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Coagulation factor IX analysis in bioreactor cell culture supernatant predicts quality of the purified product. Commun Biol 2021; 4:390. [PMID: 33758337 PMCID: PMC7988164 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor IX (FIX) is a complex post-translationally modified human serum glycoprotein and high-value biopharmaceutical. The quality of recombinant FIX (rFIX), especially complete γ-carboxylation, is critical for rFIX clinical efficacy. Bioreactor operating conditions can impact rFIX production and post-translational modifications (PTMs). With the goal of optimizing rFIX production, we developed a suite of Data Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) proteomics methods and used these to investigate rFIX yield, γ-carboxylation, other PTMs, and host cell proteins during bioreactor culture and after purification. We detail the dynamics of site-specific PTM occupancy and structure on rFIX during production, which correlated with the efficiency of purification and the quality of the purified product. We identified new PTMs in rFIX near the GLA domain which could impact rFIX GLA-dependent purification and function. Our workflows are applicable to other biologics and expression systems, and should aid in the optimization and quality control of upstream and downstream bioprocesses.
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Al-Zuhairy SH, Darweesh MA, Othman MAM. Relation of Serum Ferritin Level with Serum Hepcidin and Fucose Levels in Children with β-Thalassemia Major. Hemoglobin 2021; 45:69-73. [PMID: 33733981 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2021.1898419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess serum ferritin, hepcidin, L-fucose, and protein binding fucose levels in β-thalassemia major (β-TM) patients and to correlate the serum ferritin level with hepcidin and fucose levels. A total 70 (26 males and 44 females) children with β-TM, ages ranging from 5 to 16 years (mean age 8.3 ± 2.7 years) and 50 (25 males and 25 females) apparently healthy subjects with matching age and sex were included as a control group. An especially designed questionnaire was used to collect age, gender, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin, hepcidin-25 peptide, α-L-fucose, and protein binding fucose (PBF) levels. β-Thalassemia major patients had significantly (p < 0.05) higher serum ferritin, fucose and PBF levels, but the serum hepcidin level was significantly (p < 0.05) lower when compared to the controls, and their levels were affected by the gender of the β-TM patients, as it was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in female in comparison to male patients. There was no significant (p > 0.05) correlation between serum ferritin with hepcidin and fucose levels as a marker of iron overload in β-TM. The regulation of hepcidin, and L-fucose levels in patients with β-TM is more affected by erythropoeitic activity than by iron overload, as there was no significant correlation between serum ferritin with hepcidin and fucose levels as a marker of iron overload in β-TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah H Al-Zuhairy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Amarah, Misan, Iraq
| | - Mohammed A Darweesh
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Amarah, Misan, Iraq
| | - Mohammed A-M Othman
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Amarah, Misan, Iraq
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3
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Tyshchuk O, Gstöttner C, Funk D, Nicolardi S, Frost S, Klostermann S, Becker T, Jolkver E, Schumacher F, Koller CF, Völger HR, Wuhrer M, Bulau P, Mølhøj M. Characterization and prediction of positional 4-hydroxyproline and sulfotyrosine, two post-translational modifications that can occur at substantial levels in CHO cells-expressed biotherapeutics. MAbs 2019; 11:1219-1232. [PMID: 31339437 PMCID: PMC6748591 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1635865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotherapeutics may contain a multitude of different post-translational modifications (PTMs) that need to be assessed and possibly monitored and controlled to ensure reproducible product quality. During early development of biotherapeutics, unexpected PTMs might be prevented by in silico identification and characterization together with further molecular engineering. Mass determinations of a human IgG1 (mAb1) and a bispecific IgG-ligand fusion protein (BsAbA) demonstrated the presence of unusual PTMs resulting in major +80 Da, and +16/+32 Da chain variants, respectively. For mAb1, analytical cation exchange chromatography demonstrated the presence of an acidic peak accounting for 20%. A + 79.957 Da modification was localized within the light chain complementarity-determining region-2 and identified as a sulfation based on accurate mass, isotopic distribution, and a complete neutral loss reaction upon collision-induced dissociation. Top-down ultrahigh resolution MALDI-ISD FT-ICR MS of modified and unmodified Fabs allowed the allocation of the sulfation to a specific Tyr residue. An aspartate in amino-terminal position-3 relative to the affected Tyr was found to play a key role in determining the sulfation. For BsAbA, a + 15.995 Da modification was observed and localized to three specific Pro residues explaining the +16 Da chain A, and +16 Da and +32 Da chain B variants. The BsAbA modifications were verified as 4-hydroxyproline and not 3-hydroxyproline in a tryptic peptide map via co-chromatography with synthetic peptides containing the two isomeric forms. Finally, our approach for an alert system based on in-house in silico predictors is presented. This system is designed to prevent these PTMs by molecular design and engineering during early biotherapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Tyshchuk
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Gstöttner
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dennis Funk
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Frost
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Klostermann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development Informatics, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Felix Schumacher
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Ferrara Koller
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Hans Rainer Völger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Bulau
- Roche Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mølhøj
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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4
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Beck A, Liu H. Macro- and Micro-Heterogeneity of Natural and Recombinant IgG Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010018. [PMID: 31544824 PMCID: PMC6640695 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) intended for therapeutic usage are required to be thoroughly characterized, which has promoted an extensive effort towards the understanding of the structures and heterogeneity of this major class of molecules. Batch consistency and comparability are highly relevant to the successful pharmaceutical development of mAbs and related products. Small structural modifications that contribute to molecule variants (or proteoforms) differing in size, charge or hydrophobicity have been identified. These modifications may impact (or not) the stability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of mAbs. The presence of the same type of modifications as found in endogenous immunoglobulin G (IgG) can substantially lower the safety risks of mAbs. The knowledge of modifications is also critical to the ranking of critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the drug and define the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP). This review provides a summary of the current understanding of post-translational and physico-chemical modifications identified in recombinant mAbs and endogenous IgGs at physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and developability, IRPF, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre, St Julien-en-Genevois CEDEX, 74160 Saint-Julien en Genevois, France.
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Anokion, 50 Hampshire Street, Suite 402, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Xu Y, Wang D, Mason B, Rossomando T, Li N, Liu D, Cheung JK, Xu W, Raghava S, Katiyar A, Nowak C, Xiang T, Dong DD, Sun J, Beck A, Liu H. Structure, heterogeneity and developability assessment of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2018; 11:239-264. [PMID: 30543482 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1553476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to developability assessment with the understanding that thorough evaluation of monoclonal antibody lead candidates at an early stage can avoid delays during late-stage development. The concept of developability is based on the knowledge gained from the successful development of approximately 80 marketed antibody and Fc-fusion protein drug products and from the lessons learned from many failed development programs over the last three decades. Here, we reviewed antibody quality attributes that are critical to development and traditional and state-of-the-art analytical methods to monitor those attributes. Based on our collective experiences, a practical workflow is proposed as a best practice for developability assessment including in silico evaluation, extended characterization and forced degradation using appropriate analytical methods that allow characterization with limited material consumption and fast turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingda Xu
- a Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- b Analytical Department , Bioanalytix, Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tony Rossomando
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ning Li
- d Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Dingjiang Liu
- e Formulation Development , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- f Pharmaceutical Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Wei Xu
- g Analytical Method Development , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Smita Raghava
- h Sterile Formulation Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- i Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christine Nowak
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Diane D Dong
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- k Product development , Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park , China
| | - Alain Beck
- l Analytical chemistry , NBEs, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
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6
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Darula Z, Medzihradszky KF. Analysis of Mammalian O-Glycopeptides-We Have Made a Good Start, but There is a Long Way to Go. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 17:2-17. [PMID: 29162637 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.mr117.000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is perhaps the most common post-translational modification. Recently there has been growing interest in cataloging the glycan structures, glycoproteins, and specific sites modified and deciphering the biological functions of glycosylation. Although the results are piling up for N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation is seriously trailing behind. In our review we reiterate the difficulties researchers have to overcome in order to characterize O-glycosylation. We describe how an ingenious cell engineering method delivered exciting results, and what could we gain from "wild-type" samples. Although we refer to the biological role(s) of O-glycosylation, we do not provide a complete inventory on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Darula
- From the ‡Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726, 62 Temesvari krt, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin F Medzihradszky
- From the ‡Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726, 62 Temesvari krt, Szeged, Hungary; .,§Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, Genentech Hall, N472A, MC 2240, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2517
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7
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Dada OO, Jaya N, Valliere-Douglass J, Salas-Solano O. Characterization of acidic and basic variants of IgG1 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies based on non-denaturing IEF fractionation. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2695-2702. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nomalie Jaya
- Department of Analytical Sciences; Seattle Genetics Inc; Bothell WA USA
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8
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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9
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Haverick M, Mengisen S, Shameem M, Ambrogelly A. Separation of mAbs molecular variants by analytical hydrophobic interaction chromatography HPLC: overview and applications. MAbs 2015; 6:852-8. [PMID: 24751784 PMCID: PMC4171020 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography (HIC-HPLC) is a powerful analytical method used for the separation of molecular variants of therapeutic proteins. The method has been employed for monitoring various post-translational modifications, including proteolytic fragments and domain misfolding in etanercept (Enbrel®); tryptophan oxidation, aspartic acid isomerization, the formation of cyclic imide, and α amidated carboxy terminus in recombinant therapeutic monoclonal antibodies; and carboxy terminal heterogeneity and serine fucosylation in Fc and Fab fragments. HIC-HPLC is also a powerful analytical technique for the analysis of antibody-drug conjugates. Most current analytical columns, methods, and applications are described, and critical method parameters and suitability for operation in regulated environment are discussed, in this review.
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10
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Liu H, Ponniah G, Zhang HM, Nowak C, Neill A, Gonzalez-Lopez N, Patel R, Cheng G, Kita AZ, Andrien B. In vitro and in vivo modifications of recombinant and human IgG antibodies. MAbs 2014; 6:1145-54. [PMID: 25517300 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous knowledge has been gained in the understanding of various modifications of IgG antibodies, driven mainly by the fact that antibodies are one of the most important groups of therapeutic molecules and because of the development of advanced analytical techniques. Recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics expressed in mammalian cell lines and endogenous IgG molecules secreted by B cells in the human body share some modifications, but each have some unique modifications. Modifications that are common to recombinant mAb and endogenous IgG molecules are considered to pose a lower risk of immunogenicity. On the other hand, modifications that are unique to recombinant mAbs could potentially pose higher risk. The focus of this review is the comparison of frequently observed modifications of recombinant monoclonal antibodies to those of endogenous IgG molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Liu
- a Protein Characterization; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc .; Cheshire , CT USA
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11
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Spencer D, Novarra S, Zhu L, Mugabe S, Thisted T, Baca M, Depaz R, Barton C. O-xylosylation in a Recombinant Protein is Directed at a Common Motif on Glycine–Serine Linkers. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3920-4. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Deciphering O-glycomics for the development and production of biopharmaceuticals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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O-linked glucosylation of a therapeutic recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody produced in CHO cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Fitzgerald J, Lugovskoy A. Rational engineering of antibody therapeutics targeting multiple oncogene pathways. MAbs 2011; 3:299-309. [PMID: 21393992 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.3.15299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have significantly advanced our ability to treat cancer, yet clinical studies have shown that many patients do not adequately respond to monospecific therapy. This is in part due to the multifactorial nature of the disease, where tumors rely on multiple and often redundant pathways for proliferation. Bi- or multi- specific antibodies capable of blocking multiple growth and survival pathways at once have a potential to better meet the challenge of blocking cancer growth, and indeed many of them are advancing in clinical development. ( 1) However, bispecific antibodies present significant design challenges mostly due to the increased number of variables to consider. In this perspective we describe an innovative integrated approach to the discovery of bispecific antibodies with optimal molecular properties, such as affinity, avidity, molecular format and stability. This approach combines simulations of potential inhibitors using mechanistic models of the disease-relevant biological system to reveal optimal inhibitor characteristics with antibody engineering techniques that yield manufacturable therapeutics with robust pharmaceutical properties. We illustrate how challenges of meeting the optimal design criteria and chemistry, manufacturing and control concerns can be addressed simultaneously in the context of an accelerated therapeutic design cycle. Finally, to demonstrate how this rational approach can be applied, we present a case study where the insights from mechanistic modeling were used to guide the engineering of an IgG-like bispecific antibody.
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Abstract
The comprehensive analysis of intact proteins down to the level of their individual amino acid sequence and the entirety of post-translational modifications is an area that can hardly be covered by the typical workflow in MS based protein analysis, which comprises enzymatic digestion, mass spectrometric analysis and subsequent database search. This approach typically provides 20-80% sequence coverage, which is not sufficient for the characterization of biopharmaceuticals, for example. This generates the requirement for a comprehensive analysis of the protein, without the risk of losing sequence information due to undetected peptides. Top-down sequencing of proteins starts from the intact protein, typically by determining the intact protein mass in the first step, a fragmentation of the intact protein is then performed within the mass spectrometer, resulting in fragment ions that allow us to pinpoint the protein sequence, as well as potential modifications or mutations in their localization and structure. A number of technologies have been developed for this task in the last few years, based on various different mass spectrometric instrument configurations, but typically based on the same technology platforms as used for bottom-up strategies. Thus, the use of one specific instrument often allows the application of top-down and bottom-up technologies in a complementary way, providing much more detailed information about the proteins of interest than either of the approaches alone.
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Meert CD, Brady LJ, Guo A, Balland A. Characterization of Antibody Charge Heterogeneity Resolved by Preparative Immobilized pH Gradients. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3510-8. [PMID: 20364842 DOI: 10.1021/ac902408r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie D. Meert
- Amgen Inc., Analytical and Formulation Sciences, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Lowell J. Brady
- Amgen Inc., Analytical and Formulation Sciences, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Amy Guo
- Amgen Inc., Analytical and Formulation Sciences, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Alain Balland
- Amgen Inc., Analytical and Formulation Sciences, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119
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Valliere-Douglass JF, Eakin CM, Wallace A, Ketchem RR, Wang W, Treuheit MJ, Balland A. Glutamine-linked and non-consensus asparagine-linked oligosaccharides present in human recombinant antibodies define novel protein glycosylation motifs. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16012-22. [PMID: 20233717 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.096412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the presence of oligosaccharide structures on a glutamine residue present in the V(L) domain sequence of a recombinant human IgG2 molecule. Residue Gln-106, present in the QGT sequence following the rule of an asparagine-linked consensus motif, was modified with biantennary fucosylated oligosaccharide structures. In addition to the glycosylated glutamine, analysis of a lectin-enriched antibody population showed that 4 asparagine residues: heavy chain Asn-162, Asn-360, and light chain Asn-164, both of which are present in the IgG1 and IgG2 constant domain sequences, and Asn-35, which was present in CDR(L)1, were also modified with oligosaccharide structures at low levels. The primary sequences around these modified residues do not adhere to the N-linked consensus sequon, NX(S/T). Modeling of these residues from known antibody crystal structures and sequence homology comparison indicates that non-consensus glycosylation occurs on Asn residues in the context of a reverse consensus motif (S/T)XN located on highly flexile turns within 3 residues of a conformational change. Taken together our results indicate that protein glycosylation is governed by more diversified requirements than previously appreciated.
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Valliere-Douglass JF, Kodama P, Mujacic M, Brady LJ, Wang W, Wallace A, Yan B, Reddy P, Treuheit MJ, Balland A. Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides present on a non-consensus amino acid sequence in the CH1 domain of human antibodies. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:32493-506. [PMID: 19767389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.014803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that N-linked oligosaccharide structures can be present on an asparagine residue not adhering to the consensus site motif NX(S/T), where X is not proline, described in the literature. We have observed oligosaccharides on a non-consensus asparaginyl residue in the C(H)1 constant domain of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies. The initial findings were obtained from characterization of charge variant populations evident in a recombinant human antibody of the IgG2 subclass. HPLC-MS results indicated that cation-exchange chromatography acidic variant populations were enriched in antibody with a second glycosylation site, in addition to the well documented canonical glycosylation site located in the C(H)2 domain. Subsequent tryptic and chymotryptic peptide map data indicated that the second glycosylation site was associated with the amino acid sequence TVSWN(162)SGAL in the C(H)1 domain of the antibody. This highly atypical modification is present at levels of 0.5-2.0% on most of the recombinant antibodies that have been tested and has also been observed in IgG1 antibodies derived from human donors. Site-directed mutagenesis of the C(H)1 domain sequence in a recombinant-human IgG1 antibody resulted in an increase in non-consensus glycosylation to 3.15%, a greater than 4-fold increase over the level observed in the wild type, by changing the -1 and +1 amino acids relative to the asparagine residue at position 162. We believe that further understanding of the phenomenon of non-consensus glycosylation can be used to gain fundamental insights into the fidelity of the cellular glycosylation machinery.
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