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Zhao Y, Tang T, Zhao W, Fu W, Li T. Inhibition of PEDV viral entry upon blocking N-glycan elaboration. Virology 2024; 594:110039. [PMID: 38492520 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) poses a significant threat to the global swine industry, demanding a thorough understanding of its cellular invasion mechanism for effective interventions. This study meticulously investigates the impact of O- and N-linked glycans on PEDV proteins and host cell interaction, shedding light on their influence on the virus's invasion process. Utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 technology to inhibit cell surface O- and N-linked glycan synthesis demonstrated no discernible impact on virus infection. However, progeny PEDV strains lacking these glycans exhibited a minor effect of O-linked glycans on virus infection. Conversely, a notable 40% reduction in infectivity was observed when the virus surface lacked N-linked glycans, emphasizing their pivotal role in facilitating virus recognition and binding to host cells. Additionally, inhibition studies utilizing kifunensine, a natural glycosidase I inhibitor, reaffirmed the significant role of N-linked glycans in virus infection. Inhibiting N-linked glycan synthesis with kifunensine substantially decreased virus entry into cells and potentially influenced spike protein expression. Assessment of the stability and recovery potential of N-linked glycan-deficient strains underscored the critical importance of N-glycans at various stages of the virus lifecycle. In vivo experiments infecting piglets with N-glycan-deficient strains exhibited milder clinical symptoms, reduced virus excretion, and less severe pathological lesions compared to conventional strains. These findings offer promising translational applications, proposing N-glycosylation inhibitors as potential therapeutic interventions against PEDV. The utilization of these inhibitors might mitigate virus invasion and disease transmission, providing avenues for effective antiviral strategies and vaccine development. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms of N-linked glycans in PEDV infection for comprehensive clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China, No.1, Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Shanxi Province, 030801.
| | - Tao Tang
- Cangzhou Hospital Of Integrated TCM-WM Hebei, No.31, Huanghe Road, Cangzhou City, Hebei Province, 061013, China.
| | - Wenchang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China, No.1, Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Shanxi Province, 030801.
| | - Weiguang Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China, No.1, Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Shanxi Province, 030801.
| | - Tao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China, No.1, Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Shanxi Province, 030801.
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In Vitro Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of N-Acetylglucosamine: Development of an Alternative and Safe Approach to Fight Viral Respiratory Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065129. [PMID: 36982205 PMCID: PMC10049122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. A prominent feature of severe respiratory infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is the cytokine release syndrome. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop different approaches both against viral replication and against the consequent inflammation. N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a glucosamine (GlcN) derivative, has been developed as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory inexpensive and non-toxic drug for non-communicable disease treatment and/or prevention. Recent studies have suggested that GlcN, due to its anti-inflammatory activity, could be potentially useful for the control of respiratory virus infections. Our present study aimed to evaluate in two different immortalized cell lines whether GlcNAc could inhibit or reduce both viral infectivity and the inflammatory response to viral infection. Two different viruses, frequent cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, were used: the H1N1 Influenza A virus (IAV) (as model of enveloped RNA virus) and the Human adenovirus type 2 (Adv) (as model of naked DNA virus). Two forms of GlcNAc have been considered, bulk GlcNAc and GlcNAc in nanoform to overcome the possible pharmacokinetic limitations of GlcNAc. Our study suggests that GlcNAc restricts IAV replication but not Adv infection, whereas nano-GlcNAc inhibits both viruses. Moreover, GlcNAc and mainly its nanoformulation were able to reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion stimulated by viral infection. The correlation between inflammatory and infection inhibition is discussed.
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Tripathi N, Goel B, Bhardwaj N, Vishwakarma RA, Jain SK. Exploring the Potential of Chemical Inhibitors for Targeting Post-translational Glycosylation of Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:27038-27051. [PMID: 35937682 PMCID: PMC9344791 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 expressed on the viral cell surface is of particular importance as it facilitates viral entry into the host cells. The S protein is heavily glycosylated with 22 N-glycosylation sites and a few N-glycosylation sites. During the viral surface protein synthesis via the host ribosomal machinery, glycosylation is an essential step in post-translational modifications (PTMs) and consequently vital for its life cycle, structure, immune evasion, and cell infection. Interestingly, the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and the host receptor protein, ACE2, are also extensively glycosylated and these surface glycans are critical for the viral-host cell interaction for viral entry. The glycosylation pathway of both virus (hijacked from the host biosynthetic machinery) and target cells crucially affect SARS-CoV-2 infection at different levels. For example, the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of host cells serve as a cofactor as they interact with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of S-glycoprotein and play a protective role in host immune evasion via masking the viral peptide epitopes. Hence, the post-translational glycan biosynthesis, processing, and transport events could be potential targets for developing therapeutic drugs and vaccines. Especially, inhibition of the N-glycan biosynthesis pathway amplifies S protein proteolysis and, thus, blocks viral entry. The chemical inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 glycosylation could be evaluated for Covid-19. In this review, we discuss the current status of the chemical inhibitors (both natural and synthetically designed inhibitors) of viral glycosylation for Covid-19 and provide a future perspective. It could be an important strategy in targeting the various emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), as these inhibitors are postulated to aid in reducing the viral load as well as infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Tripathi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bharat Goel
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nivedita Bhardwaj
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ram A. Vishwakarma
- Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research, Anusandhan
Bhavan, Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Shreyans K. Jain
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Solhi L, Sun HS, Daswani SH, Shojania S, Springate CMK, Brumer H. Controlled sulfation of mixed-linkage glucan by Response Surface Methodology for the development of biologically applicable polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118275. [PMID: 34294307 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous sulfated polysaccharides exhibit potent biological activities, including inhibiting blood coagulation and protein interactions. Controlled chemical sulfation of alternative polysaccharides holds promise to overcome limited availability and heterogeneity of naturally sulfated polysaccharides. Here, we established reaction parameters for the controlled sulfation of the abundant cereal polysaccharide, mixed-linkage β(1,3)/β(1,4)-glucan (MLG), using Box-Behnken Design of Experiments (BBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimization of the degree-of-substitution (DS) was externally validated through the production of sulfated MLGs (S-MLGs) with observed DS and Mw values deviating less than 20% and 30% from the targeted values, respectively. Simultaneous optimization of DS and Mw resulted in the same range of deviation from the targeted value. S-MLGs with DS > 1 demonstrated a modest anticoagulation effect versus heparin, and a greater P-selectin affinity than fucoidan. As such, this work provides a route to medically important polymers from an economical agricultural polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Solhi
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - He Song Sun
- ARC Medical Devices, 8-3071 No. 5 Road, Richmond, BC V6X 2T4, Canada
| | | | - Shaheen Shojania
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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