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Selandee RK, Hunt WG, Yang SY. PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM AND GENIC HETEROZYGOSITY IN TWO EUROPEAN SUBSPECIES OF THE HOUSE MOUSE. Evolution 2017; 23:379-390. [PMID: 28562929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1969.tb03522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/1969] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suh Y Yang
- Department of Zoology, The University of Texas, Austin
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2
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Laing C, Carmody GR, Peck SB. POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY OF THE CAVE BEETLE PTOMAPHAGUS HIRTUS. Evolution 2017; 30:484-498. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1976.tb00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/1975] [Revised: 12/19/1975] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Laing
- Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa Ontario Canada K1S 5B6
| | - G. R. Carmody
- Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa Ontario Canada K1S 5B6
| | - S. B. Peck
- Department of Biology; Carleton University; Ottawa Ontario Canada K1S 5B6
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Gaines
- Department of Zoology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47401
| | - Charles J Krebs
- Department of Zoology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47401
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4
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Sluss TP, Rockwood-Sluss ES, Werner FG. ENZYME VARIATION IN SEMI-ISOLATED POPULATIONS OF THE MOUNTAIN FLY CHAMAEMYIA HERBARUM. Evolution 2017; 31:302-312. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1977.tb01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/1975] [Revised: 05/24/1976] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Sluss
- Departments of Entomology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721
| | | | - F. G. Werner
- Departments of Entomology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721
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5
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Ayala FJ, Hedgecock D, Zumwalt GS, Valentine JW. GENETIC VARIATION IN TRIDACNA MAXIMA, AN ECOLOGICAL ANALOG OF SOME UNSUCCESSFUL EVOLUTIONARY LINEAGES. Evolution 2017; 27:177-191. [PMID: 28564772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1973.tb00664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/1972] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Ayala
- Department of Genetics and Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Dennis Hedgecock
- Department of Genetics and Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Gary S Zumwalt
- Department of Genetics and Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - James W Valentine
- Department of Genetics and Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, California
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6
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Rick CM, Fobes JF. ALLOZYMES OF GALAPAGOS TOMATOES: POLYMORPHISM, GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION, AND AFFINITIES. Evolution 2017; 29:443-457. [PMID: 28563184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1975.tb00834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/1974] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Rick
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California, Davis, Calif., 95616
| | - Jon F Fobes
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California, Davis, Calif., 95616
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7
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Zouros E. GENIC DIFFERENTIATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE EARLY STAGES OF SPECIATON IN THE MULLERI SUBGROUP OF DROSOPHILA. Evolution 2017; 27:601-621. [PMID: 28563523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1973.tb00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/1973] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Zouros
- Department of Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
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8
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Selander RK, Yang SY, Lewontin RC, Johnson WE. GENETIC VARIATION IN THE HORSESHOE CRAB (LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS), A PHYLOGENETIC "RELIC". Evolution 2017; 24:402-414. [PMID: 28565071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1970.tb01771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/1969] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suh Y Yang
- Department of Zoology, The University of Texas, Austin
| | - Richard C Lewontin
- Department of Zoology, The University of Texas, Austin.,Department of Biology, The University of Chicago
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9
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Schaal BA, Smith WG. THE APPORTIONMENT OF GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN AND AMONG POPULATIONS OF
DESMODIUM NUDIFLORUM. Evolution 2017; 34:214-221. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/1979] [Revised: 08/02/1979] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Schaal
- Departments of Botany and Genetics Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210
- Department of Biology Ohio Dominican College Columbus Ohio 43219
| | - William G. Smith
- Departments of Botany and Genetics Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210
- Department of Biology Ohio Dominican College Columbus Ohio 43219
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10
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Patton JL. PATTERNS OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN KARYOTYPE IN THE POCKET GOPHER,THOMOMYS BOTTAE(EYDOUX AND GERVAIS). Evolution 2017; 26:574-586. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1972.tb01965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/1972] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James L. Patton
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology; University of California; Berkeley California 94720
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11
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Redfield JA. DEMOGRAPHY AND GENETICS IN COLONIZING POPULATIONS OF BLUE GROUSE (DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS). Evolution 2017; 27:576-592. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1973.tb00707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/1972] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Redfield
- Department of Zoology; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
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12
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Avise JC, Selander RK. EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF CAVE‐DWELLING FISHES OF THE GENUS
ASTYANAX. Evolution 2017; 26:1-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1972.tb00170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/1971] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Avise
- Department of Zoology The University of Texas Austin
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13
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Sato A, Klein J. East–West relations in the mouse world: A historical perspective. Isr J Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15659801.2013.898404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Population genetics of the house mouse, Mus musculus/domesticus, has become a “hot” area of research, in which the biochemical–molecular approach has largely replaced the more traditional morphological–anatomical methods of investigation. In this essay – commemorating Professor Uzi Ritte’s recent passing – the authors, one of whom abandoned mouse genetics some 30 years ago, offer a historical perspective in which they point out the confusion that has accompanied mouse taxonomy from its modern beginnings. They then tender their view of the problems associated with the biochemical–molecular studies of mouse taxonomy and speciation. They conclude with a plea to rely less on abstract models and more on empirical data and mouse biology, and for a return to the Heraclitean–Darwinian view of nature in taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine
| | - Jan Klein
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University
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14
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Sunderland ME. Modernizing Natural History: Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology in Transition. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY 2013; 46:369-400. [PMID: 22990484 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-012-9339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the twentieth century calls to modernize natural history motivated a range of responses. It was unclear how research in natural history museums would participate in the significant technological and conceptual changes that were occurring in the life sciences. By the 1960s, the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, was among the few university-based natural history museums that were able to maintain their specimen collections and support active research. The MVZ therefore provides a window to the modernization of natural history. This paper concentrates on the directorial transitions that occurred at the MVZ between 1965 and 1971. During this period, the MVZ had four directors: Alden H. Miller (Director 1940-1965), an ornithologist; Aldo Starker Leopold (Acting Director 1965-1966), a conservationist and wildlife biologist; Oliver P. Pearson (Director 1966-1971), a physiologist and mammalogist; and David B. Wake (Director 1971-1998), a morphologist, developmental biologist, and herpetologist. The paper explores how a diversity of overlapping modernization strategies, including hiring new faculty, building infrastructure to study live animals, establishing new kinds of collections, and building modern laboratories combined to maintain collections at the MVZ's core. The paper examines the tensions between the different modernization strategies to inform an analysis of how and why some changes were institutionalized while others were short-lived. By exploring the modernization of collections-based research, this paper emphasizes the importance of collections in the transformation of the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Sunderland
- Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California, 543 Stephens Hall #2350, Berkeley, CA, 94720-2350, USA,
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15
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Karl SA, Toonen RJ, Grant WS, Bowen BW. Common misconceptions in molecular ecology: echoes of the modern synthesis. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4171-89. [PMID: 22574714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The field of molecular ecology has burgeoned into a large discipline spurred on by technical innovations that facilitate the rapid acquisition of large amounts of genotypic data, by the continuing development of theory to interpret results, and by the availability of computer programs to analyse data sets. As the discipline grows, however, misconceptions have become enshrined in the literature and are perpetuated by routine citations to other articles in molecular ecology. These misconceptions hamper a better understanding of the processes that influence genetic variation in natural populations and sometimes lead to erroneous conclusions. Here, we consider eight misconceptions commonly appearing in the literature: (i) some molecular markers are inherently better than other markers; (ii) mtDNA produces higher F(ST) values than nDNA; (iii) estimated population coalescences are real; (iv) more data are always better; (v) one needs to do a Bayesian analysis; (vi) selective sweeps influence mtDNA data; (vii) equilibrium conditions are critical for estimating population parameters; and (viii) having better technology makes us smarter than our predecessors. This is clearly not an exhaustive list and many others can be added. It is, however, sufficient to illustrate why we all need to be more critical of our own understanding of molecular ecology and to be suspicious of self-evident truths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Karl
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.
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16
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Fevolden SE, Garner SP. Population genetics ofMytilus edulis(L.) from Oslofjorden, norway, in oil-polluted and non oil-polluted water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00364827.1986.10419694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Fevolden SE. Genetic variation ofEuphausia superbaDana in the Antarctic Peninsula waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00364827.1986.10419679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Storz JF, Weber RE, Fago A. Oxygenation properties and oxidation rates of mouse hemoglobins that differ in reactive cysteine content. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 161:265-70. [PMID: 22119205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
House mice (genus Mus) harbor extensive allelic variation at two tandemly duplicated genes that encode the β-chain subunits of adult hemoglobin (Hb). Alternative haplotypes differ in the level of sequence divergence between the two β-globin gene duplicates: the Hbb(d) and Hbb(p) haplotypes harbor two structurally distinct β-globin genes, whereas the Hbb(s) haplotype harbors two β-globin duplicates that are identical in sequence. One especially salient difference between the s-type Hbs relative to the d- and p-type Hbs relates to the number of reactive β-chain cysteine residues. In addition to the highly conserved cysteine residue at β93, the d- and p-type Hbs contain an additional reactive cysteine residue at β13. To assess the functional consequences of allelic variation in β-globin cysteine content, we measured O(2)-binding properties and H(2)O(2)-induced oxidation rates of mono- and dicysteinyl β-Hbs from 4 different inbred strains of mice: C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, MSM/Ms, and CAROLI/EiJ. The experiments revealed that purified Hbs from the various mouse strains did not exhibit substantial variation in O(2)-binding properties, but s-type Hb (which contains a single reactive β-chain cysteine residue) was far more readily oxidized to Fe(3+) metHb by H(2)O(2) than other mouse Hbs that contain two reactive β-chain cysteine residues. These results suggest that the possession of an additional reactive cysteine residue may protect against metHb formation under oxidizing conditions. The allelic differences in β-globin cysteine content could affect aspects of redox signaling and oxidative/nitrosative stress responses that are mediated by Hb-S-nitrosylation and Hb-S-glutathionylation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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19
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Genetic dissection of a key reproductive barrier between nascent species of house mice. Genetics 2011; 189:289-304. [PMID: 21750261 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.129171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive isolation between species is often caused by deleterious interactions among loci in hybrids. Finding the genes involved in these incompatibilities provides insight into the mechanisms of speciation. With recently diverged subspecies, house mice provide a powerful system for understanding the genetics of reproductive isolation early in the speciation process. Although previous studies have yielded important clues about the genetics of hybrid male sterility in house mice, they have been restricted to F1 sterility or incompatibilities involving the X chromosome. To provide a more complete characterization of this key reproductive barrier, we conducted an F2 intercross between wild-derived inbred strains from two subspecies of house mice, Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus. We identified a suite of autosomal and X-linked QTL that underlie measures of hybrid male sterility, including testis weight, sperm density, and sperm morphology. In many cases, the autosomal loci were unique to a specific sterility trait and exhibited an effect only when homozygous, underscoring the importance of examining reproductive barriers beyond the F1 generation. We also found novel two-locus incompatibilities between the M. m. musculus X chromosome and M. m. domesticus autosomal alleles. Our results reveal a complex genetic architecture for hybrid male sterility and suggest a prominent role for reproductive barriers in advanced generations in maintaining subspecies integrity in house mice.
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Voelker RA, Langley CH, Brown AJ, Ohnishi S, Dickson B, Montgomery E, Smith SC. Enzyme null alleles in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster: Frequencies in a North Carolina population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 77:1091-5. [PMID: 16592770 PMCID: PMC348430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.2.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A Raleigh, NC, population of Drosophila melanogaster was sampled for the presence of enzyme null alleles at 25 loci. No nulls were found at any of five X-linked loci. Nulls were recovered at 13 of 20 autosomal loci; the weighted mean frequency for all 20 autosomal loci was estimated to be 0.0025. A consideration of the effects of these null alleles on viability strongly suggests that, although they may contribute to so-called polygenic variation, they are not representative of the entire genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Voelker
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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21
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Chakraborty R, Fuerst PA, Nei M. Statistical Studies on Protein Polymorphism in Natural Populations. III. Distribution of Allele Frequencies and the Number of Alleles per Locus. Genetics 2010; 94:1039-63. [PMID: 17249018 PMCID: PMC1214178 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/94.4.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of understanding the mechanism of maintenance of protein polymorphism, we have studied the properties of allele frequency distribution and the number of alleles per locus, using gene-frequency data from a wide range of organisms (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, Drosophila and non-Drosophila invertebrates) in which 20 or more loci with at least 100 genes were sampled. The observed distribution of allele frequencies was U-shaped in all of the 138 populations (mostly species or subspecies) examined and generally agreed with the theoretical distribution expected under the mutation-drift hypothesis, though there was a significant excess of rare alleles (gene frequency, 0 approximately 0.05) in about a quarter of the populations. The agreement between the mutation-drift theory and observed data was quite satisfactory for the numbers of polymorphic (gene frequency, 0.05 approximately 0.95) and monomorphic (0.95 approximately 1.0) alleles.-The observed pattern of allele-frequency distribution was incompatible with the prediction from the overdominance hypothesis. The observed correlations of the numbers of rare alleles, polymorphic alleles and monomorphic alleles with heterozygosity were of the order of magnitude that was expected under the mutation-drift hypothesis. Our results did not support the view that intracistronic recombination is an important source of genetic variation. The total number of alleles per locus was positively correlated with molecular weight in most of the species examined, and the magnitude of the correlation was consistent with the theoretical prediction from mutation-drift hypothesis. The correlation between molecular weight and the number of alleles was generally higher than the correlation between molecular weight and heterozygosity, as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chakraborty
- Center for Demographic and Population Genetics, University of Texas at Houston, Texas 77025
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22
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Evolutionary and functional properties of a two-locus beta-globin polymorphism in Indian house mice. Genetics 2010; 184:1121-31. [PMID: 20100937 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.109.113506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophoretic surveys of hemoglobin (Hb) polymorphism in house mice from South Asia and the Middle East have revealed that two alternative beta-globin haplotypes, Hbb(d) and Hbb(p), are often present at intermediate frequencies in geographically disparate populations. Both haplotypes harbor two functionally distinct beta-globin paralogs, HBB-T1 (which encodes the beta-chain subunits of the major Hb isoform) and HBB-T2 (which encodes the beta-chains of the minor Hb isoform). The Hbb(d) and Hbb(p) haplotypes share identical HBB-T1 alleles, but products of the alternative HBB-T2 alleles (d(minor) and p(minor)) are distinguished by two amino acid substitutions. To investigate the possible adaptive significance of the Hbb(d)/Hbb(p) polymorphism we conducted a population genetic analysis of the duplicated beta-globin genes of Indian house mice (Mus castaneus) in conjunction with experimental studies of Hb function in inbred strains of mice that carry the alternative Hbb(d) and Hbb(p) haplotypes. The main objectives of this study were (i) to characterize patterns of nucleotide polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium in the duplicated beta-globin genes of M. castaneus, (ii) to test the hypothesis that the Hbb(d) and Hbb(p) haplotypes are maintained as a balanced polymorphism, and (iii) to assess whether allelic differences in the alternative minor Hb isoforms (d(minor) and p(minor)) are associated with different O(2)-binding properties. A multilocus analysis of polymorphism and divergence revealed that levels of diversity at the HBB-T2 gene exceeded neutral expectations, and reconstructed haplotype networks for both beta-globin paralogs revealed extensive allele sharing with several other closely related species of Mus. However, despite this suggestive evidence for balancing selection, O(2)-equilibrium curves revealed no discernible functional differences between red cell lysates containing the d(minor) and p(minor) Hb isoforms. If the d(minor) and p(minor) alleles are maintained as a balanced polymorphism, our results indicate that the associated fitness variance is not directly related to respiratory functions of Hb.
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Runck AM, Moriyama H, Storz JF. Evolution of duplicated beta-globin genes and the structural basis of hemoglobin isoform differentiation in Mus. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26:2521-32. [PMID: 19675095 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional diversification of multigene families may be strongly influenced by mechanisms of concerted evolution such as interparalog gene conversion. The beta-globin gene family of house mice (genus Mus) represents an especially promising system for evaluating the effects of gene conversion on the functional divergence of duplicated genes. Whereas the majority of mammalian species possess tandemly duplicated copies of the adult beta-globin gene that are identical in sequence, natural populations of house mice are often polymorphic for distinct two-locus haplotypes that differ in levels of functional divergence between duplicated beta-globin genes, HBB-T1 and HBB-T2. Here, we use a phylogenetic approach to unravel the complex evolutionary history of the HBB-T1 and HBB-T2 paralogs in a taxonomically diverse set of species in the genus Mus. The main objectives of this study were 1) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the different HBB haplotypes of house mice, 2) to assess the role of recombinational exchange between HBB-T1 and HBB-T2 in promoting concerted evolution, 3) to assess the role of recombinational exchange between HBB-T1 and HBB-T2 in creating chimeric genes, and 4) to assess the structural basis of hemoglobin isoform differentiation in species that possess distinct HBB paralogs. Results of our phylogenetic survey revealed that the HBB-T1 and HBB-T2 genes in different species of Mus exhibit the full range of evolutionary outcomes with respect to levels of interparalog divergence. At one end of the spectrum, the two identical HBB paralogs on the Hbb(s) haplotype (shared by Mus domesticus, Mus musculus, and Mus spretus) represent a classic example of concerted evolution. At the other end of the spectrum, the two distinct HBB paralogs on the Hbb(d), Hbb(p), Hbb(w1), and Hbb(w2) haplotypes (shared by multiple species in the subgenus Mus) show no trace of gene conversion and are distinguished by a number of functionally important amino acid substitutions. Because the possession of distinct HBB paralogs expands the repertoire of functionally distinct hemoglobin isoforms that can be synthesized during fetal development and postnatal life, variation in the level of functional divergence between HBB-T1 and HBB-T2 may underlie important physiological variation within and among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Runck
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, NE, USA
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27
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Szymura JM. Hybridization between Discoglossid toads Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata in southern Poland as revealed by the electrophoretic technique. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1976.tb00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Robinson TJ, Osterhoff DR. Protein variation and its systematic implications for the South African Leporidae (Mammalia:Lagomorpha). ANIMAL BLOOD GROUPS AND BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS 2009; 14:139-49. [PMID: 6412602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1983.tb01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of 9 genetic loci by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was performed on 203 specimens of South African representatives of the leporid genera Lepus and Pronolagus. Three loci were found to be polymorphic within samples of the various species of both genera: transferrin (Tf-I), esterase-1 (Es-I) and esterase-2 (Es-II). Only one system, carbonic anhydrase (CA-I), proved useful in species identification, this being restricted to the genus Lepus. Based on this system all Lepus specimens analysed would be assigned to one of two groups corresponding to the species L. capensis and L. saxatilis.
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Frydenberg O, Simonsen V. Genetics of Zoarces populations. V. Amount of protein polymorphism and degree of genic heterozygosity. Hereditas 2009; 75:221-31. [PMID: 4782044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1973.tb01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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åSLUND SVENERIC. Mating behaviour as a fitness component in maintaining allozyme polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster. Hereditas 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1978.tb01268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Sillén-Tullberg B. An electrophoretic study of allozyme frequencies in local populations of Lygaeus equestris (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). Hereditas 2008; 99:153-6. [PMID: 6643083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1983.tb00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Berry RJ. Genetics of insular populations of mammals, with particular reference to differentiation and founder effects in British small mammals. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1986.tb01754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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FEVOLDEN SVEINERIK, HESSEN DAGO. Morphological and genetic differences among recently founded poulations of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus). Hereditas 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1989.tb00435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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BRITTON-DAVIDIAN JANICE. Genic differentiation in M. m. domesticus populations from Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: geographic patterns and colonization events. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Macholán M, Munclinger P, Sugerková M, Dufková P, Bímová B, Bozíková E, Zima J, Piálek J. Genetic analysis of autosomal and X-linked markers across a mouse hybrid zone. Evolution 2007; 61:746-71. [PMID: 17439609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present results of the first comprehensive study of the introgression of both autosomal and sex-chromosome markers across the central European portion of the hybrid zone between two house mouse subspecies, Mus musculus musculus and M. m. domesticus. More than 1800 individuals sampled from 105 sites were analyzed with a set of allozyme loci (hopefully representing neutral or nearly neutral markers) and X-linked loci (which are assumed to be under selection). The zone center is best modeled as a single straight line independent of fine-scale local geographic or climatic conditions, being maintained by a balance between dispersal and selection against hybrids. The width (w) of the multilocus autosomal cline was estimated as 9.6 km whereas the estimate for the compound X-chromosome cline was about 4.6 km only. As the former estimate is comparable to that of the Danish portion of the zone (assumed to be much younger than the central European one), zone width does not appear to be related to its age. The strength (B) of the central barrier was estimated as about 20 km; with dispersal (sigma) of about 1 km/gen(1/2), this means effective selection (s*) is approximately 0.06-0.09 for autosomal loci and about 0.25 for X-linked loci. The number of loci under selection was estimated as N= 56-99 for autosomes and about 380 for X-linked loci. Finally, we highlight some potential pitfalls in hybrid zone analyses and in comparisons of different transects. We suggest that conclusions about parts of the mouse genome involved in reproductive isolation and speciation should be drawn with caution and that analytical approaches always providing some estimates should not be used without due care regarding the support or confidence of such estimates, especially if conclusions are based on the difference between these estimates. Finally, we recommend that analysis in two-dimensional space, dense sampling, and rigorous treatment of data, including inspection of likelihood profiles, are essential for hybrid zone studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Macholán
- Laboratory of Mammalian Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Storz JF, Baze M, Waite JL, Hoffmann FG, Opazo JC, Hayes JP. Complex signatures of selection and gene conversion in the duplicated globin genes of house mice. Genetics 2007; 177:481-500. [PMID: 17660536 PMCID: PMC2013706 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.078550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Results of electrophoretic surveys have suggested that hemoglobin polymorphism may be maintained by balancing selection in natural populations of house mice, Mus musculus. Here we report a survey of nucleotide variation in the adult globin genes of house mice from South America. We surveyed nucleotide polymorphism in two closely linked alpha-globin paralogs and two closely linked beta-globin paralogs to test whether patterns of variation are consistent with a model of long-term balancing selection. Surprisingly high levels of nucleotide polymorphism at the two beta-globin paralogs were attributable to the segregation of two highly divergent haplotypes, Hbbs (which carries two identical beta-globin paralogs) and Hbbd (which carries two functionally divergent beta-globin paralogs). Interparalog gene conversion on the Hbbs haplotype has produced a highly unusual situation in which the two paralogs are more similar to one another than either one is to its allelic counterpart on the Hbbd haplotype. Levels of nucleotide polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium at the two beta-globin paralogs suggest a complex history of diversity-enhancing selection that may be responsible for long-term maintenance of alternative protein alleles. The alternative two-locus beta-globin haplotypes are associated with pronounced differences in intraerythrocyte glutathione and nitric oxide metabolism, suggesting a possible mechanism for selection on hemoglobin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA.
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Lee CH, Kim EH, Won YS, Choi YK, Nam KH, Kim HC, Hyun BH, Suh JG, Oh YS. A new variant of the mouse Akp1 locus. Biochem Genet 2005; 43:597-602. [PMID: 16382364 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-005-9116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new electrophoretic migration type of alkaline phosphatase 1 (Akp1) was found on the cellulose acetate electrophoresis for kidney and liver homogenates of KWHM mouse, a newly established inbred strain derived from the Korean wild mouse (Mus musculus molossinus). This new type of alkaline phosphatase 1 was distinguished from previously reported AKP1A and AKP1B types in the mouse, and tentatively named AKP1C. In genetic analysis by mating experiments between KWHM and C57BL/6J (AKP1A) or BALB/cA (AKP1B), the phenotypic segregation ratios of AKP1A : AKP1AC : AKP1C or AKP1B : AKP1BC : AKP1C were 1 : 2 : 1 in both groups of F2 generations. It was therefore concluded that AKP1C type is controlled by Akp1c allele which is codominant with Akp1a and Akp1b alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Ho Lee
- ICLAS Monitoring Subcenter Korea, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong, Daejeon, Korea
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Payseur BA, Krenz JG, Nachman MW. DIFFERENTIAL PATTERNS OF INTROGRESSION ACROSS THE X CHROMOSOME IN A HYBRID ZONE BETWEEN TWO SPECIES OF HOUSE MICE. Evolution 2004; 58:2064-78. [PMID: 15521462 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A complete understanding of the speciation process requires the identification of genomic regions and genes that confer reproductive barriers between species. Empirical and theoretical research has revealed two important patterns in the evolution of reproductive isolation in animals: isolation typically arises as a result of disrupted epistatic interactions between multiple loci and these disruptions map disproportionately to the X chromosome. These patterns suggest that a targeted examination of natural gene flow between closely related species at X-linked markers with known positions would provide insight into the genetic basis of speciation. We take advantage of the existence of genomic data and a well-documented European zone of hybridization between two species of house mice, Mus domesticus and M. musculus, to conduct such a survey. We evaluate patterns of introgression across the hybrid zone for 13 diagnostic X-linked loci with known chromosomal positions using a maximum likelihood model. Interlocus comparisons clearly identify one locus with reduced introgression across the center of the hybrid zone, pinpointing a candidate region for reproductive isolation. Results also reveal one locus with high frequencies of M. domesticus alleles in populations on the M. musculus side of the zone, suggesting the possibility that positive selection may act to drive the spread of alleles from one species on to the genomic background of the other species. Finally, cline width and cline center are strongly positively correlated across the X chromosome, indicating that gene flow of the X chromosome may be asymmetrical. This study highlights the utility of natural populations of hybrids for mapping speciation genes and suggests that the middle of the X chromosome may be important for reproductive isolation between species of house mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret A Payseur
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, BioSciences West Building, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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40
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Payseur BA, Krenz JG, Nachman MW. DIFFERENTIAL PATTERNS OF INTROGRESSION ACROSS THE X CHROMOSOME IN A HYBRID ZONE BETWEEN TWO SPECIES OF HOUSE MICE. Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/03-738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Kohn MH, Pelz HJ, Wayne RK. Locus-specific genetic differentiation at Rw among warfarin-resistant rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations. Genetics 2003; 164:1055-70. [PMID: 12871915 PMCID: PMC1462631 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/164.3.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations may diverge at fitness-related genes as a result of adaptation to local conditions. The ability to detect this divergence by marker-based genomic scans depends on the relative magnitudes of selection, recombination, and migration. We survey rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations to assess the effect that local selection with anticoagulant rodenticides has had on microsatellite marker variation and differentiation at the warfarin resistance gene (Rw) relative to the effect on the genomic background. Initially, using a small sample of 16 rats, we demonstrate tight linkage of microsatellite D1Rat219 to Rw by association mapping of genotypes expressing an anticoagulant-rodenticide-insensitive vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase (VKOR). Then, using allele frequencies at D1Rat219, we show that predicted and observed resistance levels in 27 populations correspond, suggesting intense and recent selection for resistance. A contrast of F(ST) values between D1Rat219 and the genomic background revealed that rodenticide selection has overwhelmed drift-mediated population structure only at Rw. A case-controlled design distinguished these locus-specific effects of selection at Rw from background levels of differentiation more effectively than a population-controlled approach. Our results support the notion that an analysis of locus-specific population genetic structure may assist the discovery and mapping of novel candidate loci that are the object of selection or may provide supporting evidence for previously identified loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Kohn
- Department of Organismic Biology, Ecology, and Evolution (OBEE), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606, USA.
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42
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Klöting I, Nitschke C, van den Brandt J. Impact of genetic profiles on experimental studies: outbred versus wild rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 189:68-71. [PMID: 12758061 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most rats used in toxicological or pharmacological research are obtained from outbred stocks. It is assumed that they are characterized by a high degree of genetic heterogeneity, reflecting that of the human population. However, most outbred stocks available have been kept as restricted colonies over a long period of time, decreasing their genetic variability. Since it is unclear to what extent genetic variability can be expected from an outbred stock, we analyzed 20 rats from each of two outbred stocks, Crl:WIST and Rj:SD, and compared them with 17 unrelated wild rats, using 90 randomly selected microsatellite markers, located on 20 autosomes and chromosome X. Up to 8 alleles per locus were found in wild rats compared with the maximum of 4 alleles in Crl:WIST and 3 alleles in Rj:SD rats. Therefore, significant differences were observed in the mean of number of alleles between Crl:WIST (2.3 +/- 0.6) and Rj:SD (1.7 +/- 0.6), as well as between both outbred stocks and wild rats (4.6 +/- 1.5). The lowest heterozygosity was in Rj:SD (0.27 +/- 0.19), which was significantly different from Crl: WIST (0.41 +/- 0.19) and wild rats (0.35 +/- 0.21). Our findings clearly show loss of alleles in both outbred stocks compared with wild rats and demonstrate that the designation "outbred stock" is no guarantee for genetic and phenotypic variability. This fact will have a significant impact on generation of new outbred stocks as well as performing multistrain experiments and thereby it may reduce false-positive and false-negative results in toxicological and pharmacological research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Klöting
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Medical Faculty, University of Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
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43
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Knutsen H, Rukke BA, Jorde PE, Ims RA. Genetic differentiation among populations of the beetle Bolitophagus reticulatus (Coleoptera: tenebrionidae) in a fragmented and a continuous landscape. Heredity (Edinb) 2000; 84 ( Pt 6):667-76. [PMID: 10886382 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of habitat fragmentation on genetic differentiation among local populations of the fungivorous beetle Bolitophagus reticulatus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was studied in two contrasting landscapes: one heavily fragmented with forest fragments of variable size surrounded by inhabitable agricultural fields, the other an old forest providing a continuous habitat. The genetic structure of the beetle within each of the two contrasting areas was investigated by means of protein electrophoresis, screening four polymorphic loci in 20 populations from each area. In both areas there were significant genetic differences among local populations, but on average differentiation in the fragmented area was three times greater than in the continuous one, strongly indicating a genetic isolation effect of habitat fragmentation. These genetic results are in accordance with previous studies on dispersal in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Knutsen
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1050 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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44
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Hranitz JM, Diehl WJ. Allozyme variation and population genetic structure during the life history of Bufo woodhousii fowleri (Amphibia: Anura). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-1978(99)00032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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46
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Effect of quantity and quality of environmental stress on multilocus heterozygosity-growth relationships in Eisenia fetida (Annelida: Oligochaeta). Heredity (Edinb) 1995. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1995.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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47
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Abstract
Genetic subdivision in local populations of the European house mice, Mus musculus domesticus and M. m. musculus, was analysed to study patterns of gene flow. The data consisted of frequencies of microsatellite alleles in 16 samples (250 individuals) from a total of 11 sites in Jutland, which included successive samples from three sites. Sequences of the control region of mitochondrial DNA in three successive samples from one site were also analysed. Microsatellite genotype frequencies within samples were close to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Levels of microsatellite differentiation among samples (theta = 0.05-0.21) corresponded to limited gene flow at migration-drift equilibrium (Nm = 1-5). Weak isolation by distance for microsatellites in M.m. musculus suggested that gene flow tends to occur among neighbouring sites. Estimates of effective population size over a few generations were much lower than those corresponding to the long periods needed for arrival at mutation-drift equilibrium. This suggested that subpopulations had been influenced by gene flow since formation, or had originated recently from genetically diverse founders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Dallas
- Laboratoire Génome et Populations, CNRS URA 1493, Université de Montpellier II, France
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Powell
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8104
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49
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Chromosome banding by restriction enzyme digestion distinguishes between Mus domesticusand Mus musculuskaryotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Kawashima T, Miyashita N, Wang CH, He XQ, Jin ML, Wu ZG, Moriwaki K. A new haplotype of the beta-globin gene complex, Hbbw1, in Chinese wild mouse. IDENGAKU ZASSHI 1991; 66:491-500. [PMID: 1954037 DOI: 10.1266/jjg.66.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A new pattern was observed in the electrophoretic survey of the hemoglobin beta chain (Hbb) in Chinese wild mice, Mus musculus. The electrophoretic mobility of the major component of the new Hbb was identical to that of Hbbs on cellulose acetate plate, although it was almost identical to that of Hbbd or Hbbp on acrylamide gel. This suggests that the major component of Chinese Hbb has a unique primary structure. A minor component of the new Hbb was completely different from that of the other three Hbb haplotypes well known. These results indicate that the Hbb-b1 and Hbb-b2 of the new Hbb haplotype, assigned Hbbw1, are unique genes in their molecular structure. So far, Hbbw1 has been observed in northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kawashima
- Department of Cell Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
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