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King-Lyons ND, Bhati AS, Hu JC, Mandell LM, Shenoy GN, Willison HJ, Connell TD. A Novel Cytotoxic Mechanism for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Induced by the Type II Heat-Labile Enterotoxin LT-IIc through Ganglioside Ligation. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:311. [PMID: 39057951 PMCID: PMC11281474 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which constitutes 10-20 percent of all breast cancers, is aggressive, has high metastatic potential, and carries a poor prognosis due to limited treatment options. LT-IIc, a member of the type II subfamily of ADP-ribosylating-heat-labile enterotoxins that bind to a distinctive set of cell-surface ganglioside receptors-is cytotoxic toward TNBC cell lines, but has no cytotoxic activity for non-transformed breast epithelial cells. Here, primary TNBC cells, isolated from resected human tumors, showed an enhanced cytotoxic response specifically toward LT-IIc, in contrast to other enterotoxins that were tested. MDA-MB-231 cells, a model for TNBC, were used to evaluate potential mechanisms of cytotoxicity by LT-IIc, which induced elevated intracellular cAMP and stimulated the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway. To dissect the role of ADP-ribosylation, cAMP induction, and ganglioside ligation in the cytotoxic response, MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed to wild-type LT-IIc, the recombinant B-pentamer of LT-IIc that lacks the ADP-ribosylating A polypeptide, or mutants of LT-IIc with an enzymatically inactivated A1-domain. These experiments revealed that the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of LT-IIc was nonessential for inducing the lethality of MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, a mutant LT-IIc with an altered ganglioside binding activity failed to trigger a cytotoxic response in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of ganglioside expression protected MDA-MB-231 cells from the cytotoxic effects of LT-IIc. These data establish that ganglioside ligation, but not the induction of cAMP production nor ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, is essential to initiating the LT-IIc-dependent cell death of MDA-MB-231 cells. These experiments unveiled previously unknown properties of LT-IIc and gangliosides in signal transduction, offering the potential for the targeted treatment of TNBC, an option that is desperately needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D. King-Lyons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (N.D.K.-L.); (A.S.B.); (L.M.M.); (G.N.S.)
| | - Aryana S. Bhati
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (N.D.K.-L.); (A.S.B.); (L.M.M.); (G.N.S.)
| | - John C. Hu
- The Witebsky Center for Microbiology and Immunology, The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, The Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Lorrie M. Mandell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (N.D.K.-L.); (A.S.B.); (L.M.M.); (G.N.S.)
| | - Gautam N. Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (N.D.K.-L.); (A.S.B.); (L.M.M.); (G.N.S.)
- The Witebsky Center for Microbiology and Immunology, The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Hugh J. Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK;
| | - Terry D. Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (N.D.K.-L.); (A.S.B.); (L.M.M.); (G.N.S.)
- The Witebsky Center for Microbiology and Immunology, The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and a Fresh View on Shiga Toxin-Binding Glycosphingolipids of Primary Human Kidney and Colon Epithelial Cells and Their Toxin Susceptibility. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136884. [PMID: 35805890 PMCID: PMC9266556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are the human pathogenic subset of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC are responsible for severe colon infections associated with life-threatening extraintestinal complications such as the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and neurological disturbances. Endothelial cells in various human organs are renowned targets of Stx, whereas the role of epithelial cells of colon and kidneys in the infection process has been and is still a matter of debate. This review shortly addresses the clinical impact of EHEC infections, novel aspects of vesicular package of Stx in the intestine and the blood stream as well as Stx-mediated extraintestinal complications and therapeutic options. Here follows a compilation of the Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs), globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) and their various lipoforms present in primary human kidney and colon epithelial cells and their distribution in lipid raft-analog membrane preparations. The last issues are the high and extremely low susceptibility of primary renal and colonic epithelial cells, respectively, suggesting a large resilience of the intestinal epithelium against the human-pathogenic Stx1a- and Stx2a-subtypes due to the low content of the high-affinity Stx-receptor Gb3Cer in colon epithelial cells. The review closes with a brief outlook on future challenges of Stx research.
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Detzner J, Püttmann C, Pohlentz G, Müthing J. Ingenious Action of Vibrio cholerae Neuraminidase Recruiting Additional GM1 Cholera Toxin Receptors for Primary Human Colon Epithelial Cells. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061255. [PMID: 35744773 PMCID: PMC9227022 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For five decades it has been known that the pentamer of B subunits (choleragenoid) of the cholera toxin (CT) of Vibrio cholerae binds with high preference to the ganglioside GM1 (II3Neu5Ac-Gg4Cer). However, the exact structures of CT-binding GM1 lipoforms of primary human colon epithelial cells (pHCoEpiCs) have not yet been described in detail. The same holds true for generating further GM1 receptor molecules from higher sialylated gangliosides with a GM1 core through the neuraminidase of V. cholerae. To avoid the artificial incorporation of exogenous gangliosides from animal serum harboring GM1 and higher sialylated ganglio-series gangliosides, pHCoEpiCs were cultured in serum-free medium. Thin-layer chromatography overlay binding assays using a choleragenoid combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed GM1 lipoforms with sphingosine (d18:1) as the sole sphingoid base linked to C14:0, C16:0, C18:0 or C20:0 fatty acyl chains forming the ceramide (Cer) moieties of the main choleragenoid-binding GM1 species. Desialylation of GD1a (IV3Neu5Ac,II3Neu5Ac-Gg4Cer) and GT1b (IV3Neu5Ac,II3(Neu5Ac)2-Gg4Cer) of pHCoEpiCs by V. cholerae neuraminidase was observed. GD1a-derived GM1 species with stable sphingosine (d18:1) and saturated fatty acyl chains varying in chain length from C16:0 up to C22:0 could be identified, indicating the ingenious interplay between CT and the neuraminidase of V. cholerae recruiting additional GM1 receptors of pHCoEpiCs.
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Zalem D, Juhás M, Terrinoni M, King-Lyons N, Lebens M, Varrot A, Connell TD, Teneberg S. Characterization of the ganglioside recognition profile of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin LT-IIc. Glycobiology 2022; 32:391-403. [PMID: 34972864 PMCID: PMC9022906 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat-labile enterotoxins of Escherichia coli and cholera toxin of Vibrio cholerae are related in structure and function. Each of these oligomeric toxins is comprised of one A polypeptide and five B polypeptides. The B-subunits bind to gangliosides, which are followed by uptake into the intoxicated cell and activation of the host's adenylate cyclase by the A-subunits. There are two antigenically distinct groups of these toxins. Group I includes cholera toxin and type I heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli; group II contains the type II heat-labile enterotoxins of E. coli. Three variants of type II toxins, designated LT-IIa, LT-IIb and LT-IIc have been described. Earlier studies revealed the crystalline structure of LT-IIb. Herein the carbohydrate binding specificity of LT-IIc B-subunits was investigated by glycosphingolipid binding studies on thin-layer chromatograms and in microtiter wells. Binding studies using a large variety of glycosphingolipids showed that LT-IIc binds with high affinity to gangliosides with a terminal Neu5Acα3Gal or Neu5Gcα3Gal, e.g. the gangliosides GM3, GD1a and Neu5Acα3-/Neu5Gcα3--neolactotetraosylceramide and Neu5Acα3-/Neu5Gcα3-neolactohexaosylceramide. The crystal structure of LT-IIc B-subunits alone and with bound LSTd/sialyl-lacto-N-neotetraose d pentasaccharide uncovered the molecular basis of the ganglioside recognition. These studies revealed common and unique functional structures of the type II family of heat-labile enterotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Zalem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Juhás
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Terrinoni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natalie King-Lyons
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Michael Lebens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Terry D Connell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Susann Teneberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ali AH, Wei W, Wang X. A review of milk gangliosides: Occurrence, biosynthesis, identification, and nutritional and functional significance. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmoneim H Ali
- Department of Food Science Faculty of Agriculture Zagazig University Zagazig 44511 Egypt
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Wei Wei
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
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Shenoy GN, Loyall J, Berenson CS, Kelleher RJ, Iyer V, Balu-Iyer SV, Odunsi K, Bankert RB. Sialic Acid-Dependent Inhibition of T Cells by Exosomal Ganglioside GD3 in Ovarian Tumor Microenvironments. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:3750-3758. [PMID: 30446565 PMCID: PMC6289713 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is rendered immunosuppressive by a variety of cellular and acellular factors that represent potential cancer therapeutic targets. Although exosomes isolated from ovarian tumor ascites fluids have been previously reported to induce a rapid and reversible T cell arrest, the factors present on or within exosomes that contribute to immunosuppression have not been fully defined. In this study, we establish that GD3, a ganglioside expressed on the surface of exosomes isolated from human ovarian tumor ascites fluids, is causally linked to the functional arrest of T cells activated through their TCR. This arrest is inhibited by Ab blockade of exosomal GD3 or by the removal of GD3+ exosomes. Empty liposomes expressing GD3 on the surface also inhibit the activation of T cells, establishing that GD3 contributes to the functional arrest of T cells independent of factors present in exosomes. Finally, we demonstrate that the GD3-mediated arrest of the TCR activation is dependent upon sialic acid groups, because their enzymatic removal from exosomes or liposomes results in a loss of inhibitory capacity. Collectively, these data define GD3 as a potential immunotherapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam N. Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jenni Loyall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Charles S. Berenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, Infectious Disease Division, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, and Department of Veteran Affairs, Western New York Health Care System, Buffalo, New York
| | - Raymond J. Kelleher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Vandana Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Sathy V. Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York
| | - Richard B. Bankert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Abstract
Gangliosides comprise a varied family of glycosphingolipid structures bearing one or more sialic acid residues. They are found in all mammalian tissues but are most abundant in the brain, where they represent the quantitatively major class of sialoglycans. As prominent molecular determinants on cell surfaces, they function as molecular-recognition partners for diverse glycan-binding proteins ranging from bacterial toxins to endogenous cell-cell adhesion molecules. Gangliosides also regulate the activity of plasma membrane proteins, including protein tyrosine kinases, by lateral association in the same membranes in which they reside. Their roles in molecular recognition and membrane protein regulation implicate gangliosides in human physiology and pathology, including infectious diseases, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegeneration. The varied structures and biosynthetic pathways of gangliosides are presented here, along with representative examples of their biological functions in health and disease.
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ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins as vaccine adjuvants. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:42-51. [PMID: 29702466 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Most infections are caused by pathogens that access the body at mucosal sites. Hence, development of mucosal vaccines to prevent local infection or invasion of pathogens appears highly warranted, especially since only mucosal immunization will stimulate strong local IgA responses and tissue resident memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. The most significant obstacle to developing such vaccines is the lack of approved adjuvants that can effectively and safely enhance relevant mucosal and systemic immune responses. The most potent mucosal adjuvants known today are the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylating bacterial enterotoxins cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxins (LTs). Unfortunately, these molecules are also very toxic, which precludes their clinical use. However, much effort has been devoted to developing derivatives of these enterotoxins with low or no toxicity and retained adjuvant activity. Although it is fair to say that we know more about how these toxins affect the immune system than ever before, we still lack a detailed understanding of how and why these toxins are effective adjuvants. In the present review, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the mechanism of action of the holotoxins and the strategies used for improving the toxin-based adjuvants.
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Zuverink M, Barbieri JT. Protein Toxins That Utilize Gangliosides as Host Receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:325-354. [PMID: 29747819 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Subsets of protein toxins utilize gangliosides as host receptors. Gangliosides are preferred receptors due to their extracellular localization on the eukaryotic cell and due to their essential nature in host physiology. Glycosphingolipids, including gangliosides, are mediators of signal transduction within and between eukaryotic cells. Protein toxins possess AB structure-function organization, where the A domain encodes a catalytic function for the posttranslational modification of a host macromolecule, including proteins and nucleic acids, and a B domain, which encodes host receptor recognition, including proteins and glycosphingolipids, alone or in combination. Protein toxins use similar strategies to bind glycans by pockets and loops, generally employing hydrogen bonding and aromatic stacking to stabilize interactions with sugars. In some cases, glycan binding facilitates uptake, while in other cases, cross-linking or a second receptor is necessary to stimulate entry. The affinity that protein toxins have for host glycans is necessary for tissue targeting, but not always sufficient to cause disease. In addition to affinity for binding the glycan, the lipid moiety also plays an important role in productive uptake and tissue tropism. Upon endocytosis, the protein toxin must escape to another intracellular compartment or into cytosol to modify a host substrate, modulating host signaling, often resulting in cytotoxic or apoptotic events in the cell, and a unique morbidity for the organism. The study of protein toxins that utilize gangliosides as host receptors has illuminated numerous eukaryotic cellular processes, identified the basis for developing interventions to prevent disease through vaccines and control bacterial diseases through therapies. In addition, subsets of these protein toxins have been utilized as therapeutic agents to treat numerous human inflictions.
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Abstract
This review provides an overview on components of the sphingolipid superfamily, on their localization and metabolism. Information about the sphingolipid biological activity in cell physiopathology is given. Recent studies highlight the role of sphingolipids in inflammatory process. We summarize the emerging data that support the different roles of the sphingolipid members in specific phases of inflammation: (1) migration of immune cells, (2) recognition of exogenous agents, and (3) activation/differentiation of immune cells.
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Biochemical and structural characterization of the novel sialic acid-binding site of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin LT-IIb. Biochem J 2016; 473:3923-3936. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The structurally related AB5-type heat-labile enterotoxins of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae are classified into two major types. The type I group includes cholera toxin (CT) and E. coli LT-I, whereas the type II subfamily comprises LT-IIa, LT-IIb and LT-IIc. The carbohydrate-binding specificities of LT-IIa, LT-IIb and LT-IIc are distinctive from those of cholera toxin and E. coli LT-I. Whereas CT and LT-I bind primarily to the GM1 ganglioside, LT-IIa binds to gangliosides GD1a, GD1b and GM1, LT-IIb binds to the GD1a and GT1b gangliosides, and LT-IIc binds to GM1, GM2, GM3 and GD1a. These previous studies of the binding properties of type II B-subunits have been focused on ganglio core chain gangliosides. To further define the carbohydrate binding specificity of LT-IIb B-subunits, we have investigated its binding to a collection of gangliosides and non-acid glycosphingolipids with different core chains. A high-affinity binding of LT-IIb B-subunits to gangliosides with a neolacto core chain, such as Neu5Gcα3- and Neu5Acα3-neolactohexaosylceramide, and Neu5Gcα3- and Neu5Acα3-neolactooctaosylceramide was detected. An LT-IIb-binding ganglioside was isolated from human small intestine and characterized as Neu5Acα3-neolactohexaosylceramide. The crystal structure of the B-subunit of LT-IIb with the pentasaccharide moiety of Neu5Acα3-neolactotetraosylceramide (Neu5Ac-nLT: Neu5Acα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glc) was determined providing the first information for a sialic-binding site in this subfamily, with clear differences from that of CT and LT-I.
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Greene CJ, Hu JC, Vance DJ, Rong Y, Mandell L, King-Lyons N, Masso-Welch P, Mantis NJ, Connell TD. Enhancement of humoral immunity by the type II heat-labile enterotoxin LT-IIb is dependent upon IL-6 and neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:361-9. [PMID: 27059843 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0415-153rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LT-IIb, a type II heat-labile enterotoxin produced by Escherichia coli, is a potent intradermal adjuvant that enhances immune responses to coadministered antigens. Although the immune mechanisms that promote this augmented immune response have not been well defined, prior intradermal immunization experiments suggested that early cellular and immunomodulatory events at the site of immunization modulated the augmentation of antigen-specific immune responses by LT-IIb. To investigate that hypothesis, mice were intradermally immunized with a recombinant ricin vaccine, a prospective toxin subunit antigen, in the presence and absence of LT-IIb. Analysis of tissue-fluid collection, coupled with histologic sections from the site of intradermal immunization, revealed that a single dose of LT-IIb induced local production of interleukin 6 and promoted a regional infiltration of neutrophils. The adjuvant effects of LT-IIb were abrogated in interleukin 6-deficient mice and when mice were depleted of neutrophils by pretreatment with anti-Ly6G. Overall, these data firmly demonstrated that LT-IIb, when used as an intradermal adjuvant, recruits neutrophils and is a potent rapid inducer of interleukin 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Greene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA; Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - John C Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA; Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - David J Vance
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA; and
| | - Yinghui Rong
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA; and
| | - Lorrie Mandell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA; Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Natalie King-Lyons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA; Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Patricia Masso-Welch
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Terry D Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA; Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA;
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Quinn PJ. Sphingolipid symmetry governs membrane lipid raft structure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:1922-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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