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Repetti M, Fellay-Favre E. Ageism and the digital divide in Switzerland during COVID-19: Lessons for the post-pandemic world. J Aging Stud 2024; 69:101227. [PMID: 38834250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2024.101227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic erupted in early 2020. The Swiss Federal Council implemented a semi-lockdown in March 2020, asking people, particularly older adults, to stay at home to limit the transmission of the disease and to use digital tools to maintain their social relations and activities. This study inquired how older adults confronting precarity experienced these restrictions, how digital tools functioned in this context, and what learning could therefore be imbibed for the post-pandemic era. We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with adults aged between 66 and 90 years living in a rural and mountainous Swiss region. The obtained data were subsequently thematically analyzed. The results revealed that the respondents experienced ageism during the semi-lockdown and reported limited or non-existent opportunities to use digital tools to maintain online social contact. This predicament increased their sense of loneliness and amplified their feelings of rejection by the outside world. These observations elucidate the need for the enhancement of non-ageist social support for older people, including individuals with limited social and material resources. We advocate the adoption of innovative initiatives in the post-pandemic era to better include precarious older people in our localities and neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Repetti
- School of Social Work, HES-SO Valais, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Switzerland.
| | - Elisa Fellay-Favre
- School of Social Work, HES-SO Valais, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Switzerland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize research examining the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between sleep and healthy aging in late-life. METHODS A systematic search was conducted via both PubMed and PsychINFO databases using terms related to "sleep" and "healthy aging." Studies which examined the association between healthy aging and one or more sleep parameters were included in the present review. RESULTS Fourteen relevant studies, nine cross-sectional and five longitudinal, were identified. Overall, cross-sectional studies revealed that positive indicators of sleep were generally associated with a greater likelihood of healthy aging. In contrast, a limited number of existing longitudinal studies revealed mixed and inconclusive results. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that adequate sleep is more likely to coincide with relevant markers of healthy aging in late-life and underscores the need for additional research investigating the longitudinal associations between sleep and healthy aging. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Healthy sleep, consisting of moderate sleep duration and good quality, shows promise for the promotion of healthy aging. Consequently, poor sleep should be identified and intervened upon when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Ravyts
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Joseph M Dzierzewski
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Coe C, Conty S. Images of care: A pedagogy of rosiness about aging transitions. J Aging Stud 2024; 68:101213. [PMID: 38458720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2024.101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
How do people learn about what it is like to become frail and require assistance with activities of daily living? This significant transition in the life course is often avoided and denied by those in North America. This paper examines images from the websites of agencies providing care to older adults in their homes as one aspect of a wider social pedagogy about aging. In particular, we find that agencies in Canada and the United States aim to attract potential clients with rosy and positive images of aging, using stock images that showcase active and healthy seniors. They do not present their core services of toileting, bathing, and lifting directly, but rather represent care indirectly through the touch and attention of caregivers towards an older adult. As a result, home care agencies reproduce dominant images of successful aging, in which frailty and the need for care are taboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cati Coe
- Department of Political Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Sheridan Conty
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Vrettos I, Anagnostopoulos F, Voukelatou P, Kyvetos A, Theotoka D, Niakas D. Does Old Age Comprise Distinct Subphases? Evidence from an Analysis of the Relationship between Age and Activities of Daily Living, Comorbidities, and Geriatric Syndromes. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2024; 28:65-75. [PMID: 38229437 PMCID: PMC10982449 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.23.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older individuals are usually treated as a homogenous group despite evidence that old age consists of distinct subphases. This observational study including 493 older patients aimed to identify differences among age subgroups of older persons. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was then applied to identify the optimal age cutoff points to distinguish those age groups. METHODS Data were collected on the demographics of older patients, their medical and medication histories, dependence on activities of daily living (ADLs), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests) and ROC curves were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The 65-79 and ≥80 years of age groups showed distinct frailty status, comorbidity, and dependency in ADLs. The median age to remain completely independent in IADLs was 76-79 years, while the median age for being free from geriatric syndromes was slightly higher (77-80 years) and reached 82 years for the absence of delirium, falls, and swallowing problems. In the ROC analysis, the optimal cutoff ages for the presence of frailty, cognitive impairment, and dependency in ADLs were 80-82 years. CONCLUSION The 65-79 and ≥80 years of age groups differed significantly in numerous parameters, underscoring the need to address these distinct age groups differently, both for applying medical therapies and interventions, as well as for conducting health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Vrettos
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, General and Oncology Hospital of Kifissia “Agioi Anargyroi”, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Panagiota Voukelatou
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, General and Oncology Hospital of Kifissia “Agioi Anargyroi”, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Kyvetos
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, General and Oncology Hospital of Kifissia “Agioi Anargyroi”, Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Theotoka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dimitris Niakas
- Department of Health Economics, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Swift S, Jenkins N, Brown M, McCrory M. "They didn't think we'd do it!": Community gardening as an act of resistance for people with dementia. J Aging Stud 2024; 68:101216. [PMID: 38458721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2024.101216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
People living with dementia commonly report negative experiences such as disempowerment, stigma, and oppression. Community gardening has demonstrated its potential as a forum for the practice of resistance against the oppressions experienced by other marginalised groups; however, this element of the experience of community gardening has yet to be explored in the context of dementia. A collaboratively-designed community gardening project took place over six weeks, involving six people with dementia. The participants selected all activities undertaken in the garden. Data were collected through semi-structured group interviews with the gardeners and researcher observations. Context-setting semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with four day centre staff members, and three key informants who had experienced working with people with dementia in the garden. The garden acted as a platform for the articulation of both verbal and embodied expressions of resistance against the disempowerment and loss of agency experienced by many people with dementia. The participatory design of the gardening sessions enabled the gardeners to assert their autonomy and independence, and defy the negative stereotypes associated with dementia, which some of the group members appeared to have internalised. Community gardening activities may offer a forum for expressions of resistance against the structures oppressing individuals with dementia. However, in order for this potential to be unlocked, such initiatives must be collaboratively designed, following an approach which recognises the strengths and enduring abilities of people living with dementia. Additionally, the empowering impact of community gardening should not be diluted by positioning the activity as a substitute for adequate statutory health and social care provision, thereby individualising responsibility for the wellbeing of people with dementia.
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Allen JO, Sikora N. Aging Stigma and the Health of US Adults Over 65: What Do We Know? Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:2093-2116. [PMID: 38116457 PMCID: PMC10729833 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s396833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review assessed the current state of research on aging stigma and health relevant to US adults ages 65 and older. We adopted a stigma framework to highlight aging stigma as a meaningful social construct and the complex ways in which it may be harmful for health. We identified 29 studies of various types (experimental, intervention, cross-sectional quantitative, longitudinal quantitative, and qualitative) published between 2010 and 2023 that investigated relationships between concepts related to aging stigma and health. Aging stigma was associated with poor short- and long-term health outcomes spanning cognition, psychological wellbeing, physical health, and hospitalizations. The premise that aging stigma is harmful to health was moderately well supported, while evidence that health influenced aging stigma was weak. Collectively, studies provided insight into several mechanisms through which aging stigma may affect the health of older US adults, while also highlighting areas for future research. Potential strategies for addressing aging stigma as a public health hazard were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ober Allen
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nadine Sikora
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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Langmann E, Weßel M. Leaving no one behind: successful ageing at the intersection of ageism and ableism. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2023; 18:22. [PMID: 38001533 PMCID: PMC10668457 DOI: 10.1186/s13010-023-00150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of 'successful ageing' has been a prominent focus within the field of gerontology for several decades. However, despite the widespread attention paid to this concept, its intersectional implications have not been fully explored yet. This paper aims to address this gap by analyzing the potential ageist and ableist biases in the discourse of successful ageing through an intersectional lens. METHOD A critical feminist perspective is taken to examine the sensitivity of the discourse of successful ageing to diversity in societies. The paper analyzes how ageist and ableist biases can manifest in the ways we conceptualize ageing, drawing on examples in the context of mental health. RESULTS We argue that the conventional approach to successful ageing is limited in its ability to account for the experiences of people who have faced intersectional discrimination throughout their lives. Drawing on examples in the context of mental health, we explore among others the link between depression and disabilities. Furthermore, we shed light on the negative impact of ageist and ableist attitudes concerning the diagnosis and treatment of dementia. DISCUSSION We demonstrate how diversity is often overlooked in discussions of ageing well, and how ageist and ableist biases can manifest in the ways we conceptualize ageing. We argue that focusing solely on the health status as a means of achieving success fails to adequately counter ageism for all people. We further emphasize the role of structural factors, such as ageist attitudes, in shaping the experience of ageing and exacerbating health inequalities. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings emphasize the need for a more nuanced and inclusive understanding of ageing and therefore an intersectional approach to conceptions of ageing well that recognizes and addresses the biases and limitations of current discourses. Thereby, this paper offers valuable insights into the complex intersections between age and disabilities from a bioethical perspective, highlighting the need for a more inclusive and intersectional approach to ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Langmann
- Institute of Ethics and History of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Gartenstraße 47, Tübingen, 72074, Germany.
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Gilleard C, Higgs P. Ageing without senescence: A critical absence in social gerontology? J Aging Stud 2023; 66:101166. [PMID: 37704269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2023.101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses the absence of the term 'senescence' in recent social science literature on ageing. The significance of this omission is considered in light of the emerging standpoint of gero-science, which argues that the central processes defining ageing are concerned with the rising probability of functional decline, development of degenerative disease and death. From this perspective, the separation of ageing and senescence sustains the myth that there exist forms of ageing that are exempt from senescence. The persistence of this myth underlies ageing studies, the sociology of later life and most social gerontology. While there have been undoubted benefits arising from this bracketing out of senescence, the argument of this paper is that the continuing advances associated with this standpoint are outweighed by the need to seriously engage with the consequences of contemporary societal ageing and the centrality of the processes of senescence in establishing an adequate understanding of ageing, its correlates and contingencies and its personal and social consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Gilleard
- UCL Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 6th Floor Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, UK
| | - Paul Higgs
- UCL Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 6th Floor Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, UK.
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Ferraro KF, Bauldry S, Sauerteig-Rolston MR, Thomas PA. Dual Functionality in Later Life. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2023; 63:1110-1116. [PMID: 36975021 PMCID: PMC10448984 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gerontologists have long shown interest in both longevity and quality of life during later life, but considerable debate has ensued as scholars sought to integrate the two. Drawing from research on the topics of exceptional longevity, successful aging, and active life expectancy, we propose the concept of dual functionality to examine how humans reach advanced ages while maintaining physical and cognitive function. Dual functionality refers to being free of both physical and cognitive impairment. The loss of dual functionality challenges social networks to respond to the functional loss and is a harbinger of additional losses. Evidence of change in the percent of the older population maintaining dual functionality would be helpful for evaluating public health policies to aid quality of life during later life. This article is based on the first author's Robert W. Kleemeier Award Lecture at The Gerontological Society of America 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F Ferraro
- Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Shawn Bauldry
- Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Madison R Sauerteig-Rolston
- Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Patricia A Thomas
- Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Ayalon L, Roy S. Combatting ageism in the Western Pacific region. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2023; 35:100593. [PMID: 37424682 PMCID: PMC10326689 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The present viewpoint examines the manifestation of ageism, defined as stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination towards people because of their age, in the Western Pacific region. Research is still equivocal concerning the nature of ageism in the Western Pacific region, especially in East and South-East Asia (e.g., Eastern countries). There has been plenty of research to support as well as question the general notion of Eastern cultures and countries as being less ageist compared to Western cultures and countries at individual, interpersonal, and institutional levels. Although varied theoretical explanations have aimed to explain East-West differences in ageism such as the modernization theory, the pace of population aging, the proportion of older people in the country, cultural hypothesis, and GATEism, none of these theories fully accounts for the mixed findings. As such, it is safe to conclude that targeting ageism should be an important step in ensuring a world for all ages in Western Pacific countries.
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Henry JD, Coundouris SP, Craik FIM, von Hippel C, Grainger SA. The cognitive tenacity of self-directed ageism. Trends Cogn Sci 2023:S1364-6613(23)00072-4. [PMID: 37147237 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageism refers to prejudice or discrimination based on a person's age. When ageism is directed at older people, it is unique in two ways: it is socially condoned in a manner that other types of prejudice are not, and the animus is eventually self-directed. Of central interest here is why ageism becomes self-directed in late adulthood, despite its potentially harmful personal costs. We present a cognitive model in which negative ageist beliefs become increasingly accessible and difficult to eliminate owing to broader developmental shifts in mentation. Given that these effects are contingent on our social environment, systemic changes in societal conceptions of age and aging are needed if we are to reduce vulnerability to self-directed ageism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D Henry
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sarah P Coundouris
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Courtney von Hippel
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sarah A Grainger
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Casamayor Mancisidor S. ‘I am not who I was’: Old age and masculinity in Maximianus Etruscus' elegies. J Aging Stud 2022; 61:101038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2022.101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Impacts of biophilic design on the development of gerotranscendence and the Profile of Mood States during the COVID-19 pandemic. AGEING & SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x21001860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To live in a good mood is not only a key consideration for future age-friendly communities, but also a critical necessity for positive ageing. Despite growing evidence of correlations between contact with nature and stress reduction, little is known about the effect of nature integration in indoor environments. Thus, this study aimed to answer the following research questions: (a) How do biophilic characteristics of home environments correlate with older adults’ experience of the multiple levels of the theory of gerotranscendence? and (b) What is the relationship between these experiences and the mood states of these older adults? The study was based on a comparative analysis to scrutinise the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these questions. The data were gathered through questionnaires with 450 older adults aged between 65 and 95 years, and stratified by the biophilic characteristics of their living environments: indoor biophilic, outdoor biophilic and non-biophilic. Two sets of data were collected with the same participants, respectively, before the COVID-19 pandemic (June to October 2018) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (June to October 2020). It found that the biophilic characteristics of home environments are correlated dynamically with older adults’ ageing experience and mood states. The study indicates that outdoor biophilic features facilitate the recovery of tension mood effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas indoor biophilic features facilitate recovery from depression and anger.
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Plugge M. Successful ageing in the oldest old: objectively and subjectively measured evidence from a population-based survey in Germany. Eur J Ageing 2021; 18:537-547. [PMID: 34786015 PMCID: PMC8563904 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-021-00609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite rapid increase of people aged 80 and over, concepts of successful ageing (SA) are primarily examined for people below that age. Therefore, successful ageing was examined in a population-based representative sample of N = 1863 people aged 80 to 102 (NRW80+) with 11% living in institutionalized settings. In this survey on quality of life and well-being, multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to calculate the distribution of successful agers. According to Rowe and Kahn's objective definition, 9% of the sample aged successfully, but one-third (33%) still met four to five SA criteria. This is in line with the theoretical a priori criterion of 10% in a normal distribution of a sample, while 80% age normally and 10% pathologically. However, averages of life satisfaction, affective well-being, positive ageing experience and valuation of life were high. The majority of the oldest old (65%) are successful agers in their own subjective perception, which is not in line with objective measurements. Moreover, 11% of objectively measured successful agers do not meet subjective criteria. These empirical findings reveal a remarkable discrepancy between objective and subjective criteria of SA. Future research on concepts that define successful ageing for the oldest old should consider more holistic markers of success, e.g., outcomes of productive social engagement. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-021-00609-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Plugge
- Faculty of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology (ISS), Graduate School GROW – Gerontological Research on Well-Being, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany
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“Carving a future out of the past and the present”: Rethinking aging futures. J Aging Stud 2021; 63:100937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2021.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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