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Thériault ÉR, Walsh A, MacIntyre P, O'Brien PhD C. Self-efficacy in health among university students: the role of social support and place. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:2510-2517. [PMID: 34586018 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1978455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to better understand the role of students' living arrangements (on campus, off campus, with and without their parents) on their health self-efficacy. PARTICIPANTS A sample of undergraduate students (n = 216) were recruited by using word of mouth and visiting classrooms in a small Atlantic Canadian university. METHODS Participants completed a self-report questionnaire measuring health and sleep self-efficacy. Analyses of variance and covariance were used to compare the living arrangements of the students. RESULTS Differences between living arrangements were found. Students living on campus had higher health self-efficacy, particularly on the psychological well-being subscale, followed by those living off campus with their parents. Students living off campus without their parents had the lowest scores. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that health self-efficacy varies according to students' living situations, thus illustrating the importance of keeping students' living arrangements in mind when designing health and well-being interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric R Thériault
- Department of Psychology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Audrey Walsh
- Nursing Department, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Peter MacIntyre
- Department of Psychology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Zhang L, Mou Y, Zhang L. Promoting condom negotiation self-efficacy among young women in China: the effects of traditional sexual values and descriptive norms. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2023; 38:220-229. [PMID: 36852888 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study attempts to design effective messages to promote condom negotiation self-efficacy and safer sex intent among young women in China. An online experiment with 2 (descriptive norm: present versus absent) × 2 (traditional sexual value: high versus low) between-subjects factorial design was conducted on a purposive sample of 241 female Chinese college students. The results demonstrated that culturally tailored messages incorporating descriptive norms information on the popularity of condom negotiation can increase participants' self-efficacy (F(1,237) = 9.01, partial η2 = 0.04, P = 0.003) but not safer sex intent (F(1,237) = 2.80, partial η2 = 0.01, P = 0.096). Participants with a lower level of traditional sexual values had similar levels of condom negotiation self-efficacy as those with a higher level of values: F(1,237) = 2.85, partial η2 = 0.01, P = 0.09. There were no significant interaction effects of traditional sexual value and descriptive norm on condom negotiation self-efficacy and safer sex intent. The findings contribute to the cultural sensitivity perspective in health education in an Eastern context and have implications for public health practitioners and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yi Mou
- School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lianshan Zhang
- School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
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Lopes SL, Ferreira AI, Prada R. The Use of Robots in the Workplace: Conclusions from a Health Promoting Intervention Using Social Robots. Int J Soc Robot 2023; 15:1-13. [PMID: 37359429 PMCID: PMC10123460 DOI: 10.1007/s12369-023-01000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Workplace wellness programs constitute a preventive measure to help avoid healthcare costs for companies, with additional benefits for employee productivity and other organizational outcomes. Interventions using social robots may have some advantages over other conventional telemedicine applications, since they can deliver personalized feedback and counseling. This investigation focused on a health-promoting intervention within work environments, and compared the efficacy of the intervention on two distinct groups, one guided by a human agent and the other by a robot agent. Participants (n = 56) were recruited from two Portuguese organizations and led through eight sessions by the social agent, the goal being to encourage health behavior change and adoption of a healthier lifestyle. The results indicate that the group led by the robot agent revealed better post-intervention scores than the group led by the human agent, specifically with regard to productivity despite presenteeism and regard of their level of mental well-being. No effects were found concerning the work engagement level of participants in either group. By demonstrating the potential of using social robots to establish therapeutic and worth relationships with employees in their workplaces, this study provides interesting new findings that contribute to the literature on health behavior change and human-robot interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Lopes
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (Iscte-IUL) & Business Research Unit (BRU-IUL), Iscte-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Aristides I. Ferreira
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (Iscte-IUL) & Business Research Unit (BRU-IUL), Iscte-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Prada
- INESC-ID & Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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ALHazim SS, Al-Otaibi ST, Herzallah NH. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Ergonomic Hazards Among Healthcare Workers in a Saudi Government Hospital. J Multidiscip Healthc 2022; 15:1771-1778. [PMID: 36042943 PMCID: PMC9420414 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s371361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) affecting healthcare workers (HCWs) must be considered and addressed as a serious issue. Thus, it is important to incorporate ergonomics into clinical practice to prevent MSDs. The objectives of this study were to investigate HCWs’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding ergonomics in a large governmental healthcare facility. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in which the participants were interviewed to complete a validated four-section questionnaire (demographic data, knowledge, attitudes, and practice information related to ergonomics). The questionnaire was newly self-developed based on a literature review and was pilot tested after development. Results This study included 273 HCWs. Their average knowledge score regarding ergonomics was 2.6, or “fair to good.” Overall, the participants reported good attitude scores, with a total average score of 1 and 2, or “agree to strongly agree.” The findings also indicated that appropriate ergonomics practices were often not implemented, as the average practice score was 1 to 2, or “always to sometimes engaging in bad practice.” The risk factors of being Saudi, being a woman, and having low academic achievement were associated with poor knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to ergonomics among HCWs. Conclusion This study showed that the majority of the participants had fair knowledge and good attitudes toward ergonomics at work while practicing. However, the practice of ergonomics at work was not implemented. It is important to apply ergonomics at work to prevent MSDs; therefore, ergonomic principles should be included in the undergraduate health curriculum for all HCWs, with emphasis on practicing ergonomics in their routine clinical work. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/MwBHVcSCFTY
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukainah S ALHazim
- Occupational Health Department, Dammam Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan T Al-Otaibi
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal H Herzallah
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Health Promotion for Outpatient Careworkers in Germany. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10061148. [PMID: 35742199 PMCID: PMC9223166 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to ongoing demographic changes, the need for care is increasing in Germany. The number of outpatient care services is also rising, and with it, the number of employees in outpatient care, who are also continuously becoming older. Workplace health promotion (WHP) becomes relevant in this context, as it can reduce negative strain reactions and promote employees’ health. The aim of this study was (1) to reveal implemented WHP interventions in German outpatient care services; (2) to examine the potential challenges regarding a successful implementation of WHP measures; and (3) to illuminate further requests and needs experienced by outpatient careworkers. In qualitative field research, 30 semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with German caregivers, using the problem-centered interview method. The collected data were deductively and inductively evaluated and interpreted, using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. Outpatient caregivers reported various WHP measures known from their workplaces, such as the provision of fruit baskets, programmes to increase physical activity, or a subsidy for a personal gym. They further reported WHP, such as back training, known from other care services. However, the respondents spoke of the challenges regarding the implementation or the use of WHP interventions in general. The most frequently named barriers were a lack of time after work and interventions that were only offered in their leisure time. In the same course, the participants still needed offers to increase physical activity, joint activities, or relaxation techniques. However, respondents highlighted that they preferred the interventions to take place during working hours. This way, they would also be more likely to take advantage of the interventions. The results of this study provide an insight into various WHP measures that already exist, or that are desirable for implementation with regard to caregivers’ needs. Subjectively perceived challenges for a successful implementation of WHP measures represent the importance of adjustments in the work organization of caregivers. It becomes clear that WHP is not yet established in the ambulant care sector, although it appears to be imperative for keeping caregivers healthy. Considering the different needs of employees, the results can provide a basis for the development of needs-based health promotion measures for caregivers.
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Drapkina OM, Kontsevaya AV, Kalinina AM, Avdeev SM, Agaltsov MV, Alexandrova LM, Antsiferova AA, Aronov DM, Akhmedzhanov NM, Balanova YA, Balakhonova TV, Berns SA, Bochkarev MV, Bochkareva EV, Bubnova MV, Budnevsky AV, Gambaryan MG, Gorbunov VM, Gorny BE, Gorshkov AY, Gumanova NG, Dadaeva VA, Drozdova LY, Egorov VA, Eliashevich SO, Ershova AI, Ivanova ES, Imaeva AE, Ipatov PV, Kaprin AD, Karamnova NS, Kobalava ZD, Konradi AO, Kopylova OV, Korostovtseva LS, Kotova MB, Kulikova MS, Lavrenova EA, Lischenko OV, Lopatina MV, Lukina YV, Lukyanov MM, Mayev IV, Mamedov MN, Markelova SV, Martsevich SY, Metelskaya VA, Meshkov AN, Milushkina OY, Mukaneeva DK, Myrzamatova AO, Nebieridze DV, Orlov DO, Poddubskaya EA, Popovich MV, Popovkina OE, Potievskaya VI, Prozorova GG, Rakovskaya YS, Rotar OP, Rybakov IA, Sviryaev YV, Skripnikova IA, Skoblina NA, Smirnova MI, Starinsky VV, Tolpygina SN, Usova EV, Khailova ZV, Shalnova SA, Shepel RN, Shishkova VN, Yavelov IS. 2022 Prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases in Of the Russian Federation. National guidelines. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2022. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2022-3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Kopylova OV, Ershova AI, Meshkov AN, Kontsevaya AV, Drapkina OM. Lifetime prevention of cardiovascular disease. Part III: young, middle, elderly and senile age. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2021. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive investigation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (RFs), both traditional (smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, etc.) and non-traditional, which are a component of the so-called exposome, as well as their non-drug and drug correction provide wide prospects for effective cardiovascular prevention. Prevention becomes the dominant trend in cardiology and in medicine in general. The aim of the article was to describe cardiovascular prevention in young, middle, elderly and senile age. Due to the multifaceted nature of cardiovascular RFs, an integrated biopsychosocial approach, individual and population-based prevention, cumulative risk assessment of all CVDs, intersectoral collaboration and the involvement of decision-makers, are key to the success and effectiveness of prevention measures. It is important to note that, on the one hand, preventive measures should be started as early as possible due to cumulative effect of RFs, on the other hand, most of the preventive interventions for CVD are extremely relevant at all life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. V. Kopylova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - A. I. Ershova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - A. N. Meshkov
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - A. V. Kontsevaya
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - O. M. Drapkina
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
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Cho H, Park E. Canonical Correlation Between Self-Care Agency and Health-Related Self-Efficacy with Chronic Viral Hepatitis Patients. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019; 10:281-288. [PMID: 31673489 PMCID: PMC6816356 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.5.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-care agency and health self-efficacy measures, in patients with viral hepatitis. Methods Data were collected from 116 outpatients over the age of 19 years who were diagnosed with viral hepatitis between February 20, 2019 and April 30, 2019. This study used the Appraisal of Self-care Agency Scale-Revised and the Health Self-Efficacy measures. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and canonical correlations were used during data analysis [SPSS version 25.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA)]. Results The first canonical correlation coefficient was 0.65 (Wilks’ λ = 0.44, F = 5.63, p < 0.001) and the second was 0.42 (Wilks’ λ = 0.76, F = 3.08, p = .001). The first variate indicated a higher perception of having power for self-care (0.85) and developing power for self-care (0.92), and this was related to exercise (0.66), illness (0.76), emotion (0.75), nutrition (0.81), stress (0.60), and health practice (0.85). The second variate indicated a higher perception of having power for self-care (0.42), whilst lacking power for self-care (−0.82), was related to illness (0.35) and stress (0.72). Conclusion Nursing interventions and education aimed at enhancing the self-care of viral hepatitis patients are needed to assist patients to improve their health care behaviors.
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Strickland JR, Kinghorn AM, Evanoff BA, Dale AM. Implementation of the Healthy Workplace Participatory Program in a Retail Setting: A Feasibility Study and Framework for Evaluation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E590. [PMID: 30781669 PMCID: PMC6406806 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Participatory methods used in Total Worker Health® programs have not been well studied, and little is known about what is needed to successfully implement these programs. We conducted a participatory health promotion program with grocery store workers using the Healthy Workplace Participatory Program (HWPP) from the Center for the Promotion of Health in the New England Workplace. We recruited a design team made up of six line-level workers and a steering committee with management and union representatives; a research team member facilitated the program. Using a formal evaluation framework, we measured program implementation including workplace context, fidelity to HWPP materials, design team and steering committee engagement, program outputs, and perceptions of the program. The HWPP was moderately successful in this setting, but required a substantial amount of worker and facilitator time. Design team members did not have the skills needed to move through the process and the steering committee did not offer adequate support to compensate for the team's shortfall. The evaluation framework provided a simple and practical method for identifying barriers to program delivery. Future studies should address these barriers to delivery and explore translation of this program to other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime R Strickland
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Anna M Kinghorn
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Bradley A Evanoff
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Ann Marie Dale
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Majee W, Anakwe A, Johnson L, Rhoda A, Frantz J, Schopp L. A Self-Management Training Intervention: Perceptions and Practices of Community Health Workers in South Africa. Health Promot Pract 2019; 21:983-992. [PMID: 30616400 DOI: 10.1177/1524839918820038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background. While community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly being used as a strategy for increasing health care access, particularly in rural communities, interventions are needed to improve their skill sets in inspiring health behavior change, both for themselves and among their community clients. Self-management (SM) education interventions have shown to improve health behaviors and well-being. Purpose. This article reports on systematic, in-depth interviews conducted with rural CHWs in South Africa to understand (1) their motivation for participating in SM training, (2) skills gained from training and (3) perceived impact of training on CHW health behavior, both personally and as health professionals. Method. Nineteen rural CHWs who completed an SM training participated in face-to-face semistructured interviews. Transcripts were independently coded by two researchers using the thematic framework approach. Findings. CHWs felt empowered to change their health behavior by skills such as goal setting and action planning, and by growth in self-awareness and confidence. They expressed that their desire to help others motivated them to participate in SM training. Conclusion. SM training programs that address practice skill gaps hold promise in producing health behavior changes for rural CHWs and their clients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthea Rhoda
- University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jose Frantz
- University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Kawahara S, Tadaka E, Okochi A. Factors that influence planning for physical activity among workers in small- and medium-sized enterprises. Prev Med Rep 2018; 10:150-156. [PMID: 29868359 PMCID: PMC5984246 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is necessary for improving the health of workers in small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). However, behavioral changes conducive to PA are often difficult to achieve despite intentions. Because intention to perform PA does not always translate to action, proper planning may be critical for achieving PA. In this study, we aimed to identify factors related to planning for PA among workers in SMEs because this is one population that has been identified as being at higher risk for lifestyle-related diseases in Japan. Participants completed a series of validated questionnaires. Of 353 valid responses, 226 individuals (149 men; aged 47.5 ± 8.7 years) stated their intention to perform PA. Multiple regression analysis indicated that a higher PA planning score was significantly associated with higher self-efficacy for PA (p < 0.001), higher risk perception regarding inactivity (p = 0.012), and greater knowledge of information about PA community services (p = 0.019). Therefore, we recommend that self-efficacy, risk perception, and information regarding PA community services are enhanced in the daily working lives of workers at their workplaces. In this manner, they can promote their planning of health behavioral changes in a supportive environment, drawing upon available services, supports, and other resources. Physical activity (PA) action is essential for the health of middle-aged workers. Planning for PA is the key skill that lies between intention and action for PA. Self-efficacy, risk perception, and services information promote planning for PA. It is recommended that workplaces enhance the planning of health behavioral modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawako Kawahara
- Sakae Ward Office, 303-19 Katsuracho, Sakae-ku, Yokohama 247-0005, Japan
| | - Etsuko Tadaka
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Ayako Okochi
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Nurses' health promoting lifestyle behaviors in a community hospital. Appl Nurs Res 2017; 35:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schopp LH, Clark MJ, Lamberson WR, Uhr DJ, Minor MA. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate outcomes of a workplace self-management intervention and an intensive monitoring intervention. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2017; 32:219-232. [PMID: 28486643 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine and compare outcomes of two voluntary workplace health management methods: an adapted worksite self-management (WSM) approach and an intensive health monitoring (IM) approach. Research participants were randomly assigned to either the WSM group or the IM group by a computer-generated list (n = 180; 92 WSM and 88 IM). Participants completed baseline, 3 and 12-month follow-up surveys. Individuals receiving workplace WSM and IM improved in self-efficacy and nearly all health behaviors and health status variables after the intervention, compared to before the intervention. Individuals in the WSM group improved in depression symptoms at 3 and 12 months (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001), and individuals in the IM group did not improve at either time period (P < 0.1488, P < 0.0521). Participants in the WSM group reported more improvement in physical activity and energy, health interfering less with personal life and daily activities and fewer depression symptoms at follow up, compared to participants in the IM group. This study provided additional support for worksite-based health promotion programs to promote healthy lifestyles and improve health status, and documented effectiveness of both methods, with superior performance and greater scalability for the WSM program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Schopp
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mary J Clark
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - David J Uhr
- School of Public Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Present address: University of Minnesota, Office of Measurement Services, USA
| | - Marian A Minor
- School of Public Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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