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Paschinger K, Wöls F, Yan S, Jin C, Vanbeselaere J, Dutkiewicz Z, Arcalis E, Malzl D, Wilson IBH. N-glycan antennal modifications are altered in Caenorhabditis elegans lacking the HEX-4 N-acetylgalactosamine-specific hexosaminidase. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103053. [PMID: 36813232 PMCID: PMC10060765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple organisms are often considered to have simple glycomes, but plentiful paucimannosidic and oligomannosidic glycans overshadow the less abundant N-glycans with highly variable core and antennal modifications; Caenorhabditis elegans is no exception. By use of optimized fractionation and assessing wildtype in comparison to mutant strains lacking either the HEX-4 or HEX-5 β-N-acetylgalactosaminidases, we conclude that the model nematode has a total N-glycomic potential of 300 verified isomers. Three pools of glycans were analyzed for each strain: either PNGase F released and eluted from a reversed-phase C18 resin with either water or 15% methanol or PNGase Ar released. While the water-eluted fractions were dominated by typical paucimannosidic and oligomannosidic glycans and the PNGase Ar-released pools by glycans with various core modifications, the methanol-eluted fractions contained a huge range of phosphorylcholine-modified structures with up to three antennae, sometimes with four N-acetylhexosamine residues in series. There were no major differences between the C. elegans wildtype and hex-5 mutant strains, but the hex-4 mutant strains displayed altered sets of methanol-eluted and PNGase Ar-released pools. In keeping with the specificity of HEX-4, there were more glycans capped with N-acetylgalactosamine in the hex-4 mutants, as compared with isomeric chito-oligomer motifs in the wildtype. Considering that fluorescence microscopy showed that a HEX-4::enhanced GFP fusion protein colocalizes with a Golgi tracker, we conclude that HEX-4 plays a significant role in late-stage Golgi processing of N-glycans in C. elegans. Furthermore, finding more "parasite-like" structures in the model worm may facilitate discovery of glycan-processing enzymes occurring in other nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Wöls
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria; Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Elsa Arcalis
- Department für angewandte Genetik und Zellbiologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Daniel Malzl
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria.
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2
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Wilson IBH, Yan S, Jin C, Dutkiewicz Z, Rendić D, Palmberger D, Schnabel R, Paschinger K. Increasing Complexity of the N-Glycome During Caenorhabditis Development. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100505. [PMID: 36717059 PMCID: PMC7614267 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a frequently employed genetic model organism and has been the object of a wide range of developmental, genetic, proteomic, and glycomic studies. Here, using an off-line MALDI-TOF-MS approach, we have analyzed the N-glycans of mixed embryos and liquid- or plate-grown L4 larvae. Of the over 200 different annotatable N-glycan structures, variations between the stages as well as the mode of cultivation were observed. While the embryonal N-glycome appears less complicated overall, the liquid- and plate-grown larvae differ especially in terms of methylation of bisecting fucose, α-galactosylation of mannose, and di-β-galactosylation of core α1,6-fucose. Furthermore, we analyzed the O-glycans by LC-electrospray ionization-MS following β-elimination; especially the embryonal O-glycomes included a set of phosphorylcholine-modified structures, previously not shown to exist in nematodes. However, the set of glycan structures cannot be clearly correlated with levels of glycosyltransferase transcripts in developmental RNA-Seq datasets, but there is an indication for coordinated expression of clusters of potential glycosylation-relevant genes. Thus, there are still questions to be answered in terms of how and why a simple nematode synthesizes such a diverse glycome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria.
| | - Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria; Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Dubravko Rendić
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Ralf Schnabel
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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3
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Toustou C, Walet-Balieu ML, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Houdou M, Lerouge P, Foulquier F, Bardor M. Towards understanding the extensive diversity of protein N-glycan structures in eukaryotes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:732-748. [PMID: 34873817 PMCID: PMC9300197 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N‐glycosylation is an important post‐translational modification of proteins that has been highly conserved during evolution and is found in Eukaryota, Bacteria and Archaea. In eukaryotes, N‐glycan processing is sequential, involving multiple specific steps within the secretory pathway as proteins travel through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. In this review, we first summarize the different steps of the N‐glycan processing and further describe recent findings regarding the diversity of N‐glycan structures in eukaryotic clades. This comparison allows us to explore the different regulation mechanisms of N‐glycan processing among eukaryotic clades. Recent findings regarding the regulation of protein N‐glycosylation are highlighted, especially the regulation of the biosynthesis of complex‐type N‐glycans through manganese and calcium homeostasis and the specific role of transmembrane protein 165 (TMEM165) for which homologous sequences have been identified in several eukaryotic clades. Further research will be required to characterize the function of TMEM165 homologous sequences in different eukaryotic clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Toustou
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marie-Laure Walet-Balieu
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marie-Christine Kiefer-Meyer
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marine Houdou
- Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France.,Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 802, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - François Foulquier
- Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France.,Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France
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4
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The Close Relationship between the Golgi Trafficking Machinery and Protein Glycosylation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122652. [PMID: 33321764 PMCID: PMC7764369 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most common post-translational modification of proteins; it mediates their correct folding and stability, as well as their transport through the secretory transport. Changes in N- and O-linked glycans have been associated with multiple pathological conditions including congenital disorders of glycosylation, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Glycoprotein glycosylation at the Golgi involves the coordinated action of hundreds of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases, which are maintained at the correct location through retrograde vesicle trafficking between Golgi cisternae. In this review, we describe the molecular machinery involved in vesicle trafficking and tethering at the Golgi apparatus and the effects of mutations in the context of glycan biosynthesis and human diseases.
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5
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Modeling Glycan Processing Reveals Golgi-Enzyme Homeostasis upon Trafficking Defects and Cellular Differentiation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1231-1243.e6. [PMID: 31018136 PMCID: PMC6486481 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The decoration of proteins by carbohydrates is essential for eukaryotic life yet heterogeneous due to a lack of biosynthetic templates. This complex carbohydrate mixture—the glycan profile—is generated in the compartmentalized Golgi, in which level and localization of glycosylation enzymes are key determinants. Here, we develop and validate a computational model for glycan biosynthesis to probe how the biosynthetic machinery creates different glycan profiles. We combined stochastic modeling with Bayesian fitting that enables rigorous comparison to experimental data despite starting with uncertain initial parameters. This is an important development in the field of glycan modeling, which revealed biological insights about the glycosylation machinery in altered cellular states. We experimentally validated changes in N-linked glycan-modifying enzymes in cells with perturbed intra-Golgi-enzyme sorting and the predicted glycan-branching activity during osteogenesis. Our model can provide detailed information on altered biosynthetic paths, with potential for advancing treatments for glycosylation-related diseases and glyco-engineering of cells. Developed a stochastic model of N-glycosylation coupled with Bayesian fitting Validated predicted changes of Golgi organization in trafficking mutants Model pinpointed functionally relevant glycan alterations in osteogenesis
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Blackburn JB, D'Souza Z, Lupashin VV. Maintaining order: COG complex controls Golgi trafficking, processing, and sorting. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2466-2487. [PMID: 31381138 PMCID: PMC6771879 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, a multisubunit tethering complex of the CATCHR (complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods) family, controls membrane trafficking and ensures Golgi homeostasis by orchestrating retrograde vesicle targeting within the Golgi. In humans, COG defects lead to severe multisystemic diseases known as COG-congenital disorders of glycosylation (COG-CDG). The COG complex both physically and functionally interacts with all classes of molecules maintaining intra-Golgi trafficking, namely SNAREs, SNARE-interacting proteins, Rabs, coiled-coil tethers, and vesicular coats. Here, we review our current knowledge of COG-related trafficking and glycosylation defects in humans and model organisms, and analyze possible scenarios for the molecular mechanism of the COG orchestrated vesicle targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B. Blackburn
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
- Present address:
Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Zinia D'Souza
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
| | - Vladimir V. Lupashin
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
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7
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Paschinger K, Yan S, Wilson IBH. N-glycomic Complexity in Anatomical Simplicity: Caenorhabditis elegans as a Non-model Nematode? Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:9. [PMID: 30915340 PMCID: PMC6422873 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a genetically well-studied model nematode or "worm"; however, its N-glycomic complexity is actually baffling and still not completely unraveled. Some features of its N-glycans are, to date, unique and include bisecting galactose and up to five fucose residues associated with the asparagine-linked Man2-3GlcNAc2 core; the substitutions include galactosylation of fucose, fucosylation of galactose and methylation of mannose or fucose residues as well as phosphorylcholine on antennal (non-reducing) N-acetylglucosamine. Only some of these modifications are shared with various other nematodes, while others have yet to be detected in any other species. Thus, C. elegans can be used as a model for some aspects of N-glycan function, but its glycome is far from identical to those of other organisms and is actually far from simple. Possibly the challenges of its native environment, which differ from those of parasitic or necromenic species, led to an anatomically simple worm possessing a complex glycome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shi Yan
- Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Wien, Austria
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8
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Frappaolo A, Sechi S, Kumagai T, Karimpour-Ghahnavieh A, Tiemeyer M, Giansanti MG. Modeling Congenital Disorders of N-Linked Glycoprotein Glycosylation in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Genet 2018; 9:436. [PMID: 30333856 PMCID: PMC6176275 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, the enzymatic addition of N-linked or O-linked glycans to proteins, serves crucial functions in animal cells and requires the action of glycosyltransferases, glycosidases and nucleotide-sugar transporters, localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDGs) comprise a family of multisystemic diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in glycosylation pathways. CDGs are classified into two large groups. Type I CDGs affect the synthesis of the dolichol-linked Glc3Man9GlcNac2 precursor of N-linked glycosylation or its transfer to acceptor proteins. Type II CDG (CDG-II) diseases impair either the trimming of the N-linked oligosaccharide, the addition of terminal glycans or the biosynthesis of O-linked oligosaccharides, which occur in the Golgi apparatus. So far, over 100 distinct forms of CDGs are known, with the majority of them characterized by neurological defects including mental retardation, seizures and hypotonia. Yet, it is unclear how defective glycosylation causes the pathology of CDGs. This issue can be only addressed by developing animal models of specific CDGs. Drosophila melanogaster is emerging as a highly suitable organism for analyzing glycan-dependent functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and the involvement of N-glycosylation in neuropathologies. In this review we illustrate recent work that highlights the genetic and neurobiologic advantages offered by D. melanogaster for dissecting glycosylation pathways and modeling CDG pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Frappaolo
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Sechi
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Tadahiro Kumagai
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Angela Karimpour-Ghahnavieh
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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9
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Reichenbach T, Kalyani D, Gandini R, Svartström O, Aspeborg H, Divne C. Structural and biochemical characterization of the Cutibacterium acnes exo-β-1,4-mannosidase that targets the N-glycan core of host glycoproteins. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204703. [PMID: 30261037 PMCID: PMC6160142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal and pathogenic bacteria have evolved efficient enzymatic pathways to feed on host carbohydrates, including protein-linked glycans. Most proteins of the human innate and adaptive immune system are glycoproteins where the glycan is critical for structural and functional integrity. Besides enabling nutrition, the degradation of host N-glycans serves as a means for bacteria to modulate the host's immune system by for instance removing N-glycans on immunoglobulin G. The commensal bacterium Cutibacterium acnes is a gram-positive natural bacterial species of the human skin microbiota. Under certain circumstances, C. acnes can cause pathogenic conditions, acne vulgaris, which typically affects 80% of adolescents, and can become critical for immunosuppressed transplant patients. Others have shown that C. acnes can degrade certain host O-glycans, however, no degradation pathway for host N-glycans has been proposed. To investigate this, we scanned the C. acnes genome and were able to identify a set of gene candidates consistent with a cytoplasmic N-glycan-degradation pathway of the canonical eukaryotic N-glycan core. We also found additional gene sequences containing secretion signals that are possible candidates for initial trimming on the extracellular side. Furthermore, one of the identified gene products of the cytoplasmic pathway, AEE72695, was produced and characterized, and found to be a functional, dimeric exo-β-1,4-mannosidase with activity on the β-1,4 glycosidic bond between the second N-acetylglucosamine and the first mannose residue in the canonical eukaryotic N-glycan core. These findings corroborate our model of the cytoplasmic part of a C. acnes N-glycan degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Reichenbach
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dayanand Kalyani
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosaria Gandini
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olov Svartström
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Aspeborg
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Divne
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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10
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Wilson KM, Jagger AM, Walker M, Seinkmane E, Fox JM, Kröger R, Genever P, Ungar D. Glycans modify mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to impact on the function of resulting osteoblasts. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.209452. [PMID: 29361539 PMCID: PMC5868951 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are inherently heterogeneous, yet glycosylation is essential in eukaryotes, and glycans show characteristic cell type-dependent distributions. By using an immortalized human mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) line model, we show that both N- and O-glycan processing in the Golgi functionally modulates early steps of osteogenic differentiation. We found that inhibiting O-glycan processing in the Golgi prior to the start of osteogenesis inhibited the mineralization capacity of the formed osteoblasts 3 weeks later. In contrast, inhibition of N-glycan processing in MSCs altered differentiation to enhance the mineralization capacity of the osteoblasts. The effect of N-glycans on MSC differentiation was mediated by the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway owing to reduced Akt phosphorylation. Interestingly, by inhibiting PI3K during the first 2 days of osteogenesis, we were able to phenocopy the effect of inhibiting N-glycan processing. Thus, glycan processing provides another layer of regulation that can modulate the functional outcome of differentiation. Glycan processing can thereby offer a novel set of targets for many therapeutically attractive processes. Summary: Both N- and O-glycan processing modulate MSC differentiation early during osteogenesis to influence mineral formation. Inhibition of N-glycan processing increases mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew Walker
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - James M Fox
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Roland Kröger
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Paul Genever
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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11
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Yan S, Vanbeselaere J, Jin C, Blaukopf M, Wöls F, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Core Richness of N-Glycans of Caenorhabditis elegans: A Case Study on Chemical and Enzymatic Release. Anal Chem 2017; 90:928-935. [PMID: 29182268 PMCID: PMC5757221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite years of research, the glycome of the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is still not fully understood. Certainly, data over the years have indicated that this organism synthesizes unusual N-glycans with a range of galactose and fucose modifications on the Man2-3GlcNAc2 core region. Previously, up to four fucose residues were detected on its N-glycans, despite these lacking the fucosylated antennae typical of many other eukaryotes; some of these fucose residues are capped with hexose residues as shown by the studies of us and others. There have, though, been contrasting reports regarding the maximal number of fucose substitutions in C. elegans, which in part may be due to different methodological approaches, including use of either peptide:N-glycosidases F and A (PNGase F and A) or anhydrous hydrazine to cleave the N-glycans from glycopeptides. Here we compare the use of hydrazine with that of a new enzyme (rice PNGase Ar) and show that both enable release of glycans with more sugar residues on the proximal GlcNAc than previously resolved. By use of exoglycosidase sequencing, in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS/MS), we now reveal that actually up to five fucose residues modify the core region of C. elegans N-glycans and that the α1,3-fucose on the reducing terminus can be substituted by an α-linked galactose. Thus, traditional PNGase F and A release may be insufficient for release of the more highly core-modified N-glycans, especially those occurring in C. elegans, but novel enzymes can compete against chemical methods in terms of safety, ease of cleanup, and quality of resulting glycomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur , 1190 Wien, Austria
| | | | - Chunsheng Jin
- Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs Universitet , 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur , 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Florian Wöls
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur , 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur , 1190 Wien, Austria
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12
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Frappaolo A, Sechi S, Kumagai T, Robinson S, Fraschini R, Karimpour-Ghahnavieh A, Belloni G, Piergentili R, Tiemeyer KH, Tiemeyer M, Giansanti MG. COG7 deficiency in Drosophila generates multifaceted developmental, behavioral and protein glycosylation phenotypes. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3637-3649. [PMID: 28883096 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) comprise a family of human multisystemic diseases caused by recessive mutations in genes required for protein N-glycosylation. More than 100 distinct forms of CDGs have been identified and most of them cause severe neurological impairment. The Conserved Oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex mediates tethering of vesicles carrying glycosylation enzymes across the Golgi cisternae. Mutations affecting human COG1, COG2 and COG4-COG8 cause monogenic forms of inherited, autosomal recessive CDGs. We have generated a Drosophila COG7-CDG model that closely parallels the pathological characteristics of COG7-CDG patients, including pronounced neuromotor defects associated with altered N-glycome profiles. Consistent with these alterations, larval neuromuscular junctions of Cog7 mutants exhibit a significant reduction in bouton numbers. We demonstrate that the COG complex cooperates with Rab1 and Golgi phosphoprotein 3 to regulate Golgi trafficking and that overexpression of Rab1 can rescue the cytokinesis and locomotor defects associated with loss of Cog7. Our results suggest that the Drosophila COG7-CDG model can be used to test novel potential therapeutic strategies by modulating trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Frappaolo
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Sechi
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Tadahiro Kumagai
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Roberta Fraschini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli studi di Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Angela Karimpour-Ghahnavieh
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Belloni
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Piergentili
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Katherine H Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, B122 Life Sciences Building, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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13
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Haijes HA, Jaeken J, Foulquier F, van Hasselt PM. Hypothesis: lobe A (COG1–4)-CDG causes a more severe phenotype than lobe B (COG5–8)-CDG. J Med Genet 2017; 55:137-142. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex consists of eight subunits organized in two lobes: lobe A (COG1–4) and lobe B (COG5–8). The different functional roles of COG lobe A and lobe B might result in distinct clinical phenotypes in patients with COG-CDG (congenital disorders of glycosylation). This hypothesis is supported by three observations. First, knock-down of COG lobe A components affects Golgi morphology more severely than knock-down of COG lobe B components. Second, nearly all of the 27 patients with lobe B COG-CDG had bi-allelic truncating mutations, as compared with only one of the six patients with lobe A COG-CDG. This represents a frequency gap which suggests that bi-allelic truncating mutations in COG lobe A genes might be non-viable. Third, in support, large-scale exome data of healthy adults (Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC)) underline that COG lobe A genes are less tolerant to genetic variation than COG lobe B genes. Thus, comparable molecular defects are more detrimental in lobe A COG-CDG than in lobe B COG-CDG. In a larger perspective, clinical phenotypic severity corresponded nicely with tolerance to genetic variation. Therefore, genomic epidemiology can potentially be used as a photographic negative for mutational severity.
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14
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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15
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Bailey Blackburn J, Pokrovskaya I, Fisher P, Ungar D, Lupashin VV. COG Complex Complexities: Detailed Characterization of a Complete Set of HEK293T Cells Lacking Individual COG Subunits. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:23. [PMID: 27066481 PMCID: PMC4813393 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Conserved Oligomeric Golgi complex is an evolutionarily conserved multisubunit tethering complex (MTC) that is crucial for intracellular membrane trafficking and Golgi homeostasis. The COG complex interacts with core vesicle docking and fusion machinery at the Golgi; however, its exact mechanism of action is still an enigma. Previous studies of COG complex were limited to the use of CDGII (Congenital disorders of glycosylation type II)-COG patient fibroblasts, siRNA mediated knockdowns, or protein relocalization approaches. In this study we have used the CRISPR approach to generate HEK293T knock-out (KO) cell lines missing individual COG subunits. These cell lines were characterized for glycosylation and trafficking defects, cell proliferation rates, stability of COG subunits, localization of Golgi markers, changes in Golgi structure, and N-glycan profiling. We found that all KO cell lines were uniformly deficient in cis/medial-Golgi glycosylation and each had nearly abolished binding of Cholera toxin. In addition, all cell lines showed defects in Golgi morphology, retrograde trafficking and sorting, sialylation and fucosylation, but severities varied according to the affected subunit. Lobe A and Cog6 subunit KOs displayed a more severely distorted Golgi structure, while Cog2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 knock outs had the most hypo glycosylated form of Lamp2. These results led us to conclude that every subunit is essential for COG complex function in Golgi trafficking, though to varying extents. We believe that this study and further analyses of these cells will help further elucidate the roles of individual COG subunits and bring a greater understanding to the class of MTCs as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bailey Blackburn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Irina Pokrovskaya
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Peter Fisher
- Department of Biology, University of York York, UK
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York York, UK
| | - Vladimir V Lupashin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, AR, USA
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16
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Fisher P, Ungar D. Bridging the Gap between Glycosylation and Vesicle Traffic. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:15. [PMID: 27014691 PMCID: PMC4781848 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is recognized as a vitally important posttranslational modification. The structure of glycans that decorate proteins and lipids is largely dictated by biosynthetic reactions occurring in the Golgi apparatus. This biosynthesis relies on the relative distribution of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases, which is maintained by retrograde vesicle traffic between Golgi cisternae. Tethering of vesicles at the Golgi apparatus prior to fusion is regulated by Rab GTPases, coiled-coil tethers termed golgins and the multisubunit tethering complex known as the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. In this review we discuss the mechanisms involved in vesicle tethering at the Golgi apparatus and highlight the importance of tethering in the context of glycan biosynthesis and a set of diseases known as congenital disorders of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fisher
- Department of Biology, University of York York, UK
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York York, UK
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17
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Yan S, Jin C, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Comparisons of Caenorhabditis Fucosyltransferase Mutants Reveal a Multiplicity of Isomeric N-Glycan Structures. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5291-305. [PMID: 26538210 PMCID: PMC4673604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown a remarkable degree of plasticity in the N-glycome of the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans; ablation of glycosylation-relevant genes can result in radically altered N-glycan profiles despite only minor biological phenotypic effects. Up to four fucose residues and five different linkages of fucose are known on the N-glycans of C. elegans. Due to the complexity in the wild type, we established three mutant strains defective in two core fucosyltransferases each (fut-1;fut-6, fut-1;fut-8, and fut-6;fut-8). Enzymatically released N-glycans were subject to HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS/MS, in combination with various treatments, to verify structural details. The N-glycome of the fut-1;fut-6 mutant was the most complex of the three double-mutant strains due to the extension of the core α1,6-fucose as well as the presence of fucose on the bisecting galactose. In contrast, maximally two fucoses were found on N-glycans of the fut-1;fut-8 and fut-6;fut-8 strains. The different locations and capping of fucose meant that up to 13 isomeric structures, many highly galactosylated, were determined for some single masses. These data not only show the high variability of the N-glycomic capacity of a "simple" nematode but also exemplify the need for multiple approaches to reveal individual glycan structures within complex invertebrate glycomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur , 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs Universitet , 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur , 1190 Wien, Austria
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18
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Himmelreich N, Kaufmann LT, Steinbeisser H, Körner C, Thiel C. Lack of phosphomannomutase 2 affects Xenopus laevis morphogenesis and the non-canonical Wnt5a/Ror2 signalling. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:1137-46. [PMID: 26141167 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Reduced phosphomannomutase 2 activity in man leads to hypoglycosylation of glycoconjugates causing PMM2-CDG, the most common type of congenital disorders of glycosylation. Here we show that an antisense morpholino-mediated knockdown of the Xenopus laevis phosphomannomutase 2 gene provoked a general underglycosylation in frog embryos, which led to an altered phenotype and reduced glycosylation of Wnt5a as member of the non-canonical Wnt signalling. Loss of function experiments in hemi-sectioned embryos proved that due to the phosphomannomutase 2 knockdown expression of the Wnt5a/Ror2 target gene paraxial protocadherin was significantly decreased. Regarding the expression of paraxial protocadherin, a gain of function could only be achieved by injections of wnt5a and ror2 in dorsal neighbouring blastomeres, while a parallel injection of phosphomannomutase 2 morpholino led to a significant reduced level of expression. Our data show for the first time that a knockdown of phosphomannomutase 2 influences in vivo the non-canonical Wnt signalling during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastassja Himmelreich
- Center for Child- and Adolescent Medicine and Center for Metabolic Diseases Heidelberg, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lilian T Kaufmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Division of Developmental Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Steinbeisser
- Institute of Human Genetics, Division of Developmental Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Körner
- Center for Child- and Adolescent Medicine and Center for Metabolic Diseases Heidelberg, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Thiel
- Center for Child- and Adolescent Medicine and Center for Metabolic Diseases Heidelberg, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Yan S, Brecker L, Jin C, Titz A, Dragosits M, Karlsson NG, Jantsch V, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Bisecting Galactose as a Feature of N-Glycans of Wild-type and Mutant Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2111-25. [PMID: 26002521 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.049817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-glycosylation of the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has proven to be highly variable and rather complex; it is an example to contradict the existing impression that "simple" organisms possess also a rather simple glycomic capacity. In previous studies in a number of laboratories, N-glycans with up to four fucose residues have been detected. However, although the linkage of three fucose residues to the N,N'-diacetylchitobiosyl core has been proven by structural and enzymatic analyses, the nature of the fourth fucose has remained uncertain. By constructing a triple mutant with deletions in the three genes responsible for core fucosylation (fut-1, fut-6 and fut-8), we have produced a nematode strain lacking products of these enzymes, but still retaining maximally one fucose residue on its N-glycans. Using mass spectrometry and HPLC in conjunction with chemical and enzymatic treatments as well as NMR, we examined a set of α-mannosidase-resistant N-glycans. Within this glycomic subpool, we can reveal that the core β-mannose can be trisubstituted and so carries not only the ubiquitous α1,3- and α1,6-mannose residues, but also a "bisecting" β-galactose, which is substoichiometrically modified with fucose or methylfucose. In addition, the α1,3-mannose can also be α-galactosylated. Our data, showing the presence of novel N-glycan modifications, will enable more targeted studies to understand the biological functions and interactions of nematode glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Lothar Brecker
- §Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- ¶Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Titz
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Martin Dragosits
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- ¶Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Verena Jantsch
- ‖Department für Chromosomenbiologie, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Universität Wien, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria;
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
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20
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Gremillion SK, Harris SD, Jackson-Hayes L, Kaminskyj SGW, Loprete DM, Gauthier AC, Mercer S, Ravita AJ, Hill TW. Mutations in proteins of the Conserved Oligomeric Golgi Complex affect polarity, cell wall structure, and glycosylation in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 73:69-82. [PMID: 25312861 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have described two Aspergillus nidulans gene mutations, designated podB1 (polarity defective) and swoP1 (swollen cell), which cause temperature-sensitive defects during polarization. Mutant strains also displayed unevenness and abnormal thickness of cell walls. Un-polarized or poorly-polarized mutant cells were capable of establishing normal polarity after a shift to a permissive temperature, and mutant hyphae shifted from permissive to restrictive temperature show wall and polarity abnormalities in subsequent growth. The mutated genes (podB=AN8226.3; swoP=AN7462.3) were identified as homologues of COG2 and COG4, respectively, each predicted to encode a subunit of the multi-protein COG (Conserved Oligomeric Golgi) Complex involved in retrograde vesicle trafficking in the Golgi apparatus. Down-regulation of COG2 or COG4 resulted in abnormal polarization and cell wall staining. The GFP-tagged COG2 and COG4 homologues displayed punctate, Golgi-like localization. Lectin-blotting indicated that protein glycosylation was altered in the mutant strains compared to the wild type. A multicopy expression experiment showed evidence for functional interactions between the homologues COG2 and COG4 as well as between COG2 and COG3. To date, this work is the first regarding a functional role of the COG proteins in the development of a filamentous fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Gremillion
- Department of Biology, Armstrong State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, GA 31419, USA.
| | - S D Harris
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0660, USA
| | - L Jackson-Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - S G W Kaminskyj
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - D M Loprete
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - A C Gauthier
- Department of Biology, Armstrong State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - S Mercer
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - A J Ravita
- Department of Biology, Armstrong State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - T W Hill
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
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21
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Willett R, Ungar D, Lupashin V. The Golgi puppet master: COG complex at center stage of membrane trafficking interactions. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:271-83. [PMID: 23839779 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The central organelle within the secretory pathway is the Golgi apparatus, a collection of flattened membranes organized into stacks. The cisternal maturation model of intra-Golgi transport depicts Golgi cisternae that mature from cis to medial to trans by receiving resident proteins, such as glycosylation enzymes via retrograde vesicle-mediated recycling. The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, a multi-subunit tethering complex of the complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods family, organizes vesicle targeting during intra-Golgi retrograde transport. The COG complex, both physically and functionally, interacts with all classes of molecules maintaining intra-Golgi trafficking, namely SNAREs, SNARE-interacting proteins, Rabs, coiled-coil tethers, vesicular coats, and molecular motors. In this report, we will review the current state of the COG interactome and analyze possible scenarios for the molecular mechanism of the COG orchestrated vesicle targeting, which plays a central role in maintaining glycosylation homeostasis in all eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Willett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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22
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Yan 闫石 S, Serna S, Reichardt NC, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Array-assisted characterization of a fucosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of complex core modifications of nematode N-glycans. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21015-21028. [PMID: 23754284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.479147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucose is a common monosaccharide component of cell surfaces and is involved in many biological recognition events. Therefore, definition and exploitation of the specificity of the enzymes (fucosyltransferases) involved in fucosylation is a recurrent theme in modern glycosciences. Despite various studies, the specificities of many fucosyltransferases are still unknown, so new approaches are required to study these. The model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans expresses a wide range of fucosylated glycans, including N-linked oligosaccharides with unusual complex core modifications. Up to three fucose residues can be present on the standard N,N'-diacetylchitobiose unit of these N-glycans, but only the fucosyltransferases responsible for transfer of two of these (the core α1,3-fucosyltransferase FUT-1 and the core α1,6-fucosyltransferase FUT-8) were previously characterized. By use of a glycan library in both array and solution formats, we were able to reveal that FUT-6, another C. elegans α1,3-fucosyltransferase, modifies nematode glycan cores, specifically the distal N-acetylglucosamine residue; this result is in accordance with glycomic analysis of fut-6 mutant worms. This core-modifying activity of FUT-6 in vitro and in vivo is in addition to its previously determined ability to synthesize Lewis X epitopes in vitro. A larger scale synthesis of a nematode N-glycan core in vitro using all three fucosyltransferases was performed, and the nature of the glycosidic linkages was determined by NMR. FUT-6 is probably the first eukaryotic glycosyltransferase whose specificity has been redefined with the aid of glycan microarrays and so is a paradigm for the study of other unusual glycosidic linkages in model and parasitic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan 闫石
- From the Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria and
| | - Sonia Serna
- the Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CICbiomaGUNE, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Katharina Paschinger
- From the Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria and
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- From the Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria and.
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23
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Hanna M, Wang L, Audhya A. Worming our way in and out of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline and developing embryo. Traffic 2013; 14:471-8. [PMID: 23331906 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The germline and embryo of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have emerged as powerful model systems to study membrane dynamics in an intact, developing animal. In large part, this is due to the architecture of the reproductive system, which necessitates de novo membrane and organelle biogenesis within the stem cell niche to drive compartmentalization throughout the gonad syncytium. Additionally, membrane reorganization events during oocyte maturation and fertilization have been demonstrated to be highly stereotypic, facilitating the development of quantitative assays to measure the impact of perturbations on protein transport. This review will focus on regulatory mechanisms that govern protein trafficking, which have been elucidated using a combination of C. elegans genetics, biochemistry and high-resolution microscopy. Collectively, studies using the simple worm highlight an important niche that the organism holds to define new pathways that regulate vesicle transport, many of which appear to be absent in unicellular systems but remain highly conserved in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hanna
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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24
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Schiller B, Hykollari A, Yan S, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Complicated N-linked glycans in simple organisms. Biol Chem 2013; 393:661-73. [PMID: 22944671 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although countless genomes have now been sequenced, the glycomes of the vast majority of eukaryotes still present a series of unmapped frontiers. However, strides are being made in a few groups of invertebrate and unicellular organisms as regards their N-glycans and N-glycosylation pathways. Thereby, the traditional classification of glycan structures inevitably approaches its boundaries. Indeed, the glycomes of these organisms are rich in surprises, including a multitude of modifications of the core regions of N-glycans and unusual antennae. From the actually rather limited glycomic information we have, it is nevertheless obvious that the biotechnological, developmental and immunological relevance of these modifications, especially in insect cell lines, model organisms and parasites means that deciphering unusual glycomes is of more than just academic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Schiller
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria
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