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Vervoort L, Dierckxsens N, Santos MS, Meynants S, Souche E, Cools R, Heung T, Devriendt K, Peeters H, McDonald-McGinn DM, Swillen A, Breckpot J, Emanuel BS, Van Esch H, Bassett AS, Vermeesch JR. Multiple paralogues and recombination mechanisms drive the high incidence of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.14.585046. [PMID: 38562770 PMCID: PMC10983858 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.585046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common microdeletion disorder. Why the incidence of 22q11.2DS is much greater than that of other genomic disorders remains unknown. Short read sequencing cannot resolve the complex segmental duplicon structure to provide direct confirmation of the hypothesis that the rearrangements are caused by non-allelic homologous recombination between the low copy repeats on chromosome 22 (LCR22s). To enable haplotype-specific assembly and rearrangement mapping in LCR22 regions, we combined fiber-FISH optical mapping with whole genome (ultra-)long read sequencing or rearrangement-specific long-range PCR on 24 duos (22q11.2DS patient and parent-of-origin) comprising several different LCR22-mediated rearrangements. Unexpectedly, we demonstrate that not only different paralogous segmental duplicon but also palindromic AT-rich repeats (PATRR) are driving 22q11.2 rearrangements. In addition, we show the existence of two different inversion polymorphisms preceding rearrangement, and somatic mosaicism. The existence of different recombination sites and mechanisms in paralogues and PATRRs which are copy number expanding in the human population are a likely explanation for the high 22q11.2DS incidence.
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A Novel Non-Allelic Homologous Recombination Event in a Parent with an 11;22 Reciprocal Translocation Leading to 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091668. [PMID: 36140835 PMCID: PMC9498844 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent microdeletion in the human population occurs at 22q11.2, a region rich in chromosome-specific low copy repeats (LCR22s). The structure of this region has eluded characterization due to a combination of size, regional complexity, and haplotype diversity. To further complicate matters, it is not well represented in the human reference genome. Most individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) carry a de novo, hemizygous deletion approximately 3 Mbp in size occurring by non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) mediated by the LCR22s. The ability to fully delineate an individual’s 22q11.2 regional structure will likely be important for studies designed to assess an unaffected individual’s risk for generating rearrangements in germ cells, potentially leading to offspring with 22q11.2DS. Towards understanding these risk factors, optical mapping has been previously employed to successfully elucidate the structure and variation of LCR22s across 30 families affected by 22q11.2DS. The father in one of these families carries a t(11;22)(q23;q11) translocation. Surprisingly, it was determined that he is the parent-of-deletion-origin. NAHR, which occurred between his der(22) and intact chromosome 22, led to a 22q11.2 deletion in his affected child. The unaffected sibling of the proband with 22q11.2DS inherited the father’s normal chromosome 22, which did not aberrantly recombine. This unexpected observation definitively shows that haplotypes that engage in NAHR can also be inherited intact. This study is the first to identify all structures involving a rearranged chromosome 22 that also participates in NAHR leading to a 22q11.2 deletion.
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Bowater RP, Bohálová N, Brázda V. Interaction of Proteins with Inverted Repeats and Cruciform Structures in Nucleic Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116171. [PMID: 35682854 PMCID: PMC9180970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cruciforms occur when inverted repeat sequences in double-stranded DNA adopt intra-strand hairpins on opposing strands. Biophysical and molecular studies of these structures confirm their characterization as four-way junctions and have demonstrated that several factors influence their stability, including overall chromatin structure and DNA supercoiling. Here, we review our understanding of processes that influence the formation and stability of cruciforms in genomes, covering the range of sequences shown to have biological significance. It is challenging to accurately sequence repetitive DNA sequences, but recent advances in sequencing methods have deepened understanding about the amounts of inverted repeats in genomes from all forms of life. We highlight that, in the majority of genomes, inverted repeats are present in higher numbers than is expected from a random occurrence. It is, therefore, becoming clear that inverted repeats play important roles in regulating many aspects of DNA metabolism, including replication, gene expression, and recombination. Cruciforms are targets for many architectural and regulatory proteins, including topoisomerases, p53, Rif1, and others. Notably, some of these proteins can induce the formation of cruciform structures when they bind to DNA. Inverted repeat sequences also influence the evolution of genomes, and growing evidence highlights their significance in several human diseases, suggesting that the inverted repeat sequences and/or DNA cruciforms could be useful therapeutic targets in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Bowater
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK;
| | - Natália Bohálová
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Brázda
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
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Hao X, Wu J, Fu W, Zhang R, Zhong S, Deng Y, Zhu Y, Ye Y, Fang Q. Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetuses with Emanuel Syndrome: Results of Ultrasound Examination and Invasive Genetic Testing. Prenat Diagn 2022; 42:469-477. [PMID: 35043432 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate prenatal manifestations of Emanuel syndrome (ES) by retrospectively analyzing the results of prenatal diagnosis. METHODS Thirteen fetuses were collected from 5 hospitals, of which six were confirmed with 47,der(22)t(11;22) (ES) by karyotype and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). Seven were diagnosed with 46,t(11;22) balanced translocations by karyotype, including one de novo mosaic 46,XX,t(11;22). In 3/7, CMA was performed but did not identify chromosomal imbalances. The results of prenatal diagnoses were reviewed, including ultrasound examinations and genetic testing. RESULTS In ES fetuses, the derivative 22 was consistently inherited from the mother, while in the balanced translocation group, the t(11;22) chromosome was of paternal origin in 3/6 cases, All ES fetuses presented with multiple abnormalities by ultrasound examinations. Diaphragm hernia (3/6), Dandy-Walker complex (3/6), and kidney aplasia (3/6), were the most common ultrasound findings. Sonographic soft markers such as increased nuchal translucency, increased nuchal fold thickness appeared in 3 cases and all of these were associated with other anomalies. However, none of the ultrasound findings differentiated ES from other genetic syndromes during fetal period. CONCLUSIONS In this series, in fetuses with a der(22), the derivative chromosome was consistently of maternal origin. In contrast, 46,t(11;22) balanced translocations were of maternal or paternal origin. The results contribute to the literature regarding the fetal phenotype of ES. Due to the absence of specific features distinguishing ES from other genetic syndromes, confirming the diagnosis through invasive genetic testing is necessary. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Hao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianzhu Wu
- Fetal Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Fu
- NHC Key laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetic, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Jinan University-affiliated Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shilin Zhong
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuqing Deng
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhu
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanchou Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qun Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Fetal Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Bui TM, Sumagin R. Neutrophils and micronuclei: An emerging link between genomic instability and cancer-driven inflammation. Mutat Res 2022; 824:111778. [PMID: 35334355 PMCID: PMC9756381 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2022.111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two recent studies by Bui and Butin-Israeli et al. have established the novel contribution of neutrophils to genomic instability induction and aberrant shaping of the DNA repair landscape, particularly observed in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and/or progressive colorectal cancer (CRC). In addition, these back-to-back studies uncovered a sharp increase in the numbers of micronuclei and lagging chromosomes in pre-cancerous and cancerous epithelium in response to prolonged PMN exposure. Given the emerging link between neutrophils and micronuclei as well as the established role of micronuclei in cGAS/STING activation, this special commentary aims to elaborate on the mechanisms by which CRC cells may adapt to neutrophil-driven genomic instability while concurrently sustain an inflamed tumor niche. We postulate that such tumor microenvironment with constant immune cell presence, inflammatory milieu, and cumulative DNA damage can drive tumor adaptation and resistance to therapeutic interventions. Finally, we discuss potential novel therapeutic approaches that can be leveraged to target this emerging neutrophil-micronuclei pathological axis, thereby preventing perpetual CRC inflammation and unwanted tumor adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triet M Bui
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ronen Sumagin
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Khampang S, Cho IK, Punyawai K, Gill B, Langmo JN, Nath S, Greeson KW, Symosko KM, Fowler KL, Tian S, Statz JP, Steves AN, Parnpai R, White MA, Hennebold JD, Orwig KE, Simerly CR, Schatten G, Easley CA. Blastocyst development after fertilization with in vitro spermatids derived from nonhuman primate embryonic stem cells. F&S SCIENCE 2021; 2:365-375. [PMID: 34970648 PMCID: PMC8716017 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that functional spermatids can be derived in vitro from nonhuman primate pluripotent stem cells. DESIGN Green fluorescent protein-labeled, rhesus macaque nonhuman primate embryonic stem cells (nhpESCs) were differentiated into advanced male germ cell lineages using a modified serum-free spermatogonial stem cell culture medium. In vitro-derived round spermatid-like cells (rSLCs) from differentiated nhpESCs were assessed for their ability to fertilize rhesus oocytes by intracytoplasmic sperm(atid) injection. SETTING Multiple academic laboratory settings. PATIENTS Not applicable. INTERVENTIONS Intracytoplasmic sperm(atid) injection of in vitro-derived spermatids from nhpESCs into rhesus macaque oocytes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Differentiation into spermatogenic cell lineages was measured through multiple assessments including ribonucleic acid sequencing and immunocytochemistry for various spermatogenic markers. In vitro spermatids were assessed for their ability to fertilize oocytes by intracytoplasmic sperm(atid) injection by assessing early fertilization events such as spermatid deoxyribonucleic acid decondensation and pronucleus formation/apposition. Preimplantation embryo development from the one-cell zygote stage to the blastocyst stage was also assessed. RESULTS Nonhuman primate embryonic stem cells can be differentiated into advanced germ cell lineages, including haploid rSLCs. These rSLCs undergo deoxyribonucleic acid decondensation and pronucleus formation/apposition when microinjected into rhesus macaque mature oocytes, which, after artificial activation and coinjection of ten-eleven translocation 3 protein, undergo embryonic divisions with approximately 12% developing successfully into expanded blastocysts. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that rSLCs, generated in vitro from primate pluripotent stem cells, mimic many of the capabilities of in vivo round spermatids and perform events essential for preimplantation development. To our knowledge, this work represents, for the first time, that functional spermatid-like cells can be derived in vitro from primate pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Khampang
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases; Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Atlanta, Georgia.,Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - In Ki Cho
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases; Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Kanchana Punyawai
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases; Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brittany Gill
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline N Langmo
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Shivangi Nath
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Katherine W Greeson
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Krista M Symosko
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Kristen L Fowler
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Siran Tian
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases; Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John P Statz
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alyse N Steves
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases; Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Atlanta, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Rangsun Parnpai
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Michael A White
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Cell Biology and Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Calvin R Simerly
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Cell Biology and Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerald Schatten
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Cell Biology and Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles A Easley
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases; Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
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Svetec Miklenić M, Svetec IK. Palindromes in DNA-A Risk for Genome Stability and Implications in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2840. [PMID: 33799581 PMCID: PMC7999016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A palindrome in DNA consists of two closely spaced or adjacent inverted repeats. Certain palindromes have important biological functions as parts of various cis-acting elements and protein binding sites. However, many palindromes are known as fragile sites in the genome, sites prone to chromosome breakage which can lead to various genetic rearrangements or even cell death. The ability of certain palindromes to initiate genetic recombination lies in their ability to form secondary structures in DNA which can cause replication stalling and double-strand breaks. Given their recombinogenic nature, it is not surprising that palindromes in the human genome are involved in genetic rearrangements in cancer cells as well as other known recurrent translocations and deletions associated with certain syndromes in humans. Here, we bring an overview of current understanding and knowledge on molecular mechanisms of palindrome recombinogenicity and discuss possible implications of DNA palindromes in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we overview the data on known palindromic sequences in the human genome and efforts to estimate their number and distribution, as well as underlying mechanisms of genetic rearrangements specific palindromic sequences cause.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Krešimir Svetec
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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