1
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Wang S, Zhang J, Wei F, Li W, Wen L. Facile Synthesis of Sugar Nucleotides from Common Sugars by the Cascade Conversion Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9980-9989. [PMID: 35583341 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sugar nucleotides are essential glycosylation donors in the carbohydrate metabolism. Naturally, most sugar nucleotides are derived from a limited number of common sugar nucleotides by de novo biosynthetic pathways, undergoing single or multiple reactions such as dehydration, epimerization, isomerization, oxidation, reduction, amination, and acetylation reactions. However, it is widely believed that such complex bioconversions are not practical for synthetic use due to the high preparation cost and great difficulties in product isolation. Therefore, most of the discovered sugar nucleotides are not readily available. Here, based on de novo biosynthesis mainly, 13 difficult-to-access sugar nucleotides were successfully prepared from two common sugars D-Man and sucrose in high yields, at a multigram scale, and without the need for tedious purification manipulations. This work demonstrated that de novo biosynthesis, although undergoing complex reactions, is also practical and cost-effective for synthetic use by employing a cascade conversion strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiang Su 210023, China
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528400, China
| | - Fangyu Wei
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanjin Li
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Carbohydrate-Based Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Media, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiang Su 210023, China
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2
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Kelly RM, Kowle RL, Lian Z, Strifler BA, Witcher DR, Parekh BS, Wang T, Frye CC. Modulation of IgG1 immunoeffector function by glycoengineering of the GDP-fucose biosynthesis pathway. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:705-718. [PMID: 29150961 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linking of the Fcγ receptors expressed on the surface of hematopoietic cells by IgG immune complexes triggers the activation of key immune effector mechanisms, including antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). A conserved N-glycan positioned at the N-terminal region of the IgG CH 2 domain is critical in maintaining the quaternary structure of the molecule for Fcγ receptor engagement. The removal of a single core fucose residue from the N-glycan results in a considerable increase in affinity for FcγRIIIa leading to an enhanced receptor-mediated immunoeffector function. The enhanced potency of the molecule translates into a number of distinct advantages in the development of IgG antibodies for cancer therapy. In an effort to significantly increase the potency of an anti-CD20, IgG1 molecule, we selectively targeted the de novo GDP-fucose biosynthesis pathway of the host CHO cell line to generate >80% afucosylated IgG1 resulting in enhanced FcγRIIIa binding (13-fold) and in vitro ADCC cell-based activity (11-fold). In addition, this effective glycoengineering strategy also allowed for the utilization of the alternate GDP-fucose salvage pathway to provide a fast and efficient mechanism to manipulate the N-glycan fucosylation level to modulate IgG immune effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan M Kelly
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ronald L Kowle
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Zhirui Lian
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Beth A Strifler
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Derrick R Witcher
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bhavin S Parekh
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Christopher C Frye
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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3
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Pfeiffer M, Bulfon D, Weber H, Nidetzky B. A Kinase-Independent One-Pot Multienzyme Cascade for an Expedient Synthesis of Guanosine 5′-Diphospho-d-mannose. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pfeiffer
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12/I A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Dominik Bulfon
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12/I A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Hansjoerg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Stremayrgasse 9/4 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12/I A-8010 Graz Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology; Petersgasse 14 A-8010 Graz Austria
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4
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Li L, Wang P, Tang Y. C-glycosylation of anhydrotetracycline scaffold with SsfS6 from the SF2575 biosynthetic pathway. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 67:65-70. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Ding F, William R, Liu XW. Ferrier-Type N-Glycosylation: Synthesis of N-Glycosides of Enone Sugars. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1293-9. [PMID: 23289793 DOI: 10.1021/jo302619b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feiqing Ding
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Ronny William
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
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6
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von Horsten HH, Ogorek C, Blanchard V, Demmler C, Giese C, Winkler K, Kaup M, Berger M, Jordan I, Sandig V. Production of non-fucosylated antibodies by co-expression of heterologous GDP-6-deoxy-D-lyxo-4-hexulose reductase. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1607-18. [PMID: 20639190 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
All IgG-type antibodies are N-glycosylated in their Fc part at Asn-297. Typically, a fucose residue is attached to the first N-acetylglucosamine of these complex-type N-glycans. Antibodies lacking core fucosylation show a significantly enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and an increased efficacy of anti-tumor activity. In cases where the clinical efficacy of an antibody is to some extent mediated by its ADCC effector function, afucosylated N-glycans could help to reduce dose requirement and save manufacturing costs. Using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as a model, we demonstrate here that heterologous expression of the prokaryotic enzyme GDP-6-deoxy-d-lyxo-4-hexulose reductase within the cytosol can efficiently deflect the fucose de novo pathway. Antibody-producing CHO cells that were modified in this way secrete antibodies lacking core fucose as demonstrated by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and HPAEC-PAD monosaccharide analysis. Engineering of the fucose de novo pathway has led to the construction of IgGs with a strongly enhanced ADCC effector function. The method described here should have broad practical applicability for the development of next-generation therapeutic antibodies.
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7
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Ren Y, Perepelov AV, Wang H, Zhang H, Knirel YA, Wang L, Chen W. Biochemical characterization of GDP-L-fucose de novo synthesis pathway in fungus Mortierella alpina. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:1663-9. [PMID: 20035716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mortierella alpina is a filamentous fungus commonly found in soil, which is able to produce large amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. L-fucose is an important sugar found in a diverse range of organisms, playing a variety of biological roles. In this study, we characterized the de novo biosynthetic pathway of GDP-L-fucose (the nucleotide-activated form of L-fucose) in M. alpina. Genes encoding GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMD) and GDP-keto-6-deoxymannose 3,5-epimerase/4-reductase (GMER) were expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzymes were produced as His-tagged fusion proteins. Conversion of GDP-mannose to GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy mannose by GMD and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy mannose to GDP-L-fucose by GMER were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis, electro-spray ionization-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The k(m) values of GMD for GDP-mannose and GMER for GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy mannose were determined to be 0.77 mM and 1.047 mM, respectively. Both NADH and NADPH may be used by GMER as the coenzyme. The optimum temperature and pH were determined to be 37 degrees C and pH 9.0 (GMD) or pH 7.0 (GMER). Divalent cations are not required for GMD and GMER activity, and the activities of both enzymes may be enhanced by DTT. To our knowledge this is the first report on the characterization of GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic pathway in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ren
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, PR China
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8
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King JD, Poon KKH, Webb NA, Anderson EM, McNally DJ, Brisson JR, Messner P, Garavito RM, Lam JS. The structural basis for catalytic function of GMD and RMD, two closely related enzymes from the GDP-D-rhamnose biosynthesis pathway. FEBS J 2009; 276:2686-2700. [PMID: 19459932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The rare 6-deoxysugar D-rhamnose is a component of bacterial cell surface glycans, including the D-rhamnose homopolymer produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, called A-band O polysaccharide. GDP-D-rhamnose synthesis from GDP-D-mannose is catalyzed by two enzymes. The first is a GDP-D-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (GMD). The second enzyme, RMD, reduces the GMD product (GDP-6-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexos-4-ulose) to GDP-d-rhamnose. Genes encoding GMD and RMD are present in P. aeruginosa, and genetic evidence indicates they act in A-band O-polysaccharide biosynthesis. Details of their enzyme functions have not, however, been previously elucidated. We aimed to characterize these enzymes biochemically, and to determine the structure of RMD to better understand what determines substrate specificity and catalytic activity in these enzymes. We used capillary electrophoresis and NMR analysis of reaction products to precisely define P. aeruginosa GMD and RMD functions. P. aeruginosa GMD is bifunctional, and can catalyze both GDP-d-mannose 4,6-dehydration and the subsequent reduction reaction to produce GDP-D-rhamnose. RMD catalyzes the stereospecific reduction of GDP-6-deoxy-D-lyxo-hexos-4-ulose, as predicted. Reconstitution of GDP-D-rhamnose biosynthesis in vitro revealed that the P. aeruginosa pathway may be regulated by feedback inhibition in the cell. We determined the structure of RMD from Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus at 1.8 A resolution. The structure of A. thermoaerophilus RMD is remarkably similar to that of P. aeruginosa GMD, which explains why P. aeruginosa GMD is also able to catalyze the RMD reaction. Comparison of the active sites and amino acid sequences suggests that a conserved amino acid side chain (Arg185 in P. aeruginosa GMD) may be crucial for orienting substrate and cofactor in GMD enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry D King
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Karen K H Poon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Nicole A Webb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Erin M Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - David J McNally
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jean-Robert Brisson
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Paul Messner
- Zentrum für NanoBiotechnologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Austria
| | - R M Garavito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joseph S Lam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Canada
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9
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:273-361. [PMID: 18825656 PMCID: PMC7168468 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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10
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Thibodeaux C, Melançon C, Liu HW. Biosynthese von Naturstoffzuckern und enzymatische Glycodiversifizierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Albermann C, Beuttler H. Identification of the GDP-N-acetyl-d-perosamine producing enzymes from Escherichia coli O157:H7. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:479-84. [PMID: 18201574 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
GDP-N-acetyl-d-perosamine is a precursor of the LPS-O-antigen biosynthesis in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Like other GDP-6-deoxyhexoses, GDP-N-acetyl-d-perosamine is supposed to be synthesized via GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose, followed by a transamination- and an acetylation-reaction catalyzed by PerA and PerB. In this study, we have overproduced and purified PerA and PerB from E. coli O157:H7 in E. coli BL21. The recombinant proteins were partly characterized and the final product of the reaction catalyzed by PerB was shown to be GDP-N-acetyl-d-perosamine by chromatography, mass spectrometry, and 1H-NMR. The functional expression of PerB provides another enzymatically defined pathway for the synthesis of GDP-deoxyhexoses, which is needed to further study the corresponding glycosyltransferases in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Albermann
- Institute of Microbiology, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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12
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Thibodeaux CJ, Melançon CE, Liu HW. Natural-product sugar biosynthesis and enzymatic glycodiversification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:9814-59. [PMID: 19058170 PMCID: PMC2796923 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many biologically active small-molecule natural products produced by microorganisms derive their activities from sugar substituents. Changing the structures of these sugars can have a profound impact on the biological properties of the parent compounds. This realization has inspired attempts to derivatize the sugar moieties of these natural products through exploitation of the sugar biosynthetic machinery. This approach requires an understanding of the biosynthetic pathway of each target sugar and detailed mechanistic knowledge of the key enzymes. Scientists have begun to unravel the biosynthetic logic behind the assembly of many glycosylated natural products and have found that a core set of enzyme activities is mixed and matched to synthesize the diverse sugar structures observed in nature. Remarkably, many of these sugar biosynthetic enzymes and glycosyltransferases also exhibit relaxed substrate specificity. The promiscuity of these enzymes has prompted efforts to modify the sugar structures and alter the glycosylation patterns of natural products through metabolic pathway engineering and enzymatic glycodiversification. In applied biomedical research, these studies will enable the development of new glycosylation tools and generate novel glycoforms of secondary metabolites with useful biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Thibodeaux
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
| | - Charles E. Melançon
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
| | - Hung-wen Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
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13
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Fruscione F, Sturla L, Duncan G, Van Etten JL, Valbuzzi P, De Flora A, Di Zanni E, Tonetti M. Differential role of NADP+ and NADPH in the activity and structure of GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase from two chlorella viruses. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:184-193. [PMID: 17974560 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706614200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMD) is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of 6-deoxyhexoses in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus-1 (PBCV-1) encodes a functional GMD, which is unique among characterized GMDs because it also has a strong stereospecific NADPH-dependent reductase activity leading to GDP-D-rhamnose formation (Tonetti, M., Zanardi, D., Gurnon, J., Fruscione, F., Armirotti, A., Damonte, G., Sturla, L., De Flora, A., and Van Etten, J.L. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 21559-21565). In the present study we characterized a recombinant GMD encoded by another chlorella virus, Acanthocystis turfacea chlorella virus 1 (ATCV-1), demonstrating that it has the expected dehydratase activity. However, it also displayed significant differences when compared with PBCV-1 GMD. In particular, ATCV-1 GMD lacks the reductase activity present in the PBCV-1 enzyme. Using recombinant PBCV-1 and ATCV-1 GMDs, we determined that the enzymatically active proteins contain tightly bound NADPH and that NADPH is essential for maintaining the oligomerization status as well as for the stabilization and function of both enzymes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that PBCV-1 GMD is the most evolutionary diverged of the GMDs. We conclude that this high degree of divergence was the result of the selection pressures that led to the acquisition of new reductase activity to synthesize GDP-D-rhamnose while maintaining the dehydratase activity in order to continue to synthesize GDP-L-fucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Fruscione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Sturla
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Garry Duncan
- Department of Biology, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, Nebraska 68504-2794
| | - James L Van Etten
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0722
| | - Paola Valbuzzi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0722
| | - Antonio De Flora
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Zanni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Michela Tonetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132, Genova, Italy.
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14
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Turnock DC, Izquierdo L, Ferguson MAJ. The de novo synthesis of GDP-fucose is essential for flagellar adhesion and cell growth in Trypanosoma brucei. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28853-28863. [PMID: 17640865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704742200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei causes human African sleeping sickness in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasite makes several essential glycoproteins, which has led to the investigation of the sugar nucleotides and glycosyltransferases required to synthesize these structures. Fucose is a common sugar in glycoconjugates from many organisms; however, the sugar nucleotide donor GDP-fucose was only recently detected in T. brucei, and the importance of fucose metabolism in this organism is not known. In this paper, we identified the genes encoding functional GDP-fucose biosynthesis enzymes in T. brucei and created conditional null mutants of TbGMD, the gene encoding the first enzyme in the pathway from GDP-mannose to GDP-fucose, in both bloodstream form and procyclic form parasites. Under nonpermissive conditions, both life cycle forms of the parasite became depleted in GDP-fucose and suffered growth arrest, demonstrating that fucose metabolism is essential to both life cycle stages. In procyclic form parasites, flagellar detachment from the cell body was also observed under nonpermissive conditions, suggesting that fucose plays a significant role in flagellar adhesion. Fluorescence microscopy of epitope-tagged TbGMD revealed that this enzyme is localized in glycosomes, despite the absence of PTS-1 or PTS-2 target sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Turnock
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A J Ferguson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, United Kingdom.
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15
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Webb NA, Mulichak AM, Lam JS, Rocchetta HL, Garavito RM. Crystal structure of a tetrameric GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase from a bacterial GDP-D-rhamnose biosynthetic pathway. Protein Sci 2004; 13:529-39. [PMID: 14739333 PMCID: PMC2286695 DOI: 10.1110/ps.03393904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
d-Rhamnose is a rare 6-deoxy monosaccharide primarily found in the lipopolysaccharide of pathogenic bacteria, where it is involved in host-bacterium interactions and the establishment of infection. The biosynthesis of d-rhamnose proceeds through the conversion of GDP-d-mannose by GDP-d-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMD) to GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose, which is subsequently reduced to GDP-d-rhamnose by a reductase. We have determined the crystal structure of GMD from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in complex with NADPH and GDP. GMD belongs to the NDP-sugar modifying subfamily of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) enzymes, all of which exhibit bidomain structures and a conserved catalytic triad (Tyr-XXX-Lys and Ser/Thr). Although most members of this enzyme subfamily display homodimeric structures, this bacterial GMD forms a tetramer in the same fashion as the plant MUR1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. The cofactor binding sites are adjoined across the tetramer interface, which brings the adenosyl phosphate moieties of the adjacent NADPH molecules to within 7 A of each other. A short peptide segment (Arg35-Arg43) stretches into the neighboring monomer, making not only protein-protein interactions but also hydrogen bonding interactions with the neighboring cofactor. The interface hydrogen bonds made by the Arg35-Arg43 segment are generally conserved in GMD and MUR1, and the interacting residues are highly conserved among the sequences of bacterial and eukaryotic GMDs. Outside of the Arg35-Arg43 segment, residues involved in tetrameric contacts are also quite conserved across different species. These observations suggest that a tetramer is the preferred, and perhaps functionally relevant, oligomeric state for most bacterial and eukaryotic GMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Webb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA
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16
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Samuel G, Reeves P. Biosynthesis of O-antigens: genes and pathways involved in nucleotide sugar precursor synthesis and O-antigen assembly. Carbohydr Res 2004; 338:2503-19. [PMID: 14670712 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The O-antigen is an important component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It is a repeat unit polysaccharide and consists of a number of repeats of an oligosaccharide, the O-unit, which generally has between two and six sugar residues. O-Antigens are extremely variable, the variation lying in the nature, order and linkage of the different sugars within the polysaccharide. The genes involved in O-antigen biosynthesis are generally found on the chromosome as an O-antigen gene cluster, and the structural variation of O-antigens is mirrored by genetic variation seen in these clusters. The genes within the cluster fall into three major groups. The first group is involved in nucleotide sugar biosynthesis. These genes are often found together in the cluster and have a high level of identity. The genes coding for a significant number of nucleotide sugar biosynthesis pathways have been identified and these pathways seem to be conserved in different O-antigen clusters and across a wide range of species. The second group, the glycosyl transferases, is involved in sugar transfer. They are often dispersed throughout the cluster and have low levels of similarity. The third group is the O-antigen processing genes. This review is a summary of the current knowledge on these three groups of genes that comprise the O-antigen gene clusters, focusing on the most extensively studied E. coli and S. enterica gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Samuel
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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