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Chemical Modification of Glycosaminoglycan Polysaccharides. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175211. [PMID: 34500644 PMCID: PMC8434129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The linear anionic class of polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are critical throughout the animal kingdom for developmental processes and the maintenance of healthy tissues. They are also of interest as a means of influencing biochemical processes. One member of the GAG family, heparin, is exploited globally as a major anticoagulant pharmaceutical and there is a growing interest in the potential of other GAGs for diverse applications ranging from skin care to the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions, and from the treatment and prevention of microbial infection to biotechnology. To realize the potential of GAGs, however, it is necessary to develop effective tools that are able to exploit the chemical manipulations to which GAGs are susceptible. Here, the current knowledge concerning the chemical modification of GAGs, one of the principal approaches for the study of the structure-function relationships in these molecules, is reviewed. Some additional methods that were applied successfully to the analysis and/or processing of other carbohydrates, but which could be suitable in GAG chemistry, are also discussed.
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The protective role of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate, a distinct glycosaminoglycan, in a murine model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106929. [PMID: 25192337 PMCID: PMC4156394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparanase-1 activation, albuminuria, and a decrease in glomerular heparan sulfate (HS) have been described in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-based drugs have been shown to have renoprotective effects in this setting, although recent trials have questioned their clinical effectiveness. Here, we describe the effects of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS), a novel GAG extracted from a marine echinoderm, in experimentally induced DN compared to a widely used GAG, enoxaparin (ENX). METHODS Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by streptozotocin in male Wistar rats divided into three groups: DM (without treatment), FCS (8 mg/kg), and ENX (4 mg/kg), administered subcutaneously. After 12 weeks, we measured blood glucose, blood pressure, albuminuria, and renal function. The kidneys were evaluated for mesangial expansion and collagen content. Immunohistochemical quantifications of macrophages, TGF-β, nestin and immunofluorescence analysis of heparanase-1 and glomerular basement membrane (GBM) HS content was also performed. Gene expression of proteoglycan core proteins and enzymes involved in GAG assembly/degradation were analyzed by TaqMan real-time PCR. RESULTS Treatment with GAGs prevented albuminuria and did not affect the glucose level or other functional aspects. The DM group exhibited increased mesangial matrix deposition and tubulointerstitial expansion, and prevention was observed in both GAG groups. TGF-β expression and macrophage infiltration were prevented by the GAG treatments, and podocyte damage was halted. The diabetic milieu resulted in the down-regulation of agrin, perlecan and collagen XVIII mRNAs, along with the expression of enzymes involved in GAG biosynthesis. Treatment with FCS and ENX positively modulated such changes. Heparanase-1 expression was significantly reduced after GAG treatment without affecting the GBM HS content, which was uniformly reduced in all of the diabetic animals. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the administration of FCS prevented several pathological features of ND in rats. This finding should stimulate further research on GAG treatment for this complication of diabetes.
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Herrero-Mendez A, Palomares T, Castro B, Herrero J, Alonso-Varona A. Generation of tunable glycosaminoglycan hydrogels to mimic extracellular matrices. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 10:1000-1011. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Palomares
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Leioa Bizkaia Spain
| | - B. Castro
- Histocell; Bizkaia Technologic Park; Derio Bizkaia Spain
| | - J. Herrero
- Histocell; Bizkaia Technologic Park; Derio Bizkaia Spain
| | - A. Alonso-Varona
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Leioa Bizkaia Spain
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Engebretsen KVT, Waehre A, Bjørnstad JL, Skrbic B, Sjaastad I, Behmen D, Marstein HS, Yndestad A, Aukrust P, Christensen G, Tønnessen T. Decorin, lumican, and their GAG chain-synthesizing enzymes are regulated in myocardial remodeling and reverse remodeling in the mouse. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:988-97. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00793.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of the role of small, leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) in fibrogenesis and inflammation, we hypothesized that they could be involved in cardiac remodeling and reverse remodeling as occurs during aortic stenosis and after aortic valve replacement. Thus, in a well-characterized aortic banding-debanding mouse model, we examined the SLRPs decorin and lumican and enzymes responsible for synthesis of their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. Four weeks after banding of the ascending aorta, mice were subjected to a debanding operation (DB) and were subsequently followed for 3 or 14 days. Sham-operated mice served as controls. Western blotting revealed a 2.5-fold increase in the protein levels of glycosylated decorin in mice with left ventricular pressure overload after aortic banding (AB) with a gradual decrease after DB. Interestingly, protein levels of three key enzymes responsible for decorin GAG chain synthesis were also increased after AB, two of them gradually declining after DB. The inflammatory chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16) was increased after AB but was not significantly altered following DB. In cardiac fibroblasts CXCL16 increased the expression of the GAG-synthesizing enzyme chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF). The protein levels of lumican core protein with N-linked oligosaccharides increased by sevenfold after AB and decreased again 14 days after DB. Lumican with keratan sulfate chains was not regulated. In conclusion, this study shows alterations in glycosylated decorin and lumican core protein that might be implicated in myocardial remodeling and reverse remodeling, with a potential important role for CS/DS GAG chain-synthesizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin V. T. Engebretsen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Anne Waehre
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Johannes L. Bjørnstad
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Biljana Skrbic
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Dina Behmen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Henriette S. Marstein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Arne Yndestad
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo; and
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo; and
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Christensen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Theis Tønnessen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo
- KG Jebsen Cardiac Research Center and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
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