1
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Alesi N, Asrani K, Lotan TL, Henske EP. The Spectrum of Renal "TFEopathies": Flipping the mTOR Switch in Renal Tumorigenesis. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 39012319 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00026.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of Rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a serine/threonine kinase that couples nutrient and growth factor signaling to the cellular control of metabolism and plays a fundamental role in aberrant proliferation in cancer. mTORC1 has previously been considered an "on/off" switch, capable of phosphorylating the entire pool of its substrates when activated. However, recent studies have indicated that mTORC1 may be active toward its canonical substrates, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and S6 kinase (S6K), involved in mRNA translation and protein synthesis, and inactive toward TFEB and TFE3, transcription factors involved in the regulation of lysosome biogenesis, in several pathological contexts. Among these conditions are Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) and, recently, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Furthermore, increased TFEB and TFE3 nuclear localization in these syndromes, and in translocation renal cell carcinomas (tRCC), drives mTORC1 activity toward the canonical substrates, through the transcriptional activation of the Rag GTPases, thereby positioning TFEB and TFE3 upstream of mTORC1 activity toward 4EBP1 and S6K. The expanding importance of TFEB and TFE3 in the pathogenesis of these renal diseases warrants a novel clinical grouping that we term "TFEopathies." Currently, there are no therapeutic options directly targeting TFEB and TFE3, which represents a challenging and critically required avenue for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Alesi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kaushal Asrani
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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2
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Diesler R, Ahmad K, Chalabreysse L, Glérant JC, Harzallah I, Touraine R, Si-Mohamed S, Cottin V. [Genetic diffuse cystic lung disease in adults]. Rev Mal Respir 2024; 41:69-88. [PMID: 37951745 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple cystic lung diseases comprise a wide range of various diseases, some of them of genetic origin. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a disease occurring almost exclusively in women, sporadically or in association with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Patients with LAM present with lymphatic complications, renal angiomyolipomas and cystic lung disease responsible for spontaneous pneumothoraces and progressive respiratory insufficiency. TSC and LAM have been ascribed to mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes. Patients with TSC are variably affected by cutaneous, cognitive and neuropsychiatric manifestations, epilepsy, cerebral and renal tumors, usually of benign nature. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is caused by mutations in FLCN encoding folliculin. This syndrome includes lung cysts of basal predominance, cutaneous fibrofolliculomas and various renal tumors. The main complications are spontaneous pneumothoraces and renal tumors requiring systematic screening. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is involved in the pathophysiology of TSC, sporadic LAM and Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. MTOR inhibitors are used in LAM and in TSC while Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome does not progress towards chronic respiratory failure. Future challenges in these often under-recognized diseases include the need to reduce the delay to diagnosis, and to develop potentially curative treatments. In France, physicians can seek help from the network of reference centers for the diagnosis and management of rare pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Diesler
- UMR754, INRAE, ERN-LUNG, service de pneumologie, centre de référence coordonnateur des maladies pulmonaires rares (OrphaLung), hôpital Louis-Pradel, Hospices civils de Lyon, université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - K Ahmad
- ERN-LUNG, service de pneumologie, centre de référence coordonnateur des maladies pulmonaires Rares (OrphaLung), hôpital Louis-Pradel, Hospices civils de Lyon, université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - L Chalabreysse
- Service de pathologie, groupe hospitalier Est, Hospices civils de Lyon, université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - J-C Glérant
- Service d'explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires, hôpital Louis-Pradel, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - I Harzallah
- Service de génétique clinique, chromosomique et moléculaire, CHU-hôpital Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - R Touraine
- Service de génétique clinique, chromosomique et moléculaire, CHU-hôpital Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - S Si-Mohamed
- Service d'imagerie, hôpital Louis-Pradel, Hospices civils de Lyon, université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - V Cottin
- UMR754, INRAE, ERN-LUNG, service de pneumologie, centre de référence coordonnateur des maladies pulmonaires rares (OrphaLung), hôpital Louis-Pradel, Hospices civils de Lyon, université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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3
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Kawachi R, Nakatani Y, Furuya M, Nakamura N, Kondo Y, Nagashima Y, Nakayama T, Okada M, Sakurai H, Masuda S. Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome-associated lung cysts: A new insight into the pathogenesis? Pathol Int 2023; 73:601-608. [PMID: 37818800 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lung cysts are one of the major features of Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD), but little is known about their nature and pathogenesis. We report a case of a woman diagnosed with BHD lung cysts who exhibited pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis (PIG), a mesenchymal abnormality hitherto undescribed in this disease, in specimens resected at 14 and 29 years of age. Histopathologically, oval to spindle clear cells were seen in the subepithelial interstitial tissue of septal structures and the walls of the cysts. They had abundant periodic acid-Schiff-positive cytoplasmic glycogen. Immunohistochemically, these cells were positive for a few markers of mesenchymal stem cell-like lineage, including vimentin, CD44, and CD10, and negative for markers of epithelial or specific mesenchymal differentiation; these results were consistent with the reported immunophenotype of PIG cells. These PIG cells were more abundant in her specimen at age 14 years than in the second specimen from adulthood. The present case suggests that BHD lung cysts belong to a group of pulmonary developmental disorders characterized by combined PIG and alveolar simplification/cystic change. Disorders with PIG may persist until adulthood and may be of clinical and pathological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riken Kawachi
- Division of Respiratory Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakatani
- Department of Pathology, Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital, Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | - Naoya Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University Hospital, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University Hospital, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagashima
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- Laboratory Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okada
- Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakurai
- Division of Respiratory Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Masuda
- Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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van de Beek I, Glykofridis IE, Tanck MWT, Luijten MNH, Starink TM, Balk JA, Johannesma PC, Hennekam E, van den Hoff MJB, Gunst QD, Gille JJP, Polstra AM, Postmus PE, van Steensel MAM, Postma AV, Wolthuis RMF, Menko FH, Houweling AC, Waisfisz Q. Familial multiple discoid fibromas is linked to a locus on chromosome 5 including the FNIP1 gene. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:273-279. [PMID: 36599954 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported a series of families presenting with trichodiscomas, inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. The phenotype was named familial multiple discoid fibromas (FMDF). The genetic cause of FMDF remained unknown so far. Trichodiscomas are skin lesions previously reported to be part of the same spectrum as the fibrofolliculoma observed in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD), an inherited disease caused by pathogenic variants in the FLCN gene. Given the clinical and histological differences with BHD and the exclusion of linkage with the FLCN locus, the phenotype was concluded to be distinct from BHD. We performed extensive clinical evaluations and genetic testing in ten families with FMDF. We identified a FNIP1 frameshift variant in nine families and genealogical studies showed common ancestry for eight families. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified six additional rare variants in the haplotype surrounding FNIP1, including a missense variant in the PDGFRB gene that was found to be present in all tested patients with FMDF. Genome-wide linkage analysis showed that the locus on chromosome 5 including FNIP1 was the only region reaching the maximal possible LOD score. We concluded that FMDF is linked to a haplotype on chromosome 5. Additional evaluations in families with FMDF are required to unravel the exact genetic cause underlying the phenotype. When evaluating patients with multiple trichodisomas without a pathogenic variant in the FLCN gene, further genetic testing is warranted and can include analysis of the haplotype on chromosome 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma van de Beek
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Iris E Glykofridis
- Department of Human Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael W T Tanck
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique N H Luijten
- Department of Dermatology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Starink
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jesper A Balk
- Department of Human Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Johannesma
- Department of Surgery, Gelderse Vallei Ziekenhuis, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Hennekam
- Division of Biomedical Genetics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice J B van den Hoff
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quinn D Gunst
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan J P Gille
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abeltje M Polstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter E Postmus
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice A M van Steensel
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alex V Postma
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M F Wolthuis
- Department of Human Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fred H Menko
- Family Cancer Clinic, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan C Houweling
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quinten Waisfisz
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Luo Y, Huang S, Wei J, Zhou H, Wang W, Yang J, Deng Q, Wang H, Fu Z. Long noncoding RNA LINC01606 protects colon cancer cells from ferroptotic cell death and promotes stemness by SCD1-Wnt/β-catenin-TFE3 feedback loop signalling. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e752. [PMID: 35485210 PMCID: PMC9052012 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ferroptosis is principally caused by iron catalytic activity and intracellular lipid peroxidation. Long
noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in tumorigenesis. However, the potential interplay between lncRNA
LINC01606 and ferroptosis in colon cancer remains elusive. Methods The expression level of LNC01606 in colon cancer tissue was detected by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The functional role of LNC01606 was investigated by gain‐ and loss‐of‐function assays both in vitro and in vivo. The LINC01606‐SCD1‐Wnt/β‐catenin‐TFE3 axis were screened and validated by DNA/RNA pull down, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, RNA immunoprecipitation and dual‐luciferase reporter.
Results The expression of lncRNA LINC01606 was frequently upregulated in human colon cancer and strongly
associated with a poor prognosis. LINC01606 functioned as an oncogene and promotes colon cancer cell growth,
invasion and stemness both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, LINC01606 protected colon cancer cells from ferroptosis by decreasing the concentration of iron, lipid reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial superoxide and increasing mitochondrial membrane potential. Mechanistically, LINC01606 enhanced the expression of stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), serving as a competing endogenous RNA to modulate miR‐423‐5p expression, subsequently activating the canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, and transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3 (TFE3) increased LINC01606 transcription after recruitment to the promoter regions of LINC01606. Furthermore, we confirmed that upregulated LINC01606 and Wnt/β‐catenin formed a positive feedback regulatory loop, further inhibiting ferroptosis and enhancing stemness. Conclusions LINC01606 functions as an oncogene to facilitate tumor cell stemness, proliferation and inhibit ferroptosis and is a promising therapeutic target for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinlai Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - He Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qican Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongxue Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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6
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Gosis BS, Wada S, Thorsheim C, Li K, Jung S, Rhoades JH, Yang Y, Brandimarto J, Li L, Uehara K, Jang C, Lanza M, Sanford NB, Bornstein MR, Jeong S, Titchenell PM, Biddinger SB, Arany Z. Inhibition of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice by selective inhibition of mTORC1. Science 2022; 376:eabf8271. [PMID: 35420934 PMCID: PMC9811404 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf8271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remain without effective therapies. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway is a potential therapeutic target, but conflicting interpretations have been proposed for how mTORC1 controls lipid homeostasis. We show that selective inhibition of mTORC1 signaling in mice, through deletion of the RagC/D guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein folliculin (FLCN), promotes activation of transcription factor E3 (TFE3) in the liver without affecting other mTORC1 targets and protects against NAFLD and NASH. Disease protection is mediated by TFE3, which both induces lipid consumption and suppresses anabolic lipogenesis. TFE3 inhibits lipogenesis by suppressing proteolytic processing and activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and by interacting with SREBP-1c on chromatin. Our data reconcile previously conflicting studies and identify selective inhibition of mTORC1 as a potential approach to treat NASH and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget S Gosis
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shogo Wada
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chelsea Thorsheim
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristina Li
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joshua H Rhoades
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yifan Yang
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Brandimarto
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kahealani Uehara
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Lanza
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathan B Sanford
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marc R Bornstein
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunhye Jeong
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sudha B Biddinger
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Liu S, Xia K, Liu X, Duan Y, Hu M, Xia H, Lv J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Xia X, Li G, Cui X. Bibliometric Analysis of Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome From 2001 to 2021. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:857127. [PMID: 35479937 PMCID: PMC9035795 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.857127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by germline mutations in folliculin (FLCN). Despite our significantly evolved understanding of BHD over the past decades, no bibliometric analyses have been conducted in this field. This study aimed to analyze and visualize the characteristics of publication outputs, the research hotspots, and scientific frontiers about BHD using bibliometric analysis. Methods All relevant literature on BHD was culled from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. Valid data were extracted from the articles and visually analyzed using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Results A total of 751 qualifying papers were included. Publication outputs concerning BHD increased over time. The dominant position of the United States and Japan in BHD research field was evident. National Cancer Institute (the USA) and Yokohama City University (Japan) were the two most productive organizations. W. Marston Linehan exerted a considerable publication impact and had made the most remarkable contributions in the field of BHD. Plos One was the journal with the highest publication outputs, and half of the top 10 journals and co-cited journals belonged to Q1 or Q2. Keyword citation bursts revealed that management, tumor suppressor, flcn gene, spectrum, diagnosis, risk, computed tomography were the emerging research hotspots. Conclusion Research on BHD is prosperous. International cooperation between countries and organizations is also expected to deepen and strengthen in the future. Our results indicated that FLCN-associated pathways involved in the pathogenesis of BHD, specific options for early diagnosis, and molecular-targeting therapies will remain research hotspots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixu Liu
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Duan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu Hu
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongsheng Xia
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Lv
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyi Liu
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xia
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxi Li
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangxi Li
| | - Xiangning Cui
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Xiangning Cui
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8
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Ramirez Reyes JMJ, Cuesta R, Pause A. Folliculin: A Regulator of Transcription Through AMPK and mTOR Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:667311. [PMID: 33981707 PMCID: PMC8107286 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Folliculin (FLCN) is a tumor suppressor gene responsible for the inherited Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, which affects kidneys, skin and lungs. FLCN is a highly conserved protein that forms a complex with folliculin interacting proteins 1 and 2 (FNIP1/2). Although its sequence does not show homology to known functional domains, structural studies have determined a role of FLCN as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for small GTPases such as Rag GTPases. FLCN GAP activity on the Rags is required for the recruitment of mTORC1 and the transcriptional factors TFEB and TFE3 on the lysosome, where mTORC1 phosphorylates and inactivates these factors. TFEB/TFE3 are master regulators of lysosomal biogenesis and function, and autophagy. By this mechanism, FLCN/FNIP complex participates in the control of metabolic processes. AMPK, a key regulator of catabolism, interacts with FLCN/FNIP complex. FLCN loss results in constitutive activation of AMPK, which suggests an additional mechanism by which FLCN/FNIP may control metabolism. AMPK regulates the expression and activity of the transcriptional cofactors PGC1α/β, implicated in the control of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the interplay between mTORC1, FLCN/FNIP, and AMPK and their implications in the control of cellular homeostasis through the transcriptional activity of TFEB/TFE3 and PGC1α/β. Other pathways and cellular processes regulated by FLCN will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué M. J. Ramirez Reyes
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rafael Cuesta
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Arnim Pause
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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9
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Wang X, Wu H, Zhao L, Liu Z, Qi M, Jin Y, Liu W. FLCN regulates transferrin receptor 1 transport and iron homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100426. [PMID: 33609526 PMCID: PMC7995610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Birt–Hogg–Dubé (BHD) syndrome is a multiorgan disorder caused by inactivation of the folliculin (FLCN) protein. Previously, we identified FLCN as a binding protein of Rab11A, a key regulator of the endocytic recycling pathway. This finding implies that the abnormal localization of specific proteins whose transport requires the FLCN-Rab11A complex may contribute to BHD. Here, we used human kidney-derived HEK293 cells as a model, and we report that FLCN promotes the binding of Rab11A with transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), which is required for iron uptake through continuous trafficking between the cell surface and the cytoplasm. Loss of FLCN attenuated the Rab11A–TfR1 interaction, resulting in delayed recycling transport of TfR1. This delay caused an iron deficiency condition that induced hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activity, which was reversed by iron supplementation. In a Drosophila model of BHD syndrome, we further demonstrated that the phenotype of BHD mutant larvae was substantially rescued by an iron-rich diet. These findings reveal a conserved function of FLCN in iron metabolism and may help to elucidate the mechanisms driving BHD syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Hanjie Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Zeyao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Maozhen Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, China.
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10
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Daccord C, Good JM, Morren MA, Bonny O, Hohl D, Lazor R. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/157/200042. [PMID: 32943413 PMCID: PMC9489184 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0042-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHD) is a rare inherited autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutations in the tumour suppressor gene FLCN, encoding the protein folliculin. Its clinical expression typically includes multiple pulmonary cysts, recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces, cutaneous fibrofolliculomas and renal tumours of various histological types. BHD has no sex predilection and tends to manifest in the third or fourth decade of life. Multiple bilateral pulmonary cysts are found on chest computed tomography in >80% of patients and more than half experience one or more episodes of pneumothorax. A family history of pneumothorax is an important clue, which suggests the diagnosis of BHD. Unlike other cystic lung diseases such as lymphangioleiomyomatosis and pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, BHD does not lead to progressive loss of lung function and chronic respiratory insufficiency. Renal tumours affect about 30% of patients during their lifetime, and can be multiple and recurrent. The diagnosis of BHD is based on a combination of genetic, clinical and/or skin histopathological criteria. Management mainly consists of early pleurodesis in the case of pneumothorax, periodic renal imaging for tumour detection, and diagnostic work-up in search of BHD in relatives of the index patient. Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterised by multiple lung cysts, recurrent pneumothoraces, skin lesions and kidney tumours. As the presenting symptoms may be respiratory, chest physicians should be able to identify this disease.https://bit.ly/2xsOTuk
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Daccord
- Respiratory Medicine Dept, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Good
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Anne Morren
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Dept of Pediatrics and Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Service of Nephrology, Dept of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Dept of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hohl
- Dermatology Dept, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Lazor
- Respiratory Medicine Dept, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Elia D, Torre O, Cassandro R, Caminati A, Harari S. Ultra-rare cystic disease. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/157/190163. [PMID: 32878971 PMCID: PMC9489057 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0163-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse cystic lung diseases include a group of heterogeneous disorders characterised by the presence of cysts within the lung parenchyma, sometimes showing a characteristic computed tomography scan pattern that allows diagnosis. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying cyst formation in the lung are still not clear and a number of hypotheses have been postulated according to the different aetiologies: ball-valve effect, ischaemic dilatation of small airways and alveoli related to infiltration and obstruction of small vessels and capillaries that supply the terminal bronchioles and connective tissue degradation by matrix metalloproteases. A wide number of lung cyst diseases have been classified into six diagnostic groups according to the aetiology: neoplastic, congenital/genetic, lymphoproliferative, infective, associated with interstitial lung diseases, and other causes. This article focuses on lymphangioleiomyomatosis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis and Erdheim–Chester disease, Birt–Hogg–Dubé, follicular bronchiolitis and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, light-chain deposition disease and amyloidosis, congenital lung disease associated with aberrant lung development and growth, and cystic lung disease associated with neoplastic lesion. These cystic diseases are epidemiologically considered as ultra-rare conditions as they affect fewer than one individual per 50 000 or fewer than 20 individuals per million. Despite the rarity of this group of disorders, the increasing use of high-resolution computed tomography has improved the diagnostic yield, even in asymptomatic patients allowing prompt and correct therapy and management without the need for a biopsy. Diffuse cystic lung diseases show a characteristic CT scan pattern that often allows for diagnosis, even in asymptomatic patients, allowing prompt correct therapy and management without the needing of a biopsyhttps://bit.ly/2wIUKet
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12
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Chu L, Luo Y, Chen H, Miao Q, Wang L, Moats R, Wang T, Kennedy JC, Henske EP, Shi W. Mesenchymal folliculin is required for alveolar development: implications for cystic lung disease in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Thorax 2020; 75:486-493. [PMID: 32238524 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-214112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary cysts and spontaneous pneumothorax are presented in most patients with Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, which is caused by loss of function mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) gene. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying the cystic lung disease in BHD are poorly understood. METHODS Mesenchymal Flcn was specifically deleted in mice or in cultured lung mesenchymal progenitor cells using a Cre/loxP approach. Dynamic changes in lung structure, cellular and molecular phenotypes and signalling were measured by histology, immunofluorescence staining and immunoblotting. RESULTS Deletion of Flcn in mesoderm-derived mesenchymal cells results in significant reduction of postnatal alveolar growth and subsequent alveolar destruction, leading to cystic lesions. Cell proliferation and alveolar myofibroblast differentiation are inhibited in the Flcn knockout lungs, and expression of the extracellular matrix proteins Col3a1 and elastin are downregulated. Signalling pathways including mTORC1, AMP-activated protein kinase, ERK1/2 and Wnt-β-catenin are differentially affected at different developmental stages. All the above changes have statistical significance (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Mesenchymal Flcn is an essential regulator during alveolar development and maintenance, through multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. The mesenchymal Flcn knockout mouse model provides the first in vivo disease model that may recapitulate the stages of cyst development in human BHD. These findings elucidate the developmental origins and mechanisms of lung disease in BHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chu
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yongfeng Luo
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Qing Miao
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Larry Wang
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rex Moats
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - John C Kennedy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Ramírez JA, Iwata T, Park H, Tsang M, Kang J, Cui K, Kwong W, James RG, Baba M, Schmidt LS, Iritani BM. Folliculin Interacting Protein 1 Maintains Metabolic Homeostasis during B Cell Development by Modulating AMPK, mTORC1, and TFE3. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:2899-2908. [PMID: 31676673 PMCID: PMC6864314 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Folliculin interacting protein 1 (Fnip1) is a cytoplasmic protein originally discovered through its interaction with the master metabolic sensor 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Folliculin, a protein mutated in individuals with Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome. In response to low energy, AMPK stimulates catabolic pathways such as autophagy to enhance energy production while inhibiting anabolic pathways regulated by the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). We previously found that constitutive disruption of Fnip1 in mice resulted in a lack of peripheral B cells because of a block in B cell development at the pre-B cell stage. Both AMPK and mTORC1 were activated in Fnip1-deficient B cell progenitors. In this study, we found inappropriate mTOR localization at the lysosome under nutrient-depleted conditions. Ex vivo lysine or arginine depletion resulted in increased apoptosis. Genetic inhibition of AMPK, inhibition of mTORC1, or restoration of cell viability with a Bcl-xL transgene failed to rescue B cell development in Fnip1-deficient mice. Fnip1-deficient B cell progenitors exhibited increased nuclear localization of transcription factor binding to IgHM enhancer 3 (TFE3) in developing B cells, which correlated with an increased expression of TFE3-target genes, increased lysosome numbers and function, and increased autophagic flux. These results indicate that Fnip1 modulates autophagy and energy response pathways in part through the regulation of AMPK, mTORC1, and TFE3 in B cell progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita A Ramírez
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Terri Iwata
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Heon Park
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Mark Tsang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Janella Kang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Katy Cui
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Winnie Kwong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Masaya Baba
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Laura S Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
- Basic Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Brian M Iritani
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
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14
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Lawrence RE, Fromm SA, Fu Y, Yokom AL, Kim DJ, Thelen AM, Young LN, Lim CY, Samelson AJ, Hurley JH, Zoncu R. Structural mechanism of a Rag GTPase activation checkpoint by the lysosomal folliculin complex. Science 2019; 366:971-977. [PMID: 31672913 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor folliculin (FLCN) enables nutrient-dependent activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) protein kinase via its guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activating protein (GAP) activity toward the GTPase RagC. Concomitant with mTORC1 inactivation by starvation, FLCN relocalizes from the cytosol to lysosomes. To determine the lysosomal function of FLCN, we reconstituted the human lysosomal FLCN complex (LFC) containing FLCN, its partner FLCN-interacting protein 2 (FNIP2), and the RagAGDP:RagCGTP GTPases as they exist in the starved state with their lysosomal anchor Ragulator complex and determined its cryo-electron microscopy structure to 3.6 angstroms. The RagC-GAP activity of FLCN was inhibited within the LFC, owing to displacement of a catalytically required arginine in FLCN from the RagC nucleotide. Disassembly of the LFC and release of the RagC-GAP activity of FLCN enabled mTORC1-dependent regulation of the master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, transcription factor E3, implicating the LFC as a checkpoint in mTORC1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie E Lawrence
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Simon A Fromm
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yangxue Fu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Adam L Yokom
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Do Jin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ashley M Thelen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lindsey N Young
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chun-Yan Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Avi J Samelson
- The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. .,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. .,The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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15
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Lignelli E, Palumbo F, Myti D, Morty RE. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of lung alveolarization and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L832-L887. [PMID: 31596603 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00369.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. A key histopathological feature of BPD is stunted late lung development, where the process of alveolarization-the generation of alveolar gas exchange units-is impeded, through mechanisms that remain largely unclear. As such, there is interest in the clarification both of the pathomechanisms at play in affected lungs, and the mechanisms of de novo alveoli generation in healthy, developing lungs. A better understanding of normal and pathological alveolarization might reveal opportunities for improved medical management of affected infants. Furthermore, disturbances to the alveolar architecture are a key histopathological feature of several adult chronic lung diseases, including emphysema and fibrosis, and it is envisaged that knowledge about the mechanisms of alveologenesis might facilitate regeneration of healthy lung parenchyma in affected patients. To this end, recent efforts have interrogated clinical data, developed new-and refined existing-in vivo and in vitro models of BPD, have applied new microscopic and radiographic approaches, and have developed advanced cell-culture approaches, including organoid generation. Advances have also been made in the development of other methodologies, including single-cell analysis, metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics, as well as the generation and use of complex mouse genetics tools. The objective of this review is to present advances made in our understanding of the mechanisms of lung alveolarization and BPD over the period 1 January 2017-30 June 2019, a period that spans the 50th anniversary of the original clinical description of BPD in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Lignelli
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Francesco Palumbo
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Despoina Myti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
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