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Mikolajczyk K, Kaczmarek R, Czerwinski M. How glycosylation affects glycosylation: the role of N-glycans in glycosyltransferase activity. Glycobiology 2020; 30:941-969. [PMID: 32363402 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications of proteins. It plays important roles in the biogenesis and functions of proteins by influencing their folding, intracellular localization, stability and solubility. N-glycans are synthesized by glycosyltransferases, a complex group of ubiquitous enzymes that occur in most kingdoms of life. A growing body of evidence shows that N-glycans may influence processing and functions of glycosyltransferases, including their secretion, stability and substrate/acceptor affinity. Changes in these properties may have a profound impact on glycosyltransferase activity. Indeed, some glycosyltransferases have to be glycosylated themselves for full activity. N-glycans and glycosyltransferases play roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases (including cancers), so studies on glycosyltransferases may contribute to the development of new therapy methods and novel glycoengineered enzymes with improved properties. In this review, we focus on the role of N-glycosylation in the activity of glycosyltransferases and attempt to summarize all available data about this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mikolajczyk
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Czerwinski
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
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He J, Tang F, Chen D, Yu B, Luo Y, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, Yu F. Design, expression and functional characterization of a thermostable xylanase from Trichoderma reesei. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210548. [PMID: 30650138 PMCID: PMC6334952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanases isolated from microorganisms such as the Trichoderma reesei have attracted considerable research interest because of their potential in various industrial applications. However, naturally isolated xylanases cannot withstand harsh conditions such as high temperature and basic pH. In this study, we performed structural analysis of the major T. reesei xylanase (Xyn2), and novel flexible regions of the enzyme were identified based on B-factor, a molecular dynamics (MD) parameter. To improve thermostability of the Xyn2, disulfide bonds were introduced into the unstable flexible region by using site-directed mutagenesis and two recombinant xylanases, XM1 (Xyn2Cys12-52) and XM2 (Xyn2Cys59-149) were successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. Secreted recombinant Xyn2 was estimated by SDS-PAGE to be 24 kDa. Interestingly, the half-lives of XM1 and XM2 at 60°C were 2.5- and 1.8- fold higher, respectively than those of native Xyn2. The XM1 also exhibited improved pH stability and maintained more than 60% activity over pH values ranging from 2.0 to 10.0. However, the specific activity and catalytic efficiency of XM1 was decreased as compared to those of XM2 and native Xyn2. Our results will assist not only in elucidating of the interactions between protein structure and function, but also in rational target selection for improving the thermostability of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Feng Tang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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Seelhorst K, Pahnke K, Meier C, Hahn U. Tagging Glycoproteins with Fluorescently Labeled GDP-Fucoses by Using α1,3-Fucosyltransferases. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1919-1924. [PMID: 26111108 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fucose-containing glycans mediate a variety of biological processes, but there is little information on reaction processes and mechanisms mediated by fucosyltransferases. We recently reported on fluorescently labeled GDP-β-L-fucose-ATTO 550, which enabled monitoring of α1,3-fucosyltransferase activity. Here we present an extension to the previously described results, based on the synthesis of a fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled and two carboxyfluorescein-labeled (FAM-labeled) NDP-β-L-fucose derivatives, and applied all four compounds in labeling of different glycoproteins with the aid of four different fucosyltransferases. The labeling processes were analyzed by in-gel fluorescence and fluorescence polarization measurements. Comparison with the ATTO-labeled sugar revealed that the FITC-labeled fucose was the best of these substrates, and that the bacterial enzyme HP-FucT tolerated the fluorescent substrates better than human fucosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Seelhorst
- Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Katharina Pahnke
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Ulrich Hahn
- Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
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Seelhorst K, Piernitzki T, Lunau N, Meier C, Hahn U. Synthesis and analysis of potential α1,3-fucosyltransferase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6430-7. [PMID: 25438767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fucosyltransferases catalyze the transfer of l-fucose from an activated GDP-β-l-fucose to various acceptor molecules such as N-acetyllactosamine. Frequently fucosylation is the final step within the glycosylation machinery, and the resulting glycans are involved in various cellular processes such as cell-cell recognition, adhesion and inflammation or tumor metastasis. The selective blocking of these interactions would thus be a potential promising therapeutic strategy. The syntheses and analyses of various potential α1,3-fucosyltransferase inhibitors derived from GDP-β-l-fucose containing a triazole linker unit is summarized and the observed inhibitory effect was compared with that of small molecules such as GDP or fucose. To examine their specificity and selectivity, all inhibitors were tested with human α1,3-fucosyltransferase IX and Helicobacter pylori α1,3-fucosyltransferase, which is to date the only α1,3-fucosyltransferase with a known high resolution structure. Specific inhibitors which inhibit either H. pylori α1,3-fucosyltransferase or human fucosyltransferase IX with Ki values in the micromolar range were identified. In that regard, acetylated GDP-galactose derivative Ac-3 turned out to inhibit H. pylori α1,3-fucosyltransferase but not human fucosyltransferase IX, whereas GDP-6-amino-β-l-fucose 17 showed an appreciably better inhibitory effect on fucosyltransferase IX activity than on that of H. pylori fucosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Seelhorst
- Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomas Piernitzki
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Lunau
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Hahn
- Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Lunau N, Seelhorst K, Kahl S, Tscherch K, Stacke C, Rohn S, Thiem J, Hahn U, Meier C. Fluorescently Labeled Substrates for Monitoring α1,3‐Fucosyltransferase IX Activity. Chemistry 2013; 19:17379-90. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lunau
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐5592
| | - Katrin Seelhorst
- Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐2848
| | - Stefanie Kahl
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐5592
| | - Kathrin Tscherch
- Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Christina Stacke
- Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐2848
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Joachim Thiem
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐5592
| | - Ulrich Hahn
- Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐2848
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐5592
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Ryšlavá H, Doubnerová V, Kavan D, Vaněk O. Effect of posttranslational modifications on enzyme function and assembly. J Proteomics 2013; 92:80-109. [PMID: 23603109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The detailed examination of enzyme molecules by mass spectrometry and other techniques continues to identify hundreds of distinct PTMs. Recently, global analyses of enzymes using methods of contemporary proteomics revealed widespread distribution of PTMs on many key enzymes distributed in all cellular compartments. Critically, patterns of multiple enzymatic and nonenzymatic PTMs within a single enzyme are now functionally evaluated providing a holistic picture of a macromolecule interacting with low molecular mass compounds, some of them being substrates, enzyme regulators, or activated precursors for enzymatic and nonenzymatic PTMs. Multiple PTMs within a single enzyme molecule and their mutual interplays are critical for the regulation of catalytic activity. Full understanding of this regulation will require detailed structural investigation of enzymes, their structural analogs, and their complexes. Further, proteomics is now integrated with molecular genetics, transcriptomics, and other areas leading to systems biology strategies. These allow the functional interrogation of complex enzymatic networks in their natural environment. In the future, one might envisage the use of robust high throughput analytical techniques that will be able to detect multiple PTMs on a global scale of individual proteomes from a number of carefully selected cells and cellular compartments. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Posttranslational Protein modifications in biology and Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Ryšlavá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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