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Sekerková G, Kilic S, Cheng YH, Fredrick N, Osmani A, Kim H, Opal P, Martina M. Phenotypical, genotypical and pathological characterization of the moonwalker mouse, a model of ataxia. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 195:106492. [PMID: 38575093 PMCID: PMC11089908 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We performed a comprehensive study of the morphological, functional, and genetic features of moonwalker (MWK) mice, a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia caused by a gain of function of the TRPC3 channel. These mice show numerous behavioral symptoms including tremor, altered gait, circling behavior, impaired motor coordination, impaired motor learning and decreased limb strength. Cerebellar pathology is characterized by early and almost complete loss of unipolar brush cells as well as slowly progressive, moderate loss of Purkinje cell (PCs). Structural damage also includes loss of synaptic contacts from parallel fibers, swollen ER structures, and degenerating axons. Interestingly, no obvious correlation was observed between PC loss and severity of the symptoms, as the phenotype stabilizes around 2 months of age, while the cerebellar pathology is progressive. This is probably due to the fact that PC function is severely impaired much earlier than the appearance of PC loss. Indeed, PC firing is already impaired in 3 weeks old mice. An interesting feature of the MWK pathology that still remains to be explained consists in a strong lobule selectivity of the PC loss, which is puzzling considering that TRPC is expressed in every PC. Intriguingly, genetic analysis of MWK cerebella shows, among other alterations, changes in the expression of both apoptosis inducing and resistance factors possibly suggesting that damaged PCs initiate specific cellular pathways that protect them from overt cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Sumeyra Kilic
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yen-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Natalie Fredrick
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anne Osmani
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Haram Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marco Martina
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Rezzani R, Favero G, Gianò M, Pinto D, Labanca M, van Noorden CJ, Rinaldi F. Transient Receptor Potential Channels in the Healthy and Diseased Blood-Brain Barrier. J Histochem Cytochem 2024; 72:199-231. [PMID: 38590114 PMCID: PMC11020746 DOI: 10.1369/00221554241246032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The large family of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are integral membrane proteins that function as environmental sensors and act as ion channels after activation by mechanical (touch), physical (heat, pain), and chemical stimuli (pungent compounds such as capsaicin). Most TRP channels are localized in the plasma membrane of cells but some of them are localized in membranes of organelles and function as intracellular Ca2+-ion channels. TRP channels are involved in neurological disorders but their precise role(s) and relevance in these disorders are not clear. Endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) express TRP channels such as TRP vanilloid 1-4 and are involved in thermal detection by regulating BBB permeability. In neurological disorders, TRP channels in the BBB are responsible for edema formation in the brain. Therefore, drug design to modulate locally activity of TRP channels in the BBB is a hot topic. Today, the application of TRP channel antagonists against neurological disorders is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs - ARTO, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale - SISDO), Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Favero
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs - ARTO, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marzia Gianò
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Pinto
- Human Microbiome Advanced Project Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Labanca
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale - SISDO), Brescia, Italy
| | - Cornelis J.F. van Noorden
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Fabio Rinaldi
- Human Microbiome Advanced Project Institute, Milan, Italy
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Seo JY, Jo HR, Lee SH, Kim DG, Lee H, Kim YL, Choi YI, Jung SJ, Son H. TRPC4 deletion elicits behavioral defects in sociability by dysregulating expression of microRNA-138-2. iScience 2024; 27:108617. [PMID: 38188509 PMCID: PMC10770719 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether the defects in transient receptor potential canonical 4 (TRPC4), which is strongly expressed in the hippocampus, are implicated in ASD, we examined the social behaviors of mice in which Trpc4 was deleted (Trpc4-/-). Trpc4-/- mice displayed the core symptoms of ASD, namely, social disability and repetitive behaviors. In microarray analysis of the hippocampus, microRNA (miR)-138-2, the precursor of miR-138, was upregulated in Trpc4-/- mice. We also found that binding of Matrin3 (MATR3), a selective miR-138-2 binding nuclear protein, to miR-138-2 was prominently enhanced, resulting in the downregulation of miR-138 in Trpc4-/- mice. Some parameters of the social defects and repetitive behaviors in the Trpc4-/- mice were rescued by increased miR-138 levels following miR-138-2 infusion in the hippocampus. Together, these results suggest that Trpc4 regulates some signaling components that oppose the development of social behavioral deficits through miR-138 and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Seo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Ryeong Jo
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Gyeong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Huiju Lee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye Lim Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young In Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Jun Jung
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Son
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Padbury EH, Bálint Š, Carollo E, Carter DRF, Becker EBE. TRPC3 signalling contributes to the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e132. [PMID: 38938673 PMCID: PMC11080740 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to a wide range of pathological processes including cancer progression, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying their biogenesis remain incompletely characterized. The development of tetraspanin-based pHluorin reporters has enabled the real-time analysis of EV release at the plasma membrane. Here, we employed CD81-pHluorin to investigate mechanisms of EV release in ovarian cancer (OC) cells and report a novel role for the Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) channel TRPC3 in EV-mediated communication. We found that specific activation of TRPC3 increased Ca2+ signalling in SKOV3 cells and stimulated an immediate increase in EV release. Ca2+-stimulants histamine and ionomycin likewise induced EV release, and imaging analysis revealed distinct stimulation-dependent temporal and spatial release dynamics. Interestingly, inhibition of TRPC3 attenuated histamine-stimulated Ca2+-entry and EV release, indicating that TRPC3 is likely to act downstream of histamine signalling in EV biogenesis. Furthermore, we found that direct activation of TRPC3 as well as the application of EVs derived from TRPC3-activated cells increased SKOV3 proliferation. Our data provides insights into the molecular mechanisms and dynamics underlying EV release in OC cells, proposing a key role for TRPC3 in EV biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise H. Padbury
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Štefan Bálint
- Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Emanuela Carollo
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
| | - David R. F. Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
- Evox Therapeutics LimitedOxfordUK
| | - Esther B. E. Becker
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Ranjbar H, Soti M, Razavinasab M, Kohlmeier KA, Shabani M. The neglected role of endocannabinoid actions at TRPC channels in ataxia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104860. [PMID: 36087758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are highly expressed in cells of the cerebellum including in the dendrites and somas of Purkinje cells (PCs). Their endogenous activation promotes influx of Ca2+ and Na+, resulting in depolarization. TRP channels can be activated by endogenous endocannabinoids (eCBs) and activity of TRP channels has been shown to modulate GABA and glutamate transmission. Ataxia is caused by disruption of multiple intracellular pathways which often involve changes in Ca2+ homeostasis that can result in neural cellular dysfunction and cell death. Based on available literature, alteration of transmission of eCBs would be expected to change activity of cerebellar TRP channels. Antagonists of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) including enzymes which break eCBs down have been shown to result in reductions in postsynaptic excitatory activity mediated by TRPC channels. Further, TRPC channel antagonists could modulate both pre and postsynaptically-mediated glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission, resulting in reductions in cell death due to excitotoxicity and dysfunctions caused by abnormal inhibitory signaling. Accordingly, TRP channels, and in particular the TRPC channel, represent a potential therapeutic target for management of ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Ranjbar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Monavareh Soti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moazamehosadat Razavinasab
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Wu QW, Kapfhammer JP. The Emerging Key Role of the mGluR1-PKCγ Signaling Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Spinocerebellar Ataxias: A Neurodevelopmental Viewpoint. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169169. [PMID: 36012439 PMCID: PMC9409119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogeneous group of autosomal dominantly inherited progressive disorders with degeneration and dysfunction of the cerebellum. Although different subtypes of SCAs are classified according to the disease-associated causative genes, the clinical syndrome of the ataxia is shared, pointing towards a possible convergent pathogenic pathway among SCAs. In this review, we summarize the role of SCA-associated gene function during cerebellar Purkinje cell development and discuss the relationship between SCA pathogenesis and neurodevelopment. We will summarize recent studies on molecules involved in SCA pathogenesis and will focus on the mGluR1-PKCγ signaling pathway evaluating the possibility that this might be a common pathway which contributes to these diseases.
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7
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Mezey SE, Kapfhammer JP, Shimobayashi E. Transcriptome Profile of a New Mouse Model of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 14 Implies Changes in Cerebellar Development. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081417. [PMID: 36011327 PMCID: PMC9407720 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The autosomal dominant inherited spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by cerebellar atrophy and loss of Purkinje neurons. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) is a rare variant of SCAs caused by missense mutations or deletions in the PRKCG gene encoding the protein kinase C γ (PKCγ). Although mutated PKCγs are responsible for SCA14, it is still unclear exactly how mutated PKCγs are involved in SCA14 pathogenesis. Therefore, it is important to study how PKCγ signaling is altered in the cerebellum, which genes or signaling pathways are affected, and how this leads to neurological disease. In this study, we used a mouse line carrying a knock-in pseudo-substrate domain mutation in PKCγ (PKCγ-A24E) as an SCA14 model and performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis at an early developmental timepoint (postnatal day 15) to investigate changes in the gene profile compared to wildtype mice. We analyzed both heterozygous (Het) PKCγ-A24E mice and homozygous (Homo) PKCγ-A24E mice for transcriptomic changes. The Het PKCγ-A24E mice reflects the situation observed in human SCA14 patient, while Homo PKCγ-A24E mice display stronger phenotypes with respect to Purkinje cell development and behavior. Our findings highlight an abundance of modifications affecting genes involved in developmental processes, suggesting that at least a part of the final phenotype is shaped by altered cerebellar development and is not only caused by changes in mature animals.
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8
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Aslam N, Alvi F. TRPC3 Channel Activity and Viability of Purkinje Neurons can be Regulated by a Local Signalosome. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:818682. [PMID: 35265671 PMCID: PMC8899209 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.818682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPC3) may play a pivotal role in the development and viability of dendritic arbor in Purkinje neurons. This is a novel postsynaptic channel for glutamatergic synaptic transmission. In the cerebellum, TRPC3 appears to regulate functions relating to motor coordination in a highly specific manner. Gain of TRPC3 function is linked to significant alterations in the density and connectivity of dendritic arbor in Purkinje neurons. TRPC3 signals downstream of class I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1). Moreover, diacylglycerol (DAG) can directly bind and activate TRPC3 molecules. Here, we investigate a key question: How can the activity of the TRPC3 channel be regulated in Purkinje neurons? We also explore how mGluR1 activation, Ca2+ influx, and DAG homeostasis in Purkinje neurons can be linked to TRPC3 activity modulation. Through systems biology approach, we show that TRPC3 activity can be modulated by a Purkinje cell (PC)–specific local signalosome. The assembly of this signalosome is coordinated by DAG generation after mGluR1 activation. Our results also suggest that purinergic receptor activation leads to the spatial and temporal organization of the TRPC3 signaling module and integration of its key effector molecules such as DAG, PKCγ, DGKγ, and Ca2+ into an organized local signalosome. This signaling machine can regulate the TRPC3 cycling between active, inactive, and desensitized states. Precise activity of the TRPC3 channel is essential for tightly regulating the Ca2+ entry into PCs and thus the balance of lipid and Ca2+ signaling in Purkinje neurons and hence their viability. Cell-type–specific understanding of mechanisms regulating TRPC3 channel activity could be key in identifying therapeutic targeting opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Aslam
- BioSystOmics, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Naveed Aslam,
| | - Farah Alvi
- BioSystOmics, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
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9
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Rayff da Silva P, do Nascimento Gonzaga TKS, Maia RE, Araújo da Silva B. Ionic Channels as Potential Targets for the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1834-1849. [PMID: 34370640 PMCID: PMC9886809 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210809102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological condition that directly affects brain functions and can culminate in delayed intellectual development, problems in verbal communication, difficulties in social interaction, and stereotyped behaviors. Its etiology reveals a genetic basis that can be strongly influenced by socio-environmental factors. Ion channels controlled by ligand voltage-activated calcium, sodium, and potassium channels may play important roles in modulating sensory and cognitive responses, and their dysfunctions may be closely associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD. This is due to ionic flow, which is of paramount importance to maintaining physiological conditions in the central nervous system and triggers action potentials, gene expression, and cell signaling. However, since ASD is a multifactorial disease, treatment is directed only to secondary symptoms. Therefore, this research aims to gather evidence concerning the principal pathophysiological mechanisms involving ion channels in order to recognize their importance as therapeutic targets for the treatment of central and secondary ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bagnólia Araújo da Silva
- Address correspondence to this author at the Postgraduate Program in Natural Synthetic and Bioactive Products, Heath Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba - Campus I, 58051-085, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; Tel: ++55-83-99352-5595; E-mail:
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10
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Wu QW, Kapfhammer JP. Serine/threonine kinase 17b (STK17B) signalling regulates Purkinje cell dendritic development and is altered in multiple spinocerebellar ataxias. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:6673-6684. [PMID: 34536317 PMCID: PMC9292345 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase 17b (STK17B, also known as DRAK2) is known to be a downstream effector of protein kinase C (PKC) in the immune system, in particular T lymphocytes. PKC activity also plays a critical role for dendritic development and synaptic maturation and plasticity in cerebellar Purkinje cells. We present evidence that STK17B is strongly expressed in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells starting in the early postnatal period and remaining highly expressed throughout adult stages and that STK17B is a target of PKC phosphorylation in the cerebellum. STK17B overexpression potentiates the morphological changes of Purkinje cells seen after PKC activation, suggesting that it is a downstream effector of PKC. A phosphorylation mimetic STK17B variant induced a marked reduction of Purkinje cell dendritic tree size, whereas the inhibition of STK17B with the novel compound 16 (Cpd16) could partially rescue the morphological changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree after PKC activation. These findings show that STK17B signalling is an important downstream effector of PKC activation in Purkinje cells. Furthermore, STK17B was identified as a molecule being transcriptionally downregulated in mouse models of SCA1, SCA7, SCA14 and SCA41. The reduced expression of STK17B in these mouse models might protect Purkinje cell dendrites from the negative effects of overactivated PKC signalling. Our findings provide new insights in the role of STK17B for Purkinje cell dendritic development and the pathology of SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Wei Wu
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef P Kapfhammer
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Lavanderos B, Silva I, Cruz P, Orellana-Serradell O, Saldías MP, Cerda O. TRP Channels Regulation of Rho GTPases in Brain Context and Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:582975. [PMID: 33240883 PMCID: PMC7683514 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.582975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders are mediated by several pathophysiological mechanisms, including developmental and degenerative abnormalities caused primarily by disturbances in cell migration, structural plasticity of the synapse, and blood-vessel barrier function. In this context, critical pathways involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases are related to structural, scaffolding, and enzymatic activity-bearing proteins, which participate in Ca2+- and Ras Homologs (Rho) GTPases-mediated signaling. Rho GTPases are GDP/GTP binding proteins that regulate the cytoskeletal structure, cellular protrusion, and migration. These proteins cycle between GTP-bound (active) and GDP-bound (inactive) states due to their intrinsic GTPase activity and their dynamic regulation by GEFs, GAPs, and GDIs. One of the most important upstream inputs that modulate Rho GTPases activity is Ca2+ signaling, positioning ion channels as pivotal molecular entities for Rho GTPases regulation. Multiple non-selective cationic channels belonging to the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family participate in cytoskeletal-dependent processes through Ca2+-mediated modulation of Rho GTPases. Moreover, these ion channels have a role in several neuropathological events such as neuronal cell death, brain tumor progression and strokes. Although Rho GTPases-dependent pathways have been extensively studied, how they converge with TRP channels in the development or progression of neuropathologies is poorly understood. Herein, we review recent evidence and insights that link TRP channels activity to downstream Rho GTPase signaling or modulation. Moreover, using the TRIP database, we establish associations between possible mediators of Rho GTPase signaling with TRP ion channels. As such, we propose mechanisms that might explain the TRP-dependent modulation of Rho GTPases as possible pathways participating in the emergence or maintenance of neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Lavanderos
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ian Silva
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Cruz
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Orellana-Serradell
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - María Paz Saldías
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Cerda
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile.,The Wound Repair, Treatment and Health (WoRTH) Initiative, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Maria-Ferreira D, de Oliveira NMT, da Silva LCM, Fernandes ES. Evidence of a Role for the TRPC Subfamily in Mediating Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:332. [PMID: 32457638 PMCID: PMC7225354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) represents one of the most common multifactorial neurodegenerative disorders affecting the elderly population. It is associated with the aggregation of α-synuclein protein and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the brain. The disease is mainly represented by motor symptoms, such as resting tremors, postural instability, rigidity, and bradykinesia, that develop slowly over time. Parkinson's disease can also manifest as disturbances in non-motor functions. Although the pathology of PD has not yet been fully understood, it has been suggested that the disruption of the cellular redox status may contribute to cellular oxidative stress and, thus, to cell death. The generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen intermediates, as well as the dysfunction of dopamine metabolism, play important roles in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. In this context, the transient receptor potential channel canonical (TRPC) sub-family plays an important role in neuronal degeneration. Additionally, PD gene products, including DJ-1, SNCA, UCH-L1, PINK-1, and Parkin, also interfere with mitochondrial function leading to reactive oxygen species production and dopaminergic neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress. Herein, we discuss the interplay between these various biochemical and molecular events that ultimately lead to dopaminergic signaling disruption, highlighting the recently identified roles of TRPC in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Maria-Ferreira
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Natalia Mulinari Turin de Oliveira
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Liziane Cristine Malaquias da Silva
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Soares Fernandes
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
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13
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Binda F, Pernaci C, Saxena S. Cerebellar Development and Circuit Maturation: A Common Framework for Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:293. [PMID: 32300292 PMCID: PMC7145357 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) affect the cerebellum and its afferent and efferent systems that degenerate during disease progression. In the cerebellum, Purkinje cells (PCs) are the most vulnerable and their prominent loss in the late phase of the pathology is the main characteristic of these neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the constant advancement in the discovery of affected molecules and cellular pathways, a comprehensive description of the events leading to the development of motor impairment and degeneration is still lacking. However, in the last years the possible causal role for altered cerebellar development and neuronal circuit wiring in SCAs has been emerging. Not only wiring and synaptic transmission deficits are a common trait of SCAs, but also preventing the expression of the mutant protein during cerebellar development seems to exert a protective role. By discussing this tight relationship between cerebellar development and SCAs, in this review, we aim to highlight the importance of cerebellar circuitry for the investigation of SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Binda
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carla Pernaci
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Smita Saxena
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Prestori F, Moccia F, D’Angelo E. Disrupted Calcium Signaling in Animal Models of Human Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010216. [PMID: 31892274 PMCID: PMC6981692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) constitute a heterogeneous group of more than 40 autosomal-dominant genetic and neurodegenerative diseases characterized by loss of balance and motor coordination due to dysfunction of the cerebellum and its efferent connections. Despite a well-described clinical and pathological phenotype, the molecular and cellular events that underlie neurodegeneration are still poorly undaerstood. Emerging research suggests that mutations in SCA genes cause disruptions in multiple cellular pathways but the characteristic SCA pathogenesis does not begin until calcium signaling pathways are disrupted in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Ca2+ signaling in Purkinje cells is important for normal cellular function as these neurons express a variety of Ca2+ channels, Ca2+-dependent kinases and phosphatases, and Ca2+-binding proteins to tightly maintain Ca2+ homeostasis and regulate physiological Ca2+-dependent processes. Abnormal Ca2+ levels can activate toxic cascades leading to characteristic death of Purkinje cells, cerebellar atrophy, and ataxia that occur in many SCAs. The output of the cerebellar cortex is conveyed to the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) by Purkinje cells via inhibitory signals; thus, Purkinje cell dysfunction or degeneration would partially or completely impair the cerebellar output in SCAs. In the absence of the inhibitory signal emanating from Purkinje cells, DCN will become more excitable, thereby affecting the motor areas receiving DCN input and resulting in uncoordinated movements. An outstanding advantage in studying the pathogenesis of SCAs is represented by the availability of a large number of animal models which mimic the phenotype observed in humans. By mainly focusing on mouse models displaying mutations or deletions in genes which encode for Ca2+ signaling-related proteins, in this review we will discuss the several pathogenic mechanisms related to deranged Ca2+ homeostasis that leads to significant Purkinje cell degeneration and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Prestori
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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15
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Clifford H, Dulneva A, Ponting CP, Haerty W, Becker EBE. A gene expression signature in developing Purkinje cells predicts autism and intellectual disability co-morbidity status. Sci Rep 2019; 9:485. [PMID: 30679692 PMCID: PMC6346046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disease whose underpinning molecular mechanisms and neural substrates are subject to intense scrutiny. Interestingly, the cerebellum has emerged as one of the key brain regions affected in ASD. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms that link the cerebellum to ASD, particularly during development, remain poorly understood. To gain insight into the genetic and molecular mechanisms that might link the cerebellum to ASD, we analysed the transcriptome dynamics of a developing cell population highly enriched for Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum across multiple timepoints. We identified a single cluster of genes whose expression is positively correlated with development and which is enriched for genes associated with ASD. This ASD-associated gene cluster was specific to developing Purkinje cells and not detected in the mouse neocortex during the same developmental period, in which we identified a distinct temporally regulated ASD gene module. Furthermore, the composition of ASD risk genes within the two distinct clusters was significantly different in their association with intellectual disability (ID), consistent with the existence of genetically and spatiotemporally distinct endophenotypes of ASD. Together, our findings define a specific cluster of ASD genes that is enriched in developing PCs and predicts co-morbidity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Clifford
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Dulneva
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Chris P Ponting
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Wilfried Haerty
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom. .,Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UG, United Kingdom.
| | - Esther B E Becker
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom.
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16
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Shimobayashi E, Kapfhammer JP. Calcium Signaling, PKC Gamma, IP3R1 and CAR8 Link Spinocerebellar Ataxias and Purkinje Cell Dendritic Development. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:151-159. [PMID: 28554312 PMCID: PMC5883377 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170529104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of cerebellar diseases characterized by progressive ataxia and cerebellar atrophy. Several forms of SCAs are caused by missense mutations or deletions in genes related to calcium signaling in Purkinje cells. Among them, spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) is caused by missense mutations in PRKCG gene which encodes protein kinase C gamma (PKCγ). It is remarkable that in several cases in which SCA is caused by point mutations in an individual gene, the affected genes are involved in the PKCγ signaling pathway and calcium signaling which is not only crucial for proper Purkinje cell function but is also involved in the control of Purkinje cell dendritic development. In this review, we will focus on the PKCγ signaling related genes and calcium signaling related genes then discuss their role for both Purkinje cell dendritic development and cerebellar ataxia. Methods Research related to SCAs and Purkinje cell dendritic development is reviewed. Results PKCγ dysregulation causes abnormal Purkinje cell dendritic development and SCA14. Carbonic anhydrase related protein 8 (Car8) encoding CAR8 and Itpr1 encoding IP3R1were identified as upregulated genes in one of SCA14 mouse model. IP3R1, CAR8 and PKCγ proteins are strongly and specifically expressed in Purkinje cells. The common function among them is that they are involved in the regulation of calcium homeostasis in Purkinje cells and their dysfunction causes ataxia in mouse and human. Furthermore, disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis caused by mutations in some calcium channels in Purkinje cells links to abnormal Purkinje cell dendritic development and the pathogenesis of several SCAs. Conclusion Once PKCγ signaling related genes and calcium signaling related genes are disturbed, the normal dendritic development of Purkinje cells is impaired as well as the integration of signals from other neurons, resulting in abnormal development, cerebellar dysfunction and eventually Purkinje cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Shimobayashi
- Anatomical Institute, Department of Biomedicine Basel, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef P Kapfhammer
- Anatomical Institute, Department of Biomedicine Basel, University of Basel, Pestalozzistrasse 20, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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17
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TRPC3 is required for the survival, pluripotency and neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:253-265. [PMID: 29392682 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical subfamily member 3 (TRPC3) is known to be important for neural development and the formation of neuronal networks. Here, we investigated the role of TRPC3 in undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and during the differentiation of mESCs into neurons. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout (KO) of TRPC3 induced apoptosis and the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential both in undifferentiated mESCs and in those undergoing neural differentiation. In addition, TRPC3 KO impaired the pluripotency of mESCs. TRPC3 KO also dramatically repressed the neural differentiation of mESCs by inhibiting the expression of markers for neural progenitors, neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Taken together, our new data demonstrate an important function of TRPC3 with regards to the survival, pluripotency and neural differentiation of mESCs.
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18
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Kumarasamy S, Solanki S, Atolagbe OT, Joe B, Birnbaumer L, Vazquez G. Deep Transcriptomic Profiling of M1 Macrophages Lacking Trpc3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39867. [PMID: 28051144 PMCID: PMC5209678 DOI: 10.1038/srep39867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies using mice with macrophage-specific loss of TRPC3 we found a significant, selective effect of TRPC3 on the biology of M1, or inflammatory macrophages. Whereas activation of some components of the unfolded protein response and the pro-apoptotic mediators CamkII and Stat1 was impaired in Trpc3-deficient M1 cells, gathering insight about other molecular signatures within macrophages that might be affected by Trpc3 expression requires an alternative approach. In the present study we conducted RNA-seq analysis to interrogate the transcriptome of M1 macrophages derived from mice with macrophage-specific loss of TRPC3 and their littermate controls. We identified 160 significantly differentially expressed genes between the two groups, of which 62 were upregulated and 98 downregulated in control vs. Trpc3-deficient M1 macrophages. Gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment in processes associated to cellular movement and lipid signaling, whereas the enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways included networks for calcium signaling and cell adhesion molecules, among others. This is the first deep transcriptomic analysis of macrophages in the context of Trpc3 deficiency and the data presented constitutes a unique resource to further explore functions of TRPC3 in macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivarajan Kumarasamy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Transverse Dr., Toledo, Ohio 43614 USA
| | - Sumeet Solanki
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Transverse Dr., Toledo, Ohio 43614 USA
| | - Oluwatomisin T Atolagbe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Transverse Dr., Toledo, Ohio 43614 USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Transverse Dr., Toledo, Ohio 43614 USA
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA.,Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED UCA-CONICET), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, C1107AFF Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Vazquez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Transverse Dr., Toledo, Ohio 43614 USA
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19
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Bollimuntha S, Pani B, Singh BB. Neurological and Motor Disorders: Neuronal Store-Operated Ca 2+ Signaling: An Overview and Its Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 993:535-556. [PMID: 28900932 PMCID: PMC5821072 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57732-6_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous second messenger that performs significant physiological task such as neurosecretion, exocytosis, neuronal growth/differentiation, and the development and/or maintenance of neural circuits. An important regulatory aspect of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis is store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) which, in recent years, has gained much attention for influencing a variety of nerve cell responses. Essentially, activation of SOCE ensues following the activation of the plasma membrane (PM) store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCC) triggered by the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores. In addition to the TRPC (transient receptor potential canonical) and the Orai family of ion channels, STIM (stromal interacting molecule) proteins have been baptized as key molecular regulators of SOCE. Functional significance of the TRPC channels in neurons has been elaborately studied; however, information on Orai and STIM components of SOCE, although seems imminent, is currently limited. Importantly, perturbations in SOCE have been implicated in a spectrum of neuropathological conditions. Hence, understanding the precise involvement of SOCC in neurodegeneration would presumably unveil avenues for plausible therapeutic interventions. We thus review the role of SOCE-regulated neuronal Ca2+ signaling in selecting neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Bollimuntha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
| | - Biswaranjan Pani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Brij B Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
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20
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Mark MD, Schwitalla JC, Groemmke M, Herlitze S. Keeping Our Calcium in Balance to Maintain Our Balance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:1040-1050. [PMID: 27392710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is a key signaling molecule and ion involved in a variety of diverse processes in our central nervous system (CNS) which include gene expression, synaptic transmission and plasticity, neuronal excitability and cell maintenance. Proper control of calcium signaling is not only vital for neuronal physiology but also cell survival. Mutations in fundamental channels, transporters and second messenger proteins involved in orchestrating the balance of our calcium homeostasis can lead to severe neurodegenerative disorders, such as Spinocerebellar (SCA) and Episodic (EA) ataxias. Hereditary ataxias make up a remarkably diverse group of neurological disorders clinically characterized by gait ataxia, nystagmus, dysarthria, trunk and limb ataxia and often atrophy of the cerebellum. The largest family of hereditary ataxias is SCAs which consists of a growing family of 42 members. A relatively smaller family of 8 members compose the EAs. The gene mutations responsible for half of the EA members and over 35 of the SCA subtypes have been identified, and several have been found to be responsible for cerebellar atrophy, abnormal intracellular calcium levels, dysregulation of Purkinje cell pacemaking, altered cerebellar synaptic transmission and/or ataxia in mouse models. Although the genetic diversity and affected cellular pathways of hereditary ataxias are broad, one common theme amongst these genes is their effects on maintaining calcium balance in primarily the cerebellum. There is emerging evidence that the pathogenesis of hereditary ataxias may be caused by imbalances in intracellular calcium due to genetic mutations in calcium-mediating proteins. In this review we will discuss the current evidence supporting the role of deranged calcium as the culprit to neurodegenerative diseases with a primary focus on SCAs and EAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Mark
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jan Claudius Schwitalla
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michelle Groemmke
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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21
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Smeets CJLM, Verbeek DS. Climbing fibers in spinocerebellar ataxia: A mechanism for the loss of motor control. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 88:96-106. [PMID: 26792399 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) form an ever-growing group of neurodegenerative disorders causing dysfunction of the cerebellum and loss of motor control in patients. Currently, 41 different genetic causes have been identified, with each mutation affecting a different gene. Interestingly, these diverse genetic causes all disrupt cerebellar function and produce similar symptoms in patients. In order to understand the disease better, and define possible therapeutic targets for multiple SCAs, the field has been searching for common ground among the SCAs. In this review, we discuss the physiology of climbing fibers and the possibility that climbing fiber dysfunction is a point of convergence for at least a subset of SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J L M Smeets
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Pembroke WG, Babbs A, Davies KE, Ponting CP, Oliver PL. Temporal transcriptomics suggest that twin-peaking genes reset the clock. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26523393 PMCID: PMC4718813 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) drives daily rhythmic behavior and physiology, yet a detailed understanding of its coordinated transcriptional programmes is lacking. To reveal the finer details of circadian variation in the mammalian SCN transcriptome we combined laser-capture microdissection (LCM) and RNA-seq over a 24 hr light / dark cycle. We show that 7-times more genes exhibited a classic sinusoidal expression signature than previously observed in the SCN. Another group of 766 genes unexpectedly peaked twice, near both the start and end of the dark phase; this twin-peaking group is significantly enriched for synaptic transmission genes that are crucial for light-induced phase shifting of the circadian clock. 341 intergenic non-coding RNAs, together with novel exons of annotated protein-coding genes, including Cry1, also show specific circadian expression variation. Overall, our data provide an important chronobiological resource (www.wgpembroke.com/shiny/SCNseq/) and allow us to propose that transcriptional timing in the SCN is gating clock resetting mechanisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10518.001 The daily cycles of life in mammals are driven by a small region of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or SCN). The SCN receives signals from sunlight and other environmental factors to help coordinate most aspects of daily biological activity and behaviour. To work correctly, it is essential that the SCN switches certain genes on and off at exactly the right time. However, many questions remain over the identity of these genes and how their levels of activity change during a 24-hour period. When a gene is active (or “being expressed”), it is used as a template to build the molecules of RNA that are needed to make proteins and to help to control how cells work. Pembroke et al. have now sequenced the RNA molecules made in the SCN of mice (which plays the same role as the equivalent human brain region) over a 24-hour period. The mice spent half of each day in the light, and half in the dark. This revealed that the expression levels of over a quarter of all the genes that are found in the SCN fluctuate over a 24-hour period. One particular group of genes peak in activity twice a day; Pembroke et al. suggest that these genes are important for controlling how an animal can adjust its body clock to light. Further research is now needed to find out which of the newly discovered fluctuating genes play the most important roles in daily activity rhythms, and which might play a part in disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10518.002
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Pembroke
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arran Babbs
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kay E Davies
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris P Ponting
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter L Oliver
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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23
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Hanson SM, Sansom MSP, Becker EBE. Modeling Suggests TRPC3 Hydrogen Bonding and Not Phosphorylation Contributes to the Ataxia Phenotype of the Moonwalker Mouse. Biochemistry 2015; 54:4033-41. [PMID: 26112884 PMCID: PMC4530436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A gain-of-function
mutation (T635A) in the transient receptor potential
(TRP) channel TRPC3 results in abnormal channel gating and causes
cerebellar ataxia in the dominant Moonwalker (Mwk) mouse mutant. However, the underlying molecular and
structural mechanisms are unclear. Here, we used a combined approach
of computational modeling and functional characterization of proposed
TRPC3 mutants. Our findings support a mechanism by which the hydrogen
bonding capability of threonine 635 plays a significant role in maintaining
a stable, closed state channel. This capability is lost in the Mwk mutant, suggesting a structural basis for the disease-causing
phenotype in the Mwk mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya M Hanson
- †Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Esther B E Becker
- §MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
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