suggested that to reduce the autosomal expression to the female level, these dosage effects are modified by a chromatin complex specific to males, which sequesters a histone acetylase to the X. The reduced autosomal histone 4 lysine 16 (H4Lys16) acetylation results in lowered autosomal expression, while the higher acetylation on the X is mitigated by the male-specific lethal complex, preventing overexpression. In this report, we examine how mutations in the principal sex determination gene, Sex lethal (Sxl), impact the H4 acetylation and gene expression on both the X and autosomes. When Sxl expression is missing in females, we find that the sequestration occurs concordantly with reductions in autosomal H4Lys16 acetylation and gene expression on the whole. When Sxl is ectopically expressed in Sxl(M) mutant males, the sequestration is disrupted, leading to an increase in autosomal H4Lys16 acetylation and overall gene expression. In both cases we find relatively little effect upon X chromosomal gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bhadra
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA
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9
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Peloquin JJ, Thibault ST, Staten R, Miller TA. Germ-line transformation of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: gelechiidae) mediated by the piggyBac transposable element. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 9:323-333. [PMID: 10886417 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, is a world-wide pest of cultivated cotton. In certain growing regions populations are suppressed by a sterile release strategy. Efforts to improve the sterile insect technique as well as our understanding of lepidopteran biology could benefit greatly from a germ-line transformation system. We report transformation of pink bollworm with a piggyBac transposable element carrying the enhanced green flourescent protein (EGFP) marker gene. This vector-marker system resulted in recovery of transgenics at a rate of approximately 3.5%. Integration of the transforming construct that was typical of piggyBac was demonstrated by Southern analysis and sequence determination of transposon flanks. Expression of the EGFP marker was visualized by fluorescent microscopy and Western Blot analysis. Maintenance of transformed strains indicates that the transgene segregates in a Mendelian fashion and has been stable over fourteen generations to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Peloquin
- Department of Entomology, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA,
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10
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Handler AM, Harrell RA. Germline transformation of Drosophila melanogaster with the piggyBac transposon vector. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 8:449-457. [PMID: 10634970 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Germline transformation of Drosophila melanogaster was attempted with the piggyBac gene-transfer system from the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni. Using a self-regulated transposase helper and a white marked vector, a transformation frequency of 1-3% per fertile G0 was obtained, similar to that previously achieved in the medfly. Use of an hsp70-regulated helper increased this frequency more than eight-fold. Transformation with a vector marked with white and green fluorescent protein (GFP) under polyubiquitin-nuclear localizing sequence regulation yielded seventy G1 transformants which all expressed GFP, but only twenty-seven of these expressed eye pigmentation that would have allowed their selection based on white+ expression. PiggyBac transformation in two distantly related dipteran species and efficient expression of the gfp marker supports the potential use of this system in other dipterans, and perhaps insects in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Handler
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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Bhadra U, Pal-Bhadra M, Birchler JA. Role of the male specific lethal (msl) genes in modifying the effects of sex chromosomal dosage in Drosophila. Genetics 1999; 152:249-68. [PMID: 10224258 PMCID: PMC1460601 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/152.1.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostaining of chromosomes shows that the male-specific lethal (MSL) proteins are associated with all female chromosomes at a low level but are sequestered to the X chromosome in males. Histone-4 Lys-16 acetylation follows a similar pattern in normal males and females, being higher on the X and lower on the autosomes in males than in females. However, the staining pattern of acetylation and the mof gene product, a putative histone acetylase, in msl mutant males returns to a uniform genome-wide distribution as found in females. Gene expression on the autosomes correlates with the level of histone-4 acetylation. With minor exceptions, the expression levels of X-linked genes are maintained with either an increase or decrease of acetylation, suggesting that the MSL complex renders gene activity unresponsive to H4Lys16 acetylation. Evidence was also found for the presence of nucleation sites for association of the MSL proteins with the X chromosome rather than individual gene binding sequences. We suggest that sequestration of the MSL proteins occurs in males to nullify on the autosomes and maintain on the X, an inverse effect produced by negatively acting dosage-dependent regulatory genes as a consequence of the evolution of the X/Y sex chromosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bhadra
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7400, USA
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12
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Abstract
The presence of homologous nucleic acid sequences can exert profound effects on chromosomal and gene function in a wide range of organisms. These homology effects reveal remarkable forms of regulation as well as suggest possible avenues for the development of new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Wu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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