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Wongkittichote P, Cho SH, Miller A, King K, Herbst ZM, Ren Z, Gelb MH, Hong X. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Urinary Oligosaccharides and Glycoamino Acids for the Diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidosis and Glycoproteinosis. Clin Chem 2024; 70:865-877. [PMID: 38597162 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) and glycoproteinosis are 2 groups of heterogenous lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) caused by defective degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and glycoproteins, respectively. Oligosaccharides and glycoamino acids have been recognized as biomarkers for MPS and glycoproteinosis. Given that both groups of LSDs have overlapping clinical features, a multiplexed assay capable of unambiguous subtyping is desired for accurate diagnosis, and potentially for severity stratification and treatment monitoring. METHODS Urinary oligosaccharides were derivatized with 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one (PMP) and analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) together with the underivatized glycoamino acids. Novel biomarkers were identified with a semi-targeted approach with precursor mass scanning, the fragmentation pattern (if applicable), and the biochemical basis of the condition. RESULTS A UPLC-MS/MS analysis with improved chromatographic separation was developed. Novel biomarkers for MPS-IIIA, IIIB, IIIC, and VII were identified and validated. A total of 28 oligosaccharides, 2 glycoamino acids, and 2 ratios were selected as key diagnostic biomarkers. Validation studies including linearity, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), and precision were carried out with the assay performance meeting the required criteria. Age-specific reference ranges were collected. In the 76 untreated patients, unambiguous diagnosis was achieved with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, the levels of disease-specific biomarkers were substantially reduced in the treated patients. CONCLUSIONS A multiplexed UPLC-MS/MS assay for urinary oligosaccharides and glycoamino acids measurement was developed and validated. The assay is suitable for the accurate diagnosis and subtyping of MPS and glycoproteinosis, and potentially for severity stratification and monitoring response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parith Wongkittichote
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Se Hyun Cho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Artis Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kaitlyn King
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zackary M Herbst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Zhimei Ren
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Xinying Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Adang LA, Mowafy S, Herbst ZM, Zhou Z, Schlotawa L, Radhakrishnan K, Bentley B, Pham V, Yu E, Pillai NR, Orchard PJ, De Castro M, Vanderver A, Pasquali M, Gelb MH, Ahrens-Nicklas RC. Biochemical signatures of disease severity in multiple sulfatase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:374-386. [PMID: 37870986 PMCID: PMC10947943 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Sulfatases catalyze essential cellular reactions, including degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). All sulfatases are post-translationally activated by the formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE) which is deficient in multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD), a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease. Historically, patients were presumed to be deficient of all sulfatase activities; however, a more nuanced relationship is emerging. Each sulfatase may differ in their degree of post-translational modification by FGE, which may influence the phenotypic spectrum of MSD. Here, we evaluate if residual sulfatase activity and accumulating GAG patterns distinguish cases from controls and stratify clinical severity groups in MSD. We quantify sulfatase activities and GAG accumulation using three complementary methods in MSD participants. Sulfatases differed greatly in their tolerance of reduction in FGE-mediated activation. Enzymes that degrade heparan sulfate (HS) demonstrated lower residual activities than those that act on other GAGs. Similarly, HS-derived urinary GAG subspecies preferentially accumulated, distinguished cases from controls, and correlated with disease severity. Accumulation patterns of specific sulfatase substrates in MSD provide fundamental insights into sulfatase regulation and will serve as much-needed biomakers for upcoming clinical trials. This work highlights that biomarker investigation of an ultra-rare disease can simultaneously inform our understanding of fundamental biology and advance clinical trial readiness efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Adang
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Samar Mowafy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Abbassia, Egypt
| | - Zackary M. Herbst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Zitao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lars Schlotawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Vi Pham
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily Yu
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nishitha R. Pillai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Paul J. Orchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mauricio De Castro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Adeline Vanderver
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marzia Pasquali
- Department of Pathology and ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rebecca C. Ahrens-Nicklas
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Nilsson J, Persson A, Vorontsov E, Nikpour M, Noborn F, Larson G, Blomqvist M. A glycomic workflow for LC-MS/MS analysis of urine glycosaminoglycan biomarkers in mucopolysaccharidoses. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:523-540. [PMID: 37462780 PMCID: PMC10638189 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, several rational designed therapies have been developed for treatment of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), a group of inherited metabolic disorders in which glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are accumulated in various tissues and organs. Thus, improved disease-specific biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring treatment efficacy are of paramount importance. Specific non-reducing end GAG structures (GAG-NREs) have become promising biomarkers for MPS, as the compositions of the GAG-NREs depend on the nature of the lysosomal enzyme deficiency, thereby creating a specific pattern for each subgroup. However, there is yet no straightforward clinical laboratory platform which can assay all MPS-related GAG-NREs in one single analysis. Here, we developed and applied a GAG domain mapping approach for analyses of urine samples of ten MPS patients with various MPS diagnoses and corresponding aged-matched controls. We describe a nano-LC-MS/MS method of GAG-NRE profiling, utilizing 2-aminobenzamide reductive amination labeling to improve the sensitivity and the chromatographic resolution. Diagnostic urinary GAG-NREs were identified for MPS types IH/IS, II, IIIc, IVa and VI, corroborating GAG-NRE as biomarkers for these known enzyme deficiencies. Furthermore, a significant reduction of diagnostic urinary GAG-NREs in MPS IH (n = 2) and MPS VI (n = 1) patients under treatment was demonstrated. We argue that this straightforward glycomic workflow, designed for the clinical analysis of MPS-related GAG-NREs in one single analysis, will be of value for expanding the use of GAG-NREs as biomarkers for MPS diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Nilsson
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE41390, Sweden.
| | - Andrea Persson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Present Address: Genovis AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Egor Vorontsov
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE41390, Sweden
| | - Mahnaz Nikpour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, SE41345, Sweden
| | - Maria Blomqvist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, SE41345, Sweden.
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MPSI Manifestations and Treatment Outcome: Skeletal Focus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911168. [PMID: 36232472 PMCID: PMC9569890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPSI) (OMIM #252800) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the IDUA gene encoding for the lysosomal alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme. The deficiency of this enzyme causes systemic accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Although disease manifestations are typically not apparent at birth, they can present early in life, are progressive, and include a wide spectrum of phenotypic findings. Among these, the storage of GAGs within the lysosomes disrupts cell function and metabolism in the cartilage, thus impairing normal bone development and ossification. Skeletal manifestations of MPSI are often refractory to treatment and severely affect patients’ quality of life. This review discusses the pathological and molecular processes leading to impaired endochondral ossification in MPSI patients and the limitations of current therapeutic approaches. Understanding the underlying mechanisms responsible for the skeletal phenotype in MPSI patients is crucial, as it could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting the skeletal abnormalities of MPSI in the early stages of the disease.
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Chin SJ, Saville JT, McDermott BK, Zankl A, Fletcher JM, Fuller M. Chondroitin sulfate disaccharide is a specific and sensitive biomarker for mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA. JIMD Rep 2020; 55:68-74. [PMID: 32905071 PMCID: PMC7463049 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA) is an inborn error of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) catabolism characterized by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulphatase (GALNS). Consequently, partially degraded GAG, chondroitin 6-sulfate (CS) and keratan sulfate (KS), accumulate in the lysosomes of affected cells, primarily in cartilage resulting in skeletal disease. Excessive urinary excretion of these GAG is often used as the initial biochemical parameter to inform a laboratory diagnosis. Here we present the utility of a CS-disaccharide with a non-reducing 6-sulfated N-acetylgalactosamine residue (HNAc-UA (1S))-the enzyme's substrate-for the diagnosis and biochemical monitoring of MPS IVA patients. Following implementation of this method into the diagnostic laboratory, we identified one MPS IVA patient over 3 years of MPS urine screening, with no false positive results from 2050 urines tested. Uniquely, urinary concentrations of HNAc-UA (1S) are independent of age meaning that age-related reference ranges are not required. Urinary HNAc-UA (1S) was also able to identify two MPS IVA siblings who remained misdiagnosed with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia for 5 years because of normal urinary GAG. HNAc-UA (1S) could also be used as a biomarker for monitoring response to enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) as there was a drop in urinary concentration following the administration of ERT in all 12 patients and concentrations correlated with urinary KS (R 2 = 0.92). In conclusion, HNAc-UA (1S) is a reliable, sensitive and specific biomarker for the diagnosis of MPS IVA and can be used to biochemically monitor the response to ERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J. Chin
- Genetics and Molecular PathologySA Pathology [at Women's and Children's Hospital]AdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jennifer T. Saville
- Genetics and Molecular PathologySA Pathology [at Women's and Children's Hospital]AdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Belinda K. McDermott
- Genetics and Molecular PathologySA Pathology [at Women's and Children's Hospital]AdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Andreas Zankl
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Sydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Janice M. Fletcher
- Genetics and Molecular PathologySA Pathology [at Women's and Children's Hospital]AdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- School of MedicineUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Maria Fuller
- Genetics and Molecular PathologySA Pathology [at Women's and Children's Hospital]AdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- School of MedicineUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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Alonge KM, Harkewicz R, Guttman M. Rapid Differentiation of Chondroitin Sulfate Isomers by Gas-phase Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange. Curr Mol Med 2020; 20:821-827. [PMID: 32933460 PMCID: PMC8051752 DOI: 10.2174/1566524020666200915110707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear, negatively charged polysaccharides attached to CS proteoglycans that make up a major component of biological matrices throughout both central and peripheral tissues. The position of their attached sulfate groups to the CS disaccharide is predicted to influence protein-glycan interactions and biological function. Although traditional immunohistochemical analysis of CS-GAGs in biological tissues has provided information regarding changes in GAG abundance during developmental and disease states, quantitative analysis of their specific sulfation patterns is limited due to the inherent complexity of separating CS isomers. While methods have been developed to analyze and quantify sulfation isomers using liquid phase separation, new techniques are still needed to elucidate the full biology of CS-GAGs. Here, we examine ion mobility spectrometry and gas-phase hydrogen-deuterium exchange to resolve positional sulfation isomers in the most common sulfated 4S- and 6S-CS disaccharides. The mobilities for these two isomers are highly similar and could not be resolved effectively with any drift gas tested. In contrast, gas-phase hydrogen-deuterium exchange showed very different rates of deuterium uptake with several deuterium exchange reagents, thereby presenting a promising novel and rapid approach for resolving CS isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rick Harkewicz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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