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Kerp H, Gassen J, Grund SC, Hönes GS, Dörr S, Mittag J, Härting N, Kaiser F, Moeller LC, Lorenz K, Führer D. Cardiac recovery from pressure overload is not altered by thyroid hormone status in old mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1339741. [PMID: 38455657 PMCID: PMC10917895 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1339741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Thyroid hormones (THs) are known to have various effects on the cardiovascular system. However, the impact of TH levels on preexisting cardiac diseases is still unclear. Pressure overload due to arterial hypertension or aortic stenosis and aging are major risk factors for the development of structural and functional abnormalities and subsequent heart failure. Here, we assessed the sensitivity to altered TH levels in aged mice with maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Methods Mice at the age of 12 months underwent TAC and received T4 or anti-thyroid medication in drinking water over the course of 4 weeks after induction of left ventricular pressure overload. Results T4 excess or deprivation in older mice had no or only very little impact on cardiac function (fractional shortening), cardiac remodeling (cardiac wall thickness, heart weight, cardiomyocyte size, apoptosis, and interstitial fibrosis), and mortality. This is surprising because T4 excess or deprivation had significantly changed the outcome after TAC in young 8-week-old mice. Comparing the gene expression of deiodinases (Dio) 2 and 3 and TH receptor alpha (TRα) 1 and the dominant-negative acting isoform TRα2 between young and aged mice revealed that aged mice exhibited a higher expression of TRα2 and Dio3, while expression of Dio2 was reduced compared with young mice. These changes in Dio2 and 3 expressions might lead to reduced TH availability in the hearts of 12-month-old mice accompanied by reduced TRα action due to higher TRα2. Discussion In summary, our study shows that low and high TH availability have little impact on cardiac function and remodeling in older mice with preexisting pressure-induced cardiac damage. This observation seems to be the result of an altered expression of deiodinases and TRα isoforms, thus suggesting that even though cardiovascular risk is increasing with age, the response to TH stress may be dampened in certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kerp
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Janina Gassen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Susanne Camilla Grund
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Georg Sebastian Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dörr
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes and Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nina Härting
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Frank Kaiser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars Christian Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Kerp H, Hönes GS, Tolstik E, Hönes-Wendland J, Gassen J, Moeller LC, Lorenz K, Führer D. Protective Effects of Thyroid Hormone Deprivation on Progression of Maladaptive Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:683522. [PMID: 34395557 PMCID: PMC8363198 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.683522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Thyroid hormones (TH) play a central role for cardiac function. TH influence heart rate and cardiac contractility, and altered thyroid function is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The precise role of TH in onset and progression of heart failure still requires clarification. Methods: Chronic left ventricular pressure overload was induced in mouse hearts by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). One week after TAC, alteration of TH status was induced and the impact on cardiac disease progression was studied longitudinally over 4 weeks in mice with hypo- or hyperthyroidism and was compared to euthyroid TAC controls. Serial assessment was performed for heart function (2D M-mode echocardiography), heart morphology (weight, fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area), and molecular changes in heart tissues (TH target gene expression, apoptosis, and mTOR activation) at 2 and 4 weeks. Results: In diseased heart, subsequent TH restriction stopped progression of maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and improved cardiac function. In contrast and compared to euthyroid TAC controls, increased TH availability after TAC propelled maladaptive cardiac growth and development of heart failure. This was accompanied by a rise in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and mTOR pathway activation. Conclusion: This study shows, for the first time, a protective effect of TH deprivation against progression of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and development of congestive heart failure in mice with left ventricular pressure overload. Whether this also applies to the human situation needs to be determined in clinical studies and would infer a critical re-thinking of management of TH status in patients with hypertensive heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kerp
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Georg Sebastian Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elen Tolstik
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Judith Hönes-Wendland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Janina Gassen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars Christian Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Gu Y, Wu X, Zhang Q, Liu L, Meng G, Wu H, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhang T, Wang X, Sun S, Wang X, Zhou M, Jia Q, Song K, Niu K. High-normal thyroid function predicts incident non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among middle-aged and elderly euthyroid subjects. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:197-203. [PMID: 33534875 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones (THs) influence hepatic lipid homeostasis through multiple pathways, suggesting that THs may predict the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, prospective studies on the association between THs levels and incident NAFLD in euthyroid subjects are limited. This prospective cohort study aimed to explore whether THs were associated with the development of NAFLD in middle-aged and elderly euthyroid subjects. METHODS A total of 6,462 subjects without baseline NAFLD were included in the cohort study (~6-year follow-up period, median: 4.2 years). Chemiluminescence immunoassay was used to measure serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and NAFLD was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association between baseline THs, TSH, and the risk of NAFLD. RESULTS During the follow-up period, 1,675 subjects developed NAFLD. The incidence rate of NAFLD was 85.0 per 1000 person-years. Compared with the lowest FT3, FT4, and TSH quartiles, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of incident NAFLD for highest quartiles were 1.30 (1.12, 1.51), 1.07 (0.93, 1.23), 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) (P <0.001, =0.56, =0.01, respectively), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In middle-aged and elderly euthyroid subjects, high-normal FT3 and low-normal TSH are independently associated with a higher incidence of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Gu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Meng
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shunming Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingjing Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuena Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaomei Sun
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiyu Jia
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Song
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China.,Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
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Kerp H, Gassen J, Führer D. Age and Sex Influence Thyroid Hormone Effects in Target Tissues with
Organ-Specific Responses. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:469-472. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1083-6272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAge and sex impact prevalence and clinical features of thyroid disease.
Thyroid dysfunction occurs with a higher frequency in elderly patients and
females. Moreover, age alters clinical presentation of hyper- and
hypothyroidism and onset of thyroid hormone (TH) related co-morbidities
leading to increased risk for underdiagnosis and maltreatment in the
elderly. Rodent models allow further insights into mechanisms of age- and
sex-dependent TH action in target tissues. In this review, we summarize
findings from mouse studies showing distinct effects of age and sex on
systemic versus organ-specific TH action and discuss their wider implication
for clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kerp
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University
Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Janina Gassen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University
Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University
Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Teixeira PDFDS, dos Santos PB, Pazos-Moura CC. The role of thyroid hormone in metabolism and metabolic syndrome. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018820917869. [PMID: 32489580 PMCID: PMC7238803 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820917869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and thyroid dysfunction are common in clinical practice. The objectives of this review are to discuss some proposed mechanisms by which thyroid dysfunctions may lead to MetS, to describe the bidirectional relationship between thyroid hormones (THs) and adiposity and finally, to resume a list of recent studies in humans that evaluated possible associations between thyroid hormone status and MetS or its clinical components. Not solely THs, but also its metabolites regulate metabolic rate, influencing adiposity. The mechanisms enrolled are related to its direct effect on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) utilization, uncoupling synthesis of ATP, mitochondrial biogenesis, and its inotropic and chronotropic effects. THs also act controlling core body temperature, appetite, and sympathetic activity. In a bidirectional way, thyroid function is affected by adiposity. Leptin is one of the hallmarks, but the pro-inflammatory cytokines and also insulin resistance impact thyroid function and perhaps its structure. MetS development and weight gain have been positively associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in several studies. Adverse glucose metabolism may be related to hyperthyroidism, but also to reduction of thyroid function or higher serum TSH, as do abnormal serum triglyceride levels. Hypo- and hyperthyroidism have been related to higher blood pressure (BP), that may be consequence of genomic or nongenomic action of THs on the vasculature and in the heart. In summary, the interaction between THs and components of MetS is complex and not fully understood. More longitudinal studies controlling each of all confounding variables that interact with endpoints or exposure factors are still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Fátima dos Santos Teixeira
- Endocrine Clinic, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Rocco, 255 – Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Borges dos Santos
- Research Fellow, Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Endocrinologist, Instituto Estadual de Endocrinologia Luiz Capriglione, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Brix K, Szumska J, Weber J, Qatato M, Venugopalan V, Al-Hashimi A, Rehders M. Auto-Regulation of the Thyroid Gland Beyond Classical Pathways. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:437-445. [PMID: 32074633 DOI: 10.1055/a-1080-2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review asks how self-regulation of the thyroid gland is realized at the cellular and molecular levels by canonical and non-canonical means. Canonical pathways of thyroid regulation comprise thyroid stimulating hormone-triggered receptor signaling. As part of non-canonical regulation, we hypothesized an interplay between protease-mediated thyroglobulin processing and thyroid hormone release into the circulation by means of thyroid hormone transporters like Mct8. We proposed a sensing mechanism by different thyroid hormone transporters, present in specific subcellular locations of thyroid epithelial cells, selectively monitoring individual steps of thyroglobulin processing, and thus, the cellular thyroid hormone status. Indeed, we found that proteases and thyroid hormone transporters are functionally inter-connected, however, in a counter-intuitive manner fostering self-thyrotoxicity in particular in Mct8- and/or Mct10-deficient mice. Furthermore, the possible role of the G protein-coupled receptor Taar1 is discussed, because we detected Taar1 at cilia of the apical plasma membrane of thyrocytes in vitro and in situ. Eventually, through pheno-typing Taar1-deficient mice, we identified a co-regulatory role of Taar1 and the thyroid stimulating hormone receptors. Recently, we showed that inhibition of thyroglobulin-processing enzymes results in disappearance of cilia from the apical pole of thyrocytes, while Taar1 is re-located to the endoplasmic reticulum. This pathway features a connection between thyrotropin-stimulated secretion of proteases into the thyroid follicle lumen and substrate-mediated self-assisted control of initially peri-cellular thyroglobulin processing, before its reinternalization by endocytosis, followed by extensive endo-lysosomal liberation of thyroid hormones, which are then released from thyroid follicles by means of thyroid hormone transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Joanna Szumska
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Present address of JS is Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Weber
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maria Qatato
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Vaishnavi Venugopalan
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alaa Al-Hashimi
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Rakov H, De Angelis M, Renko K, Hönes GS, Zwanziger D, Moeller LC, Schramm KW, Führer D. Aging Is Associated with Low Thyroid State and Organ-Specific Sensitivity to Thyroxine. Thyroid 2019; 29:1723-1733. [PMID: 31441387 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: Serum thyroid state in older adults correlates with extended longevity. We hypothesized that age impacts not only systemic but also organ-specific thyroid state and response to thyroxine (T4). Methods: Young (3 months) and old (23 months) male mice were analyzed at baseline and after acute T4 challenge. Age effects on circulating thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations, transcript expression in the pituitary and thyroid were compared with organ-specific responses characterized by hepatic and cardiac content of TH and TH metabolites and expression of TH-target genes, as well as hepatic deiodinase 1 activity. Results: Circulating TH concentrations and hepatic and cardiac TH content were lower in old versus young mice. After injection with T4, conversion of T4 to triiodothyronine was decreased in old mice while TH transport in liver and heart was not affected. Organ-specific TH response was augmented in old mice in liver but not heart, indicating age- and tissue-specific sensitivity to TH. A compensatory increase of thyroid stimulating hormone subunit beta expression in the pituitary and increased serum TSH concentrations, but reduced expression of thyroid differentiation markers were found in old mice. Conclusions: We suggest that a reduced activity of the aged thyroid is responsible for the systemic low TH state in old mice. Further, divergent TH metabolism and tissue response in liver and heart occur after T4 treatment in an aged organism. These rodent data are in agreement with a much narrower window for T4 substitution in the older adults to avoid overtreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Rakov
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Meri De Angelis
- Molecular EXposomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kostja Renko
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Sebastian Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Denise Zwanziger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Clinical Chemistry-Division of Laboratory Research, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars Christian Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Molecular EXposomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department für Biowissenschaften, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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