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Parija I, Yadav S, Jayaraman N. Con A lectin binding by synthetic bivalent arabinomannan tri- and pentasaccharides reveals connectivity-dependent functional valencies. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109050. [PMID: 38335804 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Lectin Con A, with specificity to interact with α-d-mannopyranoside, achieves tight binding affinity with the aid of optimal multivalent ligand valencies, distances and orientations between the ligands. A series of synthetic arabinomannans, possessing arabinan core and mannan at the non-reducing ends, is studied to assess the above constraints involved with lectin binding in this report. Trisaccharides, with (1 → 2)(1 → 3), (1 → 2)(1 → 5) and (1 → 3)(1 → 5) glycosidic bond connectivities, and a pentasaccharide with mannopyranosides at the non-reducing ends are synthesized. The binding affinities of the mannose bivalent ligands are studied with tetrameric Con A lectin by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Among the derivatives, trisaccharide with (1 → 2)(1 → 3) glycosidic bond connectivity and the pentasaccharide undergo lectin interaction, clearly fulfilling the bivalent structural and functional valencies. Remaining oligosaccharides exhibit only a functional monovalency, defying the bivalent structural valency. The trisaccharide fulfilling the structural and functional valencies represent the smallest bivalent ligand, undergoing the lectin interaction in a trans-mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Parija
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Shivender Yadav
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Ghosh A, Jayaraman N, Chatterji D. Small-Molecule Inhibition of Bacterial Biofilm. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:3108-3115. [PMID: 32118127 PMCID: PMC7045314 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a massive and serious threat to human welfare and healthcare. Apart from being genetically resistant to antibiotics, the other important mechanism by which bacteria can evade antibiotics is multidrug tolerance. Here cells enter into a transiently nongrowing phase, and as a result, latent infection remains inside the host, causing disease recurrence. Biofilm-derived antibiotic tolerance and persister formation of the pathogenic bacteria inside the host remain a serious issue of treatment failure and recurrent chronic infection in the case of all major pathogens. As a result, new chemotherapeutic agents are sought that specifically inhibit biofilm formation or maturation as well as cause the dispersion of mature biofilms, thus allowing the conventional drugs to kill sensitive cells residing inside. This mini-review attempts to analyze different small-molecule-based chemical approaches that have been used to enable bacterial biofilm inhibition at different steps of maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Ghosh
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit and Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Narayansaswamy Jayaraman
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit and Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipankar Chatterji
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit and Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Mahapa A, Samanta GC, Maiti K, Chatterji D, Jayaraman N. Mannopyranoside Glycolipids Inhibit Mycobacterial and Biofilm Growth and Potentiate Isoniazid Inhibition Activities in M. smegmatis. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1966-1976. [PMID: 30951240 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan are integral components of the mycobacterial cell wall. Earlier studies demonstrated that synthetic arabinan and arabinomannan glycolipids acted as inhibitors of mycobacterial growth, in addition to exhibiting inhibitory activities of mycobacterial biofilm. Herein, it is demonstrated that synthetic mannan glycolipids are better inhibitors of mycobacterial growth, whereas lipoarabinomannan has a higher inhibition efficiency to biofilm. Syntheses of mannan glycolipids with a graded number of mannan moieties and an arabinomannan glycolipid are conducted by chemical methods and subsequent mycobacterial growth and biofilm inhibition studies are conducted on Mycobacterium smegmatis. Growth inhibition of (73±3) % is observed with a mannose trisaccharide containing a glycolipid, whereas this glycolipid did not promote biofilm inhibition activity better than that of arabinomannan glycolipid. The antibiotic supplementation activities of glycolipids on growth and biofilm inhibitions are evaluated. Increases in growth and biofilm inhibitions are observed if the antibiotic is supplemented with glycolipids, which leads to a significant reduction of inhibition concentrations of the antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisek Mahapa
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Gopal Ch Samanta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Krishnagopal Maiti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Dipankar Chatterji
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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Liu K, Wang L, Guo Z. An extensive review of studies on mycobacterium cell wall polysaccharide-related oligosaccharides – part III: synthetic studies and biological applications of arabinofuranosyl oligosaccharides and their analogs, derivatives and conjugates. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1630841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji′nan, Shandong, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji′nan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Maiti K, Syal K, Chatterji D, Jayaraman N. Synthetic Arabinomannan Heptasaccharide Glycolipids Inhibit Biofilm Growth and Augment Isoniazid Effects in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1959-1970. [PMID: 28771901 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation, involving attachment to an adherent surface, is a critical survival strategy of mycobacterial colonies in hostile environmental conditions. Here we report the synthesis of heptasaccharide glycolipids based on mannopyranoside units anchored on to a branched arabinofuranoside core. Two types of glycolipids-2,3-branched and 2,5-branched-were synthesized and evaluated for their efficacies in inhibiting biofilm growth by the non-pathogenic mycobacterium variant Mycobacterium smegmatis. Biofilm formation was inhibited at a minimum biofilm growth inhibition concentration (MBIC) of 100 μg mL-1 in the case of the 2,5-branched heptasaccharide glycolipid. Further, we were able to ascertain that a combination of the drug isoniazid with the branched heptasaccharide glycolipid (50 μg mL-1 ) potentiates the drug, making it three times more effective, with an improved MBIC of 30 μg mL-1 . These studies establish that synthetic glycolipids not only act as inhibitors of biofilm growth, but also provide a synergistic effect when combined with significantly lowered concentrations of isoniazid to disrupt the biofilm structures of the mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnagopal Maiti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Kirtimaan Syal
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Dipankar Chatterji
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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Synthetic (p)ppGpp Analogue Is an Inhibitor of Stringent Response in Mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00443-17. [PMID: 28396544 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00443-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria elicit an adaptive response against hostile conditions such as starvation and other kinds of stresses. Their ability to survive such conditions depends, in part, on stringent response pathways. (p)ppGpp, considered to be the master regulator of the stringent response, is a novel target for inhibiting the survival of bacteria. In mycobacteria, the (p)ppGpp synthetase activity of bifunctional Rel is critical for stress response and persistence inside a host. Our aim was to design an inhibitor of (p)ppGpp synthesis, monitor its efficiency using enzyme kinetics, and assess its phenotypic effects in mycobacteria. As such, new sets of inhibitors targeting (p)ppGpp synthesis were synthesized and characterized by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We observed significant inhibition of (p)ppGpp synthesis by RelMsm in the presence of designed inhibitors in a dose-dependent manner, which we further confirmed by monitoring the enzyme kinetics. The Rel enzyme inhibitor binding kinetics were investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry. Subsequently, the effects of the compounds on long-term persistence, biofilm formation, and biofilm disruption were assayed in Mycobacterium smegmatis, where inhibition in each case was observed. In vivo, (p)ppGpp levels were found to be downregulated in M. smegmatis treated with the synthetic inhibitors. The compounds reported here also inhibited biofilm formation by the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis The compounds were tested for toxicity by using an MTT assay with H460 cells and a hemolysis assay with human red blood cells, for which they were found to be nontoxic. The permeability of compounds across the cell membrane of human lung epithelial cells was also confirmed by mass spectrometry.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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Syal K, Bhardwaj N, Chatterji D. Vitamin C targets (p)ppGpp synthesis leading to stalling of long-term survival and biofilm formation in Mycobacterium smegmatis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 364:fnw282. [PMID: 27986825 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier, vitamin C was demonstrated to sterilize Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture via Fenton's reaction at high concentration. It alters the regulatory pathways associated with stress response and dormancy. Since (p)ppGpp is considered to be the master regulator of stress response and is responsible for bacterial survival under stress, we tested the effect of vitamin C on the formation of (p)ppGpp. In vivo estimation of (p)ppGpp showed a decrease in (p)ppGpp levels in vitamin C-treated M. smegmatis cells in comparison to the untreated cells. Furthermore, in vitro (p)ppGpp synthesis using RelMSM enzyme was conducted in order to confirm the specificity of the inhibition in the presence of variable concentrations of vitamin C. We observed that vitamin C at high concentration can inhibit the synthesis of (p)ppGpp. We illustrated binding of vitamin C to RelMSM by isothermal titration calorimetry. Enzyme kinetics was followed where K0.5 was found to be increased with the concomitant reduction of Vmax value suggesting mixed inhibition. Both long-term survival and biofilm formation were inhibited by vitamin C. The experiments suggest that vitamin C has the potential to be developed as the inhibitor of (p)ppGpp synthesis and stress response, at least in the concentration range used here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtimaan Syal
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Neerupma Bhardwaj
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dipankar Chatterji
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Syal K, Maiti K, Naresh K, Avaji PG, Chatterji D, Jayaraman N. Synthetic arabinomannan glycolipids impede mycobacterial growth, sliding motility and biofilm structure. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:763-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sahloul K, Lowary TL. Development of an Orthogonal Protection Strategy for the Synthesis of Mycobacterial Arabinomannan Fragments. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11417-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamar Sahloul
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre
and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre
and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
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Synthetic glycolipids and (p)ppGpp analogs: development of inhibitors for mycobacterial growth, biofilm and stringent response. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 842:309-27. [PMID: 25408352 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11280-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Naresh K, Avaji PG, Maiti K, Bharati BK, Syal K, Chatterji D, Jayaraman N. Synthesis of β-arabinofuranoside glycolipids, studies of their binding to surfactant protein-A and effect on sliding motilities of M. smegmatis. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:107-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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