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Ang'ang'o LM, Herren JK, Tastan Bishop Ö. Bioinformatics analysis of the Microsporidia sp. MB genome: a malaria transmission-blocking symbiont of the Anopheles arabiensis mosquito. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:1132. [PMID: 39578727 PMCID: PMC11585130 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-11046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 11/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of microsporidia as a disease-transmission-blocking tool has garnered significant attention. Microsporidia sp. MB, known for its ability to block malaria development in mosquitoes, is an optimal candidate for supplementing malaria vector control methods. This symbiont, found in Anopheles mosquitoes, can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally with minimal effects on its mosquito host. Its genome, recently sequenced from An. arabiensis, comprises a compact 5.9 Mbp. RESULTS Here, we analyze the Microsporidia sp. MB genome, highlighting its major genomic features, gene content, and protein function. The genome contains 2247 genes, predominantly encoding enzymes. Unlike other members of the Enterocytozoonida group, Microsporidia sp. MB has retained most of the genes in the glycolytic pathway. Genes involved in RNA interference (RNAi) were also identified, suggesting a mechanism for host immune suppression. Importantly, meiosis-related genes (MRG) were detected, indicating potential for sexual reproduction in this organism. Comparative analyses revealed similarities with its closest relative, Vittaforma corneae, despite key differences in host interactions. CONCLUSION This study provides an in-depth analysis of the newly sequenced Microsporidia sp. MB genome, uncovering its unique adaptations for intracellular parasitism, including retention of essential metabolic pathways and RNAi machinery. The identification of MRGs suggests the possibility of sexual reproduction, offering insights into the symbiont's evolutionary strategies. Establishing a reference genome for Microsporidia sp. MB sets the foundation for future studies on its role in malaria transmission dynamics and host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Mbaisi Ang'ang'o
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Bioinformatics, Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jeremy Keith Herren
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Bioinformatics, Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa.
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Altenhoff A, Bairoch A, Bansal P, Baratin D, Bastian F, Bolleman* J, Bridge A, Burdet F, Crameri K, Dauvillier J, Dessimoz C, Gehant S, Glover N, Gnodtke K, Hayes C, Ibberson M, Kriventseva E, Kuznetsov D, Frédérique L, Mehl F, Mendes de Farias* T, Michel PA, Moretti S, Morgat A, Österle S, Pagni M, Redaschi N, Robinson-Rechavi M, Samarasinghe K, Sima AC, Szklarczyk D, Topalov O, Touré V, Unni D, von Mering C, Wollbrett J, Zahn-Zabal* M, Zdobnov E. The SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Semantic Web of data. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D44-D51. [PMID: 37878411 PMCID: PMC10767860 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (https://www.sib.swiss/) is a federation of bioinformatics research and service groups. The international life science community in academia and industry has been accessing the freely available databases provided by SIB since its inception in 1998. In this paper we present the 11 databases which currently offer semantically enriched data in accordance with the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable), as well as the Swiss Personalized Health Network initiative (SPHN) which also employs this enrichment. The semantic enrichment facilitates the manipulation of large data sets from public databases and private data sets. Examples are provided to illustrate that the data from the SIB databases can not only be queried using precise criteria individually, but also across multiple databases, including a variety of non-SIB databases. Data manipulation, be it exploration, extraction, annotation, combination, and publication, is possible using the SPARQL query language. Providing documentation, tutorials and sample queries makes it easier to navigate this web of semantic data. Through this paper, the reader will discover how the existing SIB knowledge graphs can be leveraged to tackle the complex biological or clinical questions that are being addressed today.
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Turki H, Jemielniak D, Hadj Taieb MA, Labra Gayo JE, Ben Aouicha M, Banat M, Shafee T, Prud’hommeaux E, Lubiana T, Das D, Mietchen D. Using logical constraints to validate statistical information about disease outbreaks in collaborative knowledge graphs: the case of COVID-19 epidemiology in Wikidata. PeerJ Comput Sci 2022; 8:e1085. [PMID: 36262159 PMCID: PMC9575845 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Urgent global research demands real-time dissemination of precise data. Wikidata, a collaborative and openly licensed knowledge graph available in RDF format, provides an ideal forum for exchanging structured data that can be verified and consolidated using validation schemas and bot edits. In this research article, we catalog an automatable task set necessary to assess and validate the portion of Wikidata relating to the COVID-19 epidemiology. These tasks assess statistical data and are implemented in SPARQL, a query language for semantic databases. We demonstrate the efficiency of our methods for evaluating structured non-relational information on COVID-19 in Wikidata, and its applicability in collaborative ontologies and knowledge graphs more broadly. We show the advantages and limitations of our proposed approach by comparing it to the features of other methods for the validation of linked web data as revealed by previous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houcemeddine Turki
- Data Engineering and Semantics Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Dariusz Jemielniak
- Department of Management in Networked and Digital Societies, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Masovia, Poland
| | - Mohamed A. Hadj Taieb
- Data Engineering and Semantics Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jose E. Labra Gayo
- Web Semantics Oviedo (WESO) Research Group, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Mohamed Ben Aouicha
- Data Engineering and Semantics Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mus’ab Banat
- Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Thomas Shafee
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Prud’hommeaux
- World Wide Web Consortium, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tiago Lubiana
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diptanshu Das
- Institute of Child Health (ICH), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Medica Superspecialty Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Daniel Mietchen
- Ronin Institute, Montclair, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Jena, Germany
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Masłowska-Górnicz A, van den Bosch MRM, Saccenti E, Suarez-Diez M. A large-scale analysis of codon usage bias in 4868 bacterial genomes shows association of codon adaptation index with GC content, protein functional domains and bacterial phenotypes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2022; 1865:194826. [PMID: 35605953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2022.194826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple synonymous codons code for the same amino acid, resulting in the degeneracy of the genetic code and in the preferred used of some codons called codon bias usage (CBU). We performed a large-scale analysis of codon usage bias analysing the distribution of the codon adaptation index (CAI) and the codon relative adaptiveness index (RA) in 4868 bacterial genomes. We found that CAI values differ significantly between protein functional domains and part of the protein outside domains and show how CAI, GC content and preferred usage of polymerase III alpha subunits are related. Additionally, we give evidence of the association between CAI and bacterial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masłowska-Górnicz
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie R M van den Bosch
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Bolleman J, de Castro E, Baratin D, Gehant S, Cuche BA, Auchincloss AH, Coudert E, Hulo C, Masson P, Pedruzzi I, Rivoire C, Xenarios I, Redaschi N, Bridge A. HAMAP as SPARQL rules-A portable annotation pipeline for genomes and proteomes. Gigascience 2021; 9:5731417. [PMID: 32034905 PMCID: PMC7007698 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome and proteome annotation pipelines are generally custom built and not easily reusable by other groups. This leads to duplication of effort, increased costs, and suboptimal annotation quality. One way to address these issues is to encourage the adoption of annotation standards and technological solutions that enable the sharing of biological knowledge and tools for genome and proteome annotation. Results Here we demonstrate one approach to generate portable genome and proteome annotation pipelines that users can run without recourse to custom software. This proof of concept uses our own rule-based annotation pipeline HAMAP, which provides functional annotation for protein sequences to the same depth and quality as UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standards Resource Description Framework (RDF) and SPARQL (a recursive acronym for the SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language). We translate complex HAMAP rules into the W3C standard SPARQL 1.1 syntax, and then apply them to protein sequences in RDF format using freely available SPARQL engines. This approach supports the generation of annotation that is identical to that generated by our own in-house pipeline, using standard, off-the-shelf solutions, and is applicable to any genome or proteome annotation pipeline. Conclusions HAMAP SPARQL rules are freely available for download from the HAMAP FTP site, ftp://ftp.expasy.org/databases/hamap/sparql/, under the CC-BY-ND 4.0 license. The annotations generated by the rules are under the CC-BY 4.0 license. A tutorial and supplementary code to use HAMAP as SPARQL are available on GitHub at https://github.com/sib-swiss/HAMAP-SPARQL, and general documentation about HAMAP can be found on the HAMAP website at https://hamap.expasy.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerven Bolleman
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Edouard de Castro
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Baratin
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Gehant
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice A Cuche
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Andrea H Auchincloss
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Coudert
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Hulo
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Masson
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Pedruzzi
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Rivoire
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois/Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Agora Centre, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Redaschi
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alan Bridge
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Feuermann M, Boutet E, Morgat A, Axelsen KB, Bansal P, Bolleman J, de Castro E, Coudert E, Gasteiger E, Géhant S, Lieberherr D, Lombardot T, Neto TB, Pedruzzi I, Poux S, Pozzato M, Redaschi N, Bridge A. Diverse Taxonomies for Diverse Chemistries: Enhanced Representation of Natural Product Metabolism in UniProtKB. Metabolites 2021; 11:48. [PMID: 33445429 PMCID: PMC7827101 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The UniProt Knowledgebase UniProtKB is a comprehensive, high-quality, and freely accessible resource of protein sequences and functional annotation that covers genomes and proteomes from tens of thousands of taxa, including a broad range of plants and microorganisms producing natural products of medical, nutritional, and agronomical interest. Here we describe work that enhances the utility of UniProtKB as a support for both the study of natural products and for their discovery. The foundation of this work is an improved representation of natural product metabolism in UniProtKB using Rhea, an expert-curated knowledgebase of biochemical reactions, that is built on the ChEBI (Chemical Entities of Biological Interest) ontology of small molecules. Knowledge of natural products and precursors is captured in ChEBI, enzyme-catalyzed reactions in Rhea, and enzymes in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, thereby linking chemical structure data directly to protein knowledge. We provide a practical demonstration of how users can search UniProtKB for protein knowledge relevant to natural products through interactive or programmatic queries using metabolite names and synonyms, chemical identifiers, chemical classes, and chemical structures and show how to federate UniProtKB with other data and knowledge resources and tools using semantic web technologies such as RDF and SPARQL. All UniProtKB data are freely available for download in a broad range of formats for users to further mine or exploit as an annotation source, to enrich other natural product datasets and databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Feuermann
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Emmanuel Boutet
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Anne Morgat
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Kristian B. Axelsen
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Parit Bansal
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Jerven Bolleman
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Edouard de Castro
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Elisabeth Coudert
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Elisabeth Gasteiger
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Sébastien Géhant
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Damien Lieberherr
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Thierry Lombardot
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Teresa B. Neto
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Ivo Pedruzzi
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Sylvain Poux
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Monica Pozzato
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Nicole Redaschi
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Alan Bridge
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
| | - on behalf of the UniProt Consortium
- Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (A.M.); (K.B.A.); (P.B.); (J.B.); (E.d.C.); (E.C.); (E.G.); (S.G.); (D.L.); (T.L.); (T.B.N.); (I.P.); (S.P.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.)
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- Protein Information Resource, University of Delaware, 15 Innovation Way, Suite 205, Newark, DE 19711, USA
- Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3300 Whitehaven Street NorthWest, Suite 1200, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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