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Zhou ZL, Wang GY, Wang XL, Huang XJ, Zhu ZS, Wang LL, Yang YP, Duan YW. Flower color polymorphism of a wild Iris on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:633. [PMID: 38066415 PMCID: PMC10709947 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flower color plays a crucial role in attracting pollinators and facilitating environmental adaptation. Investigating the causes of flower color polymorphism and understanding their potential effects on both ecology and genetics can enhance our understanding of flower color polymorphism in wild plant. RESULTS In this study, we examined the differences of potential male and female fitness between purple- and yellow- flower individuals in Iris potaninii on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and screened key genes and positively selective genes involved in flower color change. Our results showed that yellow flower exhibited a higher pollen-to-ovule ratio. Yellow flowers were derived from purple flowers due to the loss of anthocyanins, and F3H could be an essential gene affecting flower color variation though expression regulation and sequence polymorphism in this species. Furthermore, our findings suggest that genes positively selected in yellow-flowered I. potaninii might be involved in nucleotide excision repair and plant-pathogen interactions. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that F3H induces the flower color variation of Iris potaninii, and the subsequent ecological and additive positive selection on yellow flowers may further enhance plant adaptations to alpine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Li Zhou
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Guang-Yan Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Xi-Long Wang
- Tibet Plateau Institute of Biology, Lhasa, Xizang, 850001, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Huang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Zhang-Shichang Zhu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Yong-Ping Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
| | - Yuan-Wen Duan
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
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Ahmad I, Soni SK, M M, Pandey D. In-silico mining and characterization of MYB family genes in wilt-resistant hybrid guava (Psidium guajava × Psidium molle). J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:74. [PMID: 37389653 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MYB family is one of the most significant groups of transcription factors in plants. However, several MYBs have been linked to secondary metabolism and are important for determining the color of fruit's peel and pulp. Despite being a substantial fruit crop in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, wilt-resistant hybrid guava (Psidium guajava × Psidium molle; PGPM) has not yet been the subject of a thorough examination. This study's goal was to assess the expression of MYB in guava fruit pulp, roots, and seeds to predict its function by in silico analysis of the guava root transcriptome data. RESULTS In the current study, we have mined the MYBs family of MYB genes from the transcriptome of the PGPM guava root. We have mined 15 distinct MYB transcription factor genes/transcripts viz MYB3, MYB4, MYB23, MYB86, MYB90, MYB308, MYB5, MYB82, MYB114, MYB6, MYB305, MYB44, MYB51, MYB46, and MYB330. From the analyses, it was found that R2-MYB and R3-MYB domains are conserved in all known guava MYB proteins. The expression of six different MYB TFs was examined using semi-quantitative RT-PCR in "Shweta" pulp (white colour pulp), "Lalit" pulp (red color pulp), "Lalit" root, and "Lalit" seed. CONCLUSION There were 15 MYB family members observed in guava. They were unequally distributed across the chromosomes, most likely as a result of gene duplication. Additionally, the expression patterns of the particular MYBs showed that MYB may be involved in the control of wilt, fruit ripening, seed development, and root development. Our results allow for a more thorough functional characterization of the guava MYB family genes and open the door to additional research into one essential MYB transcription factor family of genes and its involvement in the growth and ripening of guava fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr Ahmad
- Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226101, India.
| | - Sumit K Soni
- Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226101, India.
| | - Muthukumar M
- Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226101, India
| | - Devendra Pandey
- Division of Crop Improvement and Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226101, India
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Ji N, Wang Q, Li S, Wen J, Wang L, Ding X, Zhao S, Feng H. Metabolic profile and transcriptome reveal the mystery of petal blotch formation in rose. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:46. [PMID: 36670355 PMCID: PMC9854060 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Petal blotch is a unique ornamental trait in angiosperm families, and blotch in rose petal is rare and has great esthetic value. However, the cause of the formation of petal blotch in rose is still unclear. The influence of key enzyme genes and regulatory genes in the pigment synthesis pathways needs to be explored and clarified. RESULTS In this study, the rose cultivar 'Sunset Babylon Eyes' with rose-red to dark red blotch at the base of petal was selected as the experimental material. The HPLC-DAD and UPLC-TQ-MS analyses indicated that only cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Cy3G5G) contributed to the blotch pigmentation of 'Sunset Babylon Eyes', and the amounts of Cy3G5G varied at different developmental stages. Only flavonols but no flavone were found in blotch and non-blotch parts. As a consequence, kaempferol and its derivatives as well as quercetin and its derivatives may act as background colors during flower developmental stages. Despite of the differences in composition, the total content of carotenoids in blotch and non-blotch parts were similar, and carotenoids may just make the petals show a brighter color. Transcriptomic data, quantitative real-time PCR and promoter sequence analyses indicated that RC7G0058400 (F3'H), RC6G0470600 (DFR) and RC7G0212200 (ANS) may be the key enzyme genes for the early formation and color deepening of blotch at later stages. As for two transcription factor, RC7G0019000 (MYB) and RC1G0363600 (WRKY) may bind to the promoters of critical enzyme genes, or RC1G0363600 (WRKY) may bind to the promoter of RC7G0019000 (MYB) to activate the anthocyanin accumulation in blotch parts of 'Sunset Babylon Eyes'. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the understanding of the chemical and molecular mechanism for the formation of petal blotch in rose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naizhe Ji
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Wen
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohao Ding
- College of Food Science, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Shiwei Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Beijing, China.
| | - Hui Feng
- Beijing Key Lab of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Beijing, China.
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Jia H, Zuo Q, Sadeghnezhad E, Zheng T, Chen X, Dong T, Fang J. HDAC19 recruits ERF4 to the MYB5a promoter and diminishes anthocyanin accumulation during grape ripening. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:127-144. [PMID: 36423230 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
DNA acetylation alters the expression of responsive genes during plant development. In grapes (Vitis vinifera), however, little is known about this regulatory mechanism. In the present study, 'Kyoho' grapes treated with trichostatin A (TSA, a deacetylase inhibitor) were used for transcriptome sequencing and quantitative proteomics analysis. We observed that acetylation was associated with anthocyanin accumulation and gene expression. Acetylation positively regulated phenylalanine metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Using omics analysis, we detected an increase in the levels of the AP2/EREBP transcription factor family after TSA treatment, indicating its association with acetylation-deacetylation dynamics in grapes. Furthermore, ethylene response factor 4 (ERF4) physically interacted with VvHDAC19, a histone deacetylase, which synergistically reduced the expression of target genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis owing to the binding of VvERF4 to the GCC-box cis-regulatory element in the VvMYB5a promoter. VvHDAC19 and VvERF4 also controlled anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation by regulating acetylation levels of histones H3 and H4. Therefore, alterations in histone modification can significantly regulate the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and affect grape ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1st Weigang Rd., Nanjing, 210095, China
- NJAU (Suqian) Academy of Protected Horticultures, Suqian, China
| | - Qianqian Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1st Weigang Rd., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ehsan Sadeghnezhad
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1st Weigang Rd., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1st Weigang Rd., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1st Weigang Rd., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1st Weigang Rd., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - JinggGui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1st Weigang Rd., Nanjing, 210095, China
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Bharathi JK, Anandan R, Benjamin LK, Muneer S, Prakash MAS. Recent trends and advances of RNA interference (RNAi) to improve agricultural crops and enhance their resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:600-618. [PMID: 36529010 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, significant advances have been made using genetic engineering technology to modify genes from various exotic origins and introduce them into plants to induce favorable traits. RNA interference (RNAi) was discovered earlier as a natural process for controlling the expression of genes across all higher species. It aims to enhance precision and accuracy in pest/pathogen resistance, quality improvement, and manipulating the architecture of plants. However, it existed as a widely used technique recently. RNAi technologies could well be used to down-regulate any genes' expression without disrupting the expression of other genes. The use of RNA interference to silence genes in various organisms has become the preferred method for studying gene functions. The establishment of new approaches and applications for enhancing desirable characters is essential in crops by gene suppression and the refinement of knowledge of endogenous RNAi mechanisms in plants. RNAi technology in recent years has become an important and choicest method for controlling insects, pests, pathogens, and abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, and temperature. Although there are certain drawbacks in efficiency of this technology such as gene candidate selection, stability of trigger molecule, choice of target species and crops. Nevertheless, from past decade several target genes has been identified in numerous crops for their improvement towards biotic and abiotic stresses. The current review is aimed to emphasize the research done on crops under biotic and abiotic stress using RNAi technology. The review also highlights the gene regulatory pathways/gene silencing, RNA interference, RNAi knockdown, RNAi induced biotic and abiotic resistance and advancements in the understanding of RNAi technology and the functionality of various components of the RNAi machinery in crops for their improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothi Kanmani Bharathi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramaswamy Anandan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lincy Kirubhadharsini Benjamin
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowbiya Muneer
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Muthu Arjuna Samy Prakash
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Martina M, Acquadro A, Gulino D, Brusco F, Rabaglio M, Portis E, Lanteri S. First genetic maps development and QTL mining in Ranunculus asiaticus L. through ddRADseq. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1009206. [PMID: 36212343 PMCID: PMC9539318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1009206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Persian Buttercup (Ranunculus asiaticus L.; 2x=2n=16; estimated genome size: 7.6Gb) is an ornamental and perennial crop native of Asia Minor and Mediterranean basin, marketed both as cut flower or potted plant. Currently new varieties are developed by selecting plants carrying desirable traits in segregating progenies obtained by controlled mating, which are propagated through rhizomes or micro-propagated in vitro. In order to escalate selection efficiency and respond to market requests, more knowledge of buttercup genetics would facilitate the identification of markers associated with loci and genes controlling key ornamental traits, opening the way for molecular assisted breeding programs. Reduced-representation sequencing (RRS) represents a powerful tool for plant genotyping, especially in case of large genomes such as the one of buttercup, and have been applied for the development of high-density genetic maps in several species. We report on the development of the first molecular-genetic maps in R. asiaticus based on of a two-way pseudo-testcross strategy. A double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) approach was applied for genotyping two F1 mapping populations, whose female parents were a genotype of a so called 'ponpon' and of a 'double flower' varieties, while the common male parental ('Cipro') was a genotype producing a simple flower. The ddRAD generated a total of ~2Gb demultiplexed reads, resulting in an average of 8,3M reads per line. The sstacks pipeline was applied for the construction of a mock reference genome based on sequencing data, and SNP markers segregating in only one of the parents were retained for map construction by treating the F1 population as a backcross. The four parental maps (two of the female parents and two of the common male parent) were aligned with 106 common markers and 8 linkage groups were identified, corresponding to the haploid chromosome number of the species. An average of 586 markers were associated with each parental map, with a marker density ranging from 1 marker/cM to 4.4 markers/cM. The developed maps were used for QTL analysis for flower color, leading to the identification of major QTLs for purple pigmentation. These results contribute to dissect on the genetics of Persian buttercup, enabling the development of new approaches for future varietal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Davide Gulino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | | | - Ezio Portis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Sergio Lanteri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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Chen H, Xiao Z, Ding B, Diggle PK, Yuan YW. Modular regulation of floral traits by a PRE1 homolog in Mimulus verbenaceus: implications for the role of pleiotropy in floral integration. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac168. [PMID: 36204206 PMCID: PMC9531339 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Floral traits often show correlated variation within and among species. For species with fused petals, strong correlations among corolla tube, stamen, and pistil length are particularly prevalent, and these three traits are considered an intra-floral functional module. Pleiotropy has long been implicated in such modular integration of floral traits, but empirical evidence based on actual gene function is scarce. We tested the role of pleiotropy in the expression of intra-floral modularity in the monkeyflower species Mimulus verbenaceus by transgenic manipulation of a homolog of Arabidopsis PRE1. Downregulation of MvPRE1 by RNA interference resulted in simultaneous decreases in the lengths of corolla tube, petal lobe, stamen, and pistil, but little change in calyx and leaf lengths or organ width. Overexpression of MvPRE1 caused increased corolla tube and stamen lengths, with little effect on other floral traits. Our results suggest that genes like MvPRE1 can indeed regulate multiple floral traits in a functional module but meanwhile have little effect on other modules, and that pleiotropic effects of these genes may have played an important role in the evolution of floral integration and intra-floral modularity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Baoqing Ding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pamela K Diggle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Automatic identification and annotation of MYB gene family members in plants. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:220. [PMID: 35305581 PMCID: PMC8933966 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MYBs are among the largest transcription factor families in plants. Consequently, members of this family are involved in a plethora of processes including development and specialized metabolism. The MYB families of many plant species were investigated in the last two decades since the first investigation looked at Arabidopsis thaliana. This body of knowledge and characterized sequences provide the basis for the identification, classification, and functional annotation of candidate sequences in new genome and transcriptome assemblies. RESULTS A pipeline for the automatic identification and functional annotation of MYBs in a given sequence data set was implemented in Python. MYB candidates are identified, screened for the presence of a MYB domain and other motifs, and finally placed in a phylogenetic context with well characterized sequences. In addition to technical benchmarking based on existing annotation, the transcriptome assembly of Croton tiglium and the annotated genome sequence of Castanea crenata were screened for MYBs. Results of both analyses are presented in this study to illustrate the potential of this application. The analysis of one species takes only a few minutes depending on the number of predicted sequences and the size of the MYB gene family. This pipeline, the required bait sequences, and reference sequences for a classification are freely available on github: https://github.com/bpucker/MYB_annotator . CONCLUSIONS This automatic annotation of the MYB gene family in novel assemblies makes genome-wide investigations consistent and paves the way for comparative studies in the future. Candidate genes for in-depth analyses are presented based on their orthology to previously characterized sequences which allows the functional annotation of the newly identified MYBs with high confidence. The identification of orthologs can also be harnessed to detect duplication and deletion events.
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Albert NW, Lafferty DJ, Moss SMA, Davies KM. Flavonoids – flowers, fruit, forage and the future. J R Soc N Z 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2022.2034654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick W. Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Declan J. Lafferty
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah M. A. Moss
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M. Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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