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Oommen AM, Cunningham S, O'Súilleabháin PS, Hughes BM, Joshi L. An integrative network analysis framework for identifying molecular functions in complex disorders examining major depressive disorder as a test case. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9645. [PMID: 33958659 PMCID: PMC8102631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the psychological depressive phenotype, major depressive disorder (MDD) patients are also associated with underlying immune dysregulation that correlates with metabolic syndrome prevalent in depressive patients. A robust integrative analysis of biological pathways underlying the dysregulated neural connectivity and systemic inflammatory response will provide implications in the development of effective strategies for the diagnosis, management and the alleviation of associated comorbidities. In the current study, focusing on MDD, we explored an integrative network analysis methodology to analyze transcriptomic data combined with the meta-analysis of biomarker data available throughout public databases and published scientific peer-reviewed articles. Detailed gene set enrichment analysis and complex protein–protein, gene regulatory and biochemical pathway analysis has been undertaken to identify the functional significance and potential biomarker utility of differentially regulated genes, proteins and metabolite markers. This integrative analysis method provides insights into the molecular mechanisms along with key glycosylation dysregulation underlying altered neutrophil-platelet activation and dysregulated neuronal survival maintenance and synaptic functioning. Highlighting the significant gap that exists in the current literature, the network analysis framework proposed reduces the impact of data gaps and permits the identification of key molecular signatures underlying complex disorders with multiple etiologies such as within MDD and presents multiple treatment options to address their molecular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Mammen Oommen
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster (AGRC), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Stephen Cunningham
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster (AGRC), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. .,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Páraic S O'Súilleabháin
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brian M Hughes
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster (AGRC), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. .,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gil Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Sim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Song
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Tae Joo Park
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
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3
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Inada R, Miyamoto K, Tanaka N, Moriguchi K, Kadomatsu K, Takeuchi K, Igarashi M, Kusunoki S. Chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosyltransferase-1 knockout shows milder phenotype in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis than in wild type. Glycobiology 2020; 31:260-265. [PMID: 32839819 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are one of the main components in the extracellular matrix of the central nervous system. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG), which is composed of major PGs. Similar to keratin sulfate (KS), another GAG, CS inhibits axon regeneration. However, the influence of these GAGs on the pathogenicity of neuroimmunological diseases is unclear. Here, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice lacking CS N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (CSGalNAcT1-KO), an important enzyme for CS synthesis. In our study, CSGalNAcT1-KO mice showed milder EAE symptoms than those in wild-type (WT) mice. The recall response of antigen-specific lymphocytes showed that CSGalNAcT1-KO-derived lymphocytes had a milder cell proliferation response than that in WT-derived lymphocytes. These results suggest that CS contributes toward the induction phase of EAE. We previously performed EAE experiments in GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferase KO (GlcNAc6ST-KO) and C6ST1-KO mice, which had reduced KS and reduced CS-C, respectively. EAE in CSGalNAcT1-KO mice was more similar to that in GlcNAc6ST-KO mice than in C6ST1-KO mice. In conclusion, the distinct GAG sugar chains are associated with severe or mild phenotypes of EAE and are therefore potential new therapeutic targets for neuroimmunological diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Inada
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Katsuichi Miyamoto
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Noriko Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kota Moriguchi
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
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Pudełko A, Wisowski G, Olczyk K, Koźma EM. The dual role of the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin-6-sulfate in the development, progression and metastasis of cancer. FEBS J 2019; 286:1815-1837. [PMID: 30637950 PMCID: PMC6850286 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable structural heterogeneity of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) generates biological information that can be unique to each of these glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and changes in their composition are translated into alterations in the binding profiles of these molecules. CS/DS can bind to various cytokines and growth factors, cell surface receptors, adhesion molecules, enzymes and fibrillar glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix, thereby influencing both cell behavior and the biomechanical and biochemical properties of the matrix. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning CS/DS metabolism in the human cancer stroma. The remodeling of the GAG profile in the tumor niche is manifested as a substantial increase in the CS content and a gradual decrease in the proportion between DS and CS. Furthermore, the composition of CS and DS is also affected, which results in a substantial increase in the 6‐O‐sulfated and/or unsulfated disaccharide content, which is concomitant with a decrease in the 4‐O‐sulfation level. Here, we discuss the possible impact of alterations in the CS/DS sulfation pattern on the binding capacity and specificity of these GAGs. Moreover, we propose potential consequences of the stromal accumulation of chondroitin‐6‐sulfate for the progression and metastasis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pudełko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wisowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Krystyna Olczyk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Maria Koźma
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Volpi N, Mantovani V, Galeotti F, Bianchi D, Straniero V, Valoti E, Miraglia N. Oral Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Nonanimal Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Constituents in Healthy Male Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2018; 8:336-345. [PMID: 30040242 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic profile of a new 800-mg tablet of nonanimal chondroitin sulfate (CS) (Mythocondro®, 800-mg tablets, Gnosis S.p.A., Italy) was investigated vs an animal CS in healthy volunteers for a total period of 48 hours. After a single 2400-mg dose of the test and the reference formulation, total CS, the compositional disaccharides (ΔDi6S, ΔDi4S and ΔDi0S), and the overall charge density were quantified in plasma. The safety and tolerability profile after a single dose of this new nonanimal CS tablets was excellent. After baseline-corrected concentrations, an overall greater plasma concentration was observed after 24 hours of ∼44% and after 48 hours of ∼45% from administration of nonanimal when compared to animal-derived CS. Moreover, nonanimal CS increases the specific sulfation in the 6-position of N-acetyl-galactosamine in human plasma CS and, as a consequence, the overall charge density, reaching double values (0.91), after 48 hours compared to bovine CS and to endogenous CS. In conclusion, nonanimal CS, possessing a lower molecular weight than an animal-derived sample, produces a greater CS concentration for a more prolonged period of time in plasma and an increase in charge density and specific 6-sulfation of endogenous plasma CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Veronica Mantovani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | - Ermanno Valoti
- Department di Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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Stephenson EL, Yong VW. Pro-inflammatory roles of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in disorders of the central nervous system. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:432-442. [PMID: 29702175 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of the central nervous system is an interconnected network of proteins and sugars. It is crucial for homeostasis, but its remodeling in neurological diseases impacts both injury and repair. Here we introduce an extracellular matrix family member that participates in immune-matrix interactions, the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans integrate signals from the microenvironment to activate immune cells, and they boost inflammatory responses by binding immunological receptors including toll-like receptors, selectins, CD44, and β1 integrin. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans also bind signaling molecules for immune cells such as cytokines and chemokines, and they activate matrix-degrading enzymes. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans accumulate in the damaged CNS, including during traumatic brain/spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis, and they help drive pathogenesis. This Review aims to give new insights into the remodeling of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans during inflammation, and how these matrix glycoproteins are able to drive neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Stephenson
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Heindryckx F, Li JP. Role of proteoglycans in neuro-inflammation and central nervous system fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:589-601. [PMID: 29382609 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is defined as the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a consequence of tissue damage. The central nervous system (CNS) is special in the sense that fibrogenic cells are restricted to vascular and meningeal areas. Inflammation and the disruption of the blood-brain barrier can lead to the infiltration of fibroblasts and trigger fibrotic response. While the initial function of the fibrotic tissue is to restore the blood-brain barrier and to limit the site of injury, it also demolishes the structure of extracellular matrix and impedes the healing process by producing inhibitory molecules and forming a physical and biochemical barrier that prevents axon regeneration. As a major constituent in the extracellular matrix, proteoglycans participate in the neuro-inflammation, modulating the fibrotic process. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology of fibrosis during acute injuries of the CNS, as well as during chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and age-related neurodegeneration with focus on the functional roles of proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology/SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Saigoh K, Yoshimura S, Izumikawa T, Miyata S, Tabara Y, Matsushita T, Miki T, Miyamoto K, Hirano M, Kitagawa H, Kira JI, Kusunoki S. Chondroitin sulfate β-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (ChGn-1) polymorphism: Association with progression of multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Res 2016; 108:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ueno R, Miyamoto K, Tanaka N, Moriguchi K, Kadomatsu K, Kusunoki S. Keratan sulfate exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1874-80. [PMID: 26340909 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are the components of extracellular matrices in the central nervous system (CNS). Keratan sulfate (KS) is a glycosaminoglycan that is included in the KSPG that acts as an inhibitory factor in nerve regeneration after CNS injury. To investigate the role of KS in immune diseases, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice that were deficient in the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-6-O-sulfotransferase 1 (GlcNAc6ST1) gene (KS-KO). KS-KO mice developed less severe EAE and showed repressed recall response in the induction phase. Furthermore, GlcNAc6ST1 might have roles in the passage of the pathogenic lymphocytes through the blood-brain barrier via adhesion molecules. Thus, modulation of KS may become a treatment for neuroimmunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Ueno
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Katsuichi Miyamoto
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Noriko Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Kota Moriguchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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