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Tipirneni R, Levy HG, Langa KM, McCammon RJ, Zivin K, Luster J, Karmakar M, Ayanian JZ. Changes in Health Care Access and Utilization for Low-SES Adults Aged 51-64 Years After Medicaid Expansion. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:1218-1230. [PMID: 32777052 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Whether the Affordable Care Act (ACA) insurance expansions improved access to care and health for adults aged 51-64 years has not been closely examined. This study examined longitudinal changes in access, utilization, and health for low-socioeconomic status adults aged 51-64 years before and after the ACA Medicaid expansion. METHODS Longitudinal difference-in-differences (DID) study before (2010-2014) and after (2016) Medicaid expansion, including N = 2,088 noninstitutionalized low-education adults aged 51-64 years (n = 633 in Medicaid expansion states, n = 1,455 in nonexpansion states) from the nationally representative biennial Health and Retirement Study. Outcomes included coverage (any, Medicaid, and private), access (usual source of care, difficulty finding a physician, foregone care, cost-related medication nonadherence, and out-of-pocket costs), utilization (outpatient visit and hospitalization), and health status. RESULTS Low-education adults aged 51-64 years had increased rates of Medicaid coverage (+10.6 percentage points [pp] in expansion states, +3.2 pp in nonexpansion states, DID +7.4 pp, p = .001) and increased likelihood of hospitalizations (+9.2 pp in expansion states, -1.1 pp in nonexpansion states, DID +10.4 pp, p = .003) in Medicaid expansion compared with nonexpansion states after 2014. Those in expansion states also had a smaller increase in limitations in paid work/housework over time, compared to those in nonexpansion states (+3.6 pp in expansion states, +11.0 pp in nonexpansion states, DID -7.5 pp, p = .006). There were no other significant differences in access, utilization, or health trends between expansion and nonexpansion states. DISCUSSION After Medicaid expansion, low-education status adults aged 51-64 years were more likely to be hospitalized, suggesting poor baseline access to chronic disease management and pent-up demand for hospital services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Tipirneni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Helen G Levy
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Kenneth M Langa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Ryan J McCammon
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Kara Zivin
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Jamie Luster
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Monita Karmakar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - John Z Ayanian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Tipirneni R, Kullgren JT, Ayanian JZ, Kieffer EC, Rosland AM, Chang T, Haggins AN, Clark SJ, Lee S, Solway E, Kirch MA, Mrukowicz C, Beathard E, Sears E, Goold SD. Changes in Health and Ability to Work Among Medicaid Expansion Enrollees: a Mixed Methods Study. J Gen Intern Med 2019; 34:272-280. [PMID: 30519839 PMCID: PMC6374260 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-018-4736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Michigan expanded Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act (Healthy Michigan Plan [HMP]) to improve the health of low-income residents and the state's economy. OBJECTIVE To understand HMP's impact on enrollees' health, ability to work, and ability to seek employment DESIGN: Mixed methods study, including 67 qualitative interviews and 4090 computer-assisted telephone surveys (response rate 53.7%) PARTICIPANTS: Non-elderly adult HMP enrollees MAIN MEASURES: Changes in health status, ability to work, and ability to seek employment KEY RESULTS: Half (47.8%) of respondents reported better physical health, 38.2% better mental health, and 39.5% better dental health since HMP enrollment. Among employed respondents, 69.4% reported HMP helped them do a better job at work. Among out-of-work respondents, 54.5% agreed HMP made them better able to look for a job. Among respondents who changed jobs, 36.9% agreed HMP helped them get a better job. In adjusted analyses, improved health was associated with the ability to do a better job at work (aOR 4.08, 95% CI 3.11-5.35, p < 0.001), seek a job (aOR 2.82, 95% CI 1.93-4.10, p < 0.001), and get a better job (aOR 3.20, 95% CI 1.69-6.09, p < 0.001), but not with employment status (aOR 1.08, 95% CI 0.89-1.30, p = 0.44). In interviews, several HMP enrollees attributed their ability to get or maintain employment to improved physical, mental, and dental health because of services covered by HMP. Remaining barriers to work cited by enrollees included older age, disability, illness, and caregiving responsibilities. CONCLUSIONS Many low-income HMP enrollees reported improved health, ability to work, and job seeking after obtaining health insurance through Medicaid expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Tipirneni
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Jeffrey T Kullgren
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- VA Ann Arbor Center for Clinical Management Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Z Ayanian
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Edith C Kieffer
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ann-Marie Rosland
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- VA Pittsburgh Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tammy Chang
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adrianne N Haggins
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah J Clark
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sunghee Lee
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erica Solway
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthias A Kirch
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christina Mrukowicz
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erin Beathard
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erin Sears
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susan D Goold
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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