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Chao M, Zhang Q, Huang L, Wang L, Dong J, Kou S, Song W, Wang T. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene family in soybean and implications in drought stress tolerance. Genes Genomics 2024:10.1007/s13258-024-01558-y. [PMID: 39214924 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-024-01558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is the key rate-limiting enzyme in starch biosynthesis pathway, and has been identified as a potential target for manipulation strategies aimed at improving crop yield and quality. OBJECTIVE To identify the AGPase gene family members in soybean, and explore the potential implications of GmAGPS2 in drought stress tolerance. METHODS The genome-wide identification and sequence analysis of soybean AGPase gene family was carried out by bioinformatics methods. The GmAGP gene expression was analyzed using transcriptome data and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, transgenic yeast strains overexpressing GmAGPS2 were generated, and their growth was observed under drought stress. RESULTS In this study, we searched for AGPase genes (GmAGP) in the soybean genome and identified a total of 14 GmAGP genes. The GmAGP proteins had a unique conserved NTP_transferase domain and were mainly located in the chloroplast and cytosol. Evolutionarily, the GmAGP proteins can be clustered into two distinct subgroups; within the same subgroup, they displayed a similar distribution pattern of conserved motifs. The GmAGP genes exhibited an uneven distribution on 10 chromosomes, and segmental duplication contributed to AGPase gene family expansion in soybean. The GmAGP genes presented different tissue expression pattern, in which GmAGPL6, GmAGPL9, and GmAGPL10 mainly exhibited tissue-specific expression pattern. The promoter of GmAGP genes had multiple cis-acting elements related to phytohormones and stress responses, and 8 GmAGP genes contained drought-responsive cis-acting elements. qRT‒PCR analysis demonstrated a significant upregulation expression of GmAGPL6, GmAGPL10, and GmAGPS2 in response to drought stress. Further functional analysis indicated that GmAGPS2 gene could improve yeast growth under drought stress conditions and enhance the drought tolerance of yeast. CONCLUSION These results will contribute to further elucidation of the function of GmAGP genes, and offer important candidate genes for the genetic improvement of starch and yield-related traits and the breeding of high drought stress tolerance varieties in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoni Chao
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Qiufang Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Li Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jie Dong
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shibo Kou
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Weifeng Song
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Tiegu Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Meng S, Yan X, Piao Y, Li S, Wang X, Jiang J, Liang Y, Pang W. Multiple transcription factors involved in the response of Chinese cabbage against Plasmodiophora brassicae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1391173. [PMID: 38903421 PMCID: PMC11187285 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1391173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Clubroot disease, which is caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, leads to the formation of galls, commonly known as pathogen-induced tumors, on the roots of infected plants. The identification of crucial regulators of host tumor formation is essential to unravel the mechanisms underlying the proliferation and differentiation of P. brassicae within plant cells. To gain insight into this process, transcriptomic analysis was conducted to identify key genes associated with both primary and secondary infection of P. brassicae in Chinese cabbage. Our results demonstrate that the k-means clustering of subclass 1, which exhibited specific trends, was closely linked to the infection process of P. brassicae. Of the 1610 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) annotated in subclass 1, 782 were identified as transcription factors belonging to 49 transcription factor families, including bHLH, B3, NAC, MYB_related, WRKY, bZIP, C2H2, and ERF. In the primary infection, several genes, including the predicted Brassica rapa probable pectate lyase, RPM1-interacting protein 4-like, L-type lectin-domain-containing receptor kinase, G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine, B. rapa photosystem II 22 kDa protein, and MLP-like protein, showed significant upregulation. In the secondary infection stage, 45 of 50 overlapping DEGs were upregulated. These upregulated DEGs included the predicted B. rapa endoglucanase, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase, WRKY transcription factor, NAC domain-containing protein, cell division control protein, auxin-induced protein, and protein variation in compound-triggered root growth response-like and xyloglucan glycosyltransferases. In both the primary and secondary infection stages, the DEGs were predicted to be Brassica rapa putative disease resistance proteins, L-type lectin domain-containing receptor kinases, ferredoxin-NADP reductases, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases, histone deacetylases, UDP-glycosyltransferases, putative glycerol-3-phosphate transporters, and chlorophyll a-binding proteins, which are closely associated with plant defense responses, biosynthetic processes, carbohydrate transport, and photosynthesis. This study revealed the pivotal role of transcription factors in the initiation of infection and establishment of intracellular parasitic relationships during the primary infection stage, as well as the proliferation and differentiation of the pathogen within the host cell during the secondary infection stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Meng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yinglan Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenxing Pang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Dong C, Peng X, Yang X, Wang C, Yuan L, Chen G, Tang X, Wang W, Wu J, Zhu S, Huang X, Zhang J, Hou J. Physiological and Transcriptomic Responses of Bok Choy to Heat Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1093. [PMID: 38674501 PMCID: PMC11053463 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
High temperatures have adverse effects on the yield and quality of vegetables. Bok choy, a popular vegetable, shows varying resistance to heat. However, the mechanism underlying the thermotolerance of bok choy remains unclear. In this study, 26 bok choy varieties were identified in screening as being heat-resistant at the seedling stage; at 43 °C, it was possible to observe obvious heat damage in different bok choy varieties. The physiological and biochemical reactions of a heat-tolerant cultivar, Jinmei (J7), and a heat-sensitive cultivar, Sanyueman (S16), were analyzed in terms of the growth index, peroxide, and photosynthetic parameters. The results show that Jinmei has lower relative conductivity, lower peroxide content, and higher total antioxidant capacity after heat stress. We performed transcriptome analysis of the two bok choy varieties under heat stress and normal temperatures. Under heat stress, some key genes involved in sulfur metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and the ribosome pathway were found to be significantly upregulated in the heat-tolerant cultivar. The key genes of each pathway were screened according to their fold-change values. In terms of sulfur metabolism, genes related to protease activity were significantly upregulated. Glutathione synthetase (GSH2) in the glutathione metabolism pathway and the L3e, L23, and S19 genes in the ribosomal pathway were significantly upregulated in heat-stressed cultivars. These results suggest that the total antioxidant capacity and heat injury repair capacity are higher in Jinmei than in the heat-sensitive variety, which might be related to the specific upregulation of genes in certain metabolic pathways after heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuina Dong
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
| | - Xixuan Peng
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
| | - Xiaona Yang
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
| | - Chenggang Wang
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Lingyun Yuan
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Guohu Chen
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Shidong Zhu
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Xingxue Huang
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
| | - Jinfeng Hou
- Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.D.)
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan 238200, China
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Villalba A, Martínez-Ispizua E, Morard M, Crespo-Sempere A, Albiach-Marti MR, Calatayud A, Penella C. Optimizing sweet potato production: insights into the interplay of plant sanitation, virus influence, and cooking techniques for enhanced crop quality and food security. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1357611. [PMID: 38562562 PMCID: PMC10983796 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1357611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of sweet potato plant sanitation on the yield and external and internal quality root storage exploring the nutritional content affected by various cooking methods (raw, boiled, and oven-cooked). The presence of viruses, and concretely of the sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV), in sweet potato propagation material is shown to significantly reduce yield and modify storage root quality. Notably, the research reveals a substantial improvement in crop yield and external quality, reinforcing the efficacy of plant sanitation methods, specifically apical meristem culture, in preserving the overall productivity of sweet potato crops. Furthermore, the investigation identifies a noteworthy decrease in starch content, suggesting a dynamic interaction between plant sanitation and starch metabolism in response to viral diseases. The study also delves into the alteration of mineral absorption patterns, shedding light on how plant sanitation influences the uptake of essential minerals in sweet potato storage roots. While the health status of the plants only slightly affected magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) accumulation, indicating a potential resilience of mineral balance under virus-infected conditions. Moreover, the research identifies significant modifications in antioxidant levels, emphasizing the role of plant sanitation in enhancing the nutritional quality of sweet potatoes. Heat-treated storage roots, subjected to various cooking methods such as boiling and oven-cooking, exhibit notable differences in internal quality parameters. These differences include increased concentrations of total soluble solids (SS) and heightened levels of antioxidant compounds, particularly phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The observed increase in antioxidant capacity underscores the potential health-promoting benefits associated with plant sanitation practices. Overall, the study underscores the critical importance of plant sanitation in enhancing sweet potato production sustainability, contributing to food security, and supporting local agricultural economies. The results emphasize the need for further research to optimize plant sanitation methods and promote their widespread adoption globally, providing valuable insights into the complex relationships in food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Villalba
- ValGenetics S.L., Parc Científic Universitat de València, CUE-3, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Ispizua
- Departamento de Horticultura, Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Morard
- ValGenetics S.L., Parc Científic Universitat de València, CUE-3, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Crespo-Sempere
- ValGenetics S.L., Parc Científic Universitat de València, CUE-3, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - María R. Albiach-Marti
- ValGenetics S.L., Parc Científic Universitat de València, CUE-3, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angeles Calatayud
- Departamento de Horticultura, Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Penella
- ValGenetics S.L., Parc Científic Universitat de València, CUE-3, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Horticultura, Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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Kamal H, Lynch-Holm V, Pappu HR, Tanaka K. Starch Plays a Key Role in Sporosorus Formation by the Powdery Scab Pathogen Spongospora subterranea. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:568-579. [PMID: 37856690 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-23-0224-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Powdery scab disease, caused by the soilborne protist Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea, poses a major constraint to potato production worldwide. Disease symptoms include damage to the tuber skin and the formation of root galls. This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism behind the formation of sporosori, which are aggregates of resting spores, within root galls. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the early stage of gall formation, characterized by a white color, involved the accumulation of starch grains, which later disappeared as the gall matured and turned brown. The mature brown galls were found to contain fully formed sporosori. Light microscopy examination of ultramicrotome sections of the root galls showed that the high-amylopectin starches were surrounded by a plasmodium, a precursor to sporosorus. These findings suggest that starch grains contribute to the formation of a sponge-like structure within the sporosori. A significant reduction in total starch levels in both the root galls and their associated roots was observed compared with healthy roots. These findings indicate starch consumption by sporosori during the maturation of root galls. Interestingly, analysis of the transcript levels of starch-related genes showed downregulation of genes encoding starch degrading enzymes and an amylopectin-debranching enzyme, whereas genes encoding a starch synthase and a protein facilitating starch synthesis were upregulated in the infected roots. Overall, our results demonstrate that starch is consumed during sporosorus formation, and the pathogen likely manipulates starch homeostasis to its advantage for sporosorus development within the root galls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Kamal
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Valerie Lynch-Holm
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Hanu R Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
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Zhang X, Han F, Li Z, Wen Z, Cheng W, Shan X, Sun D, Liu Y. Map-based cloning and functional analysis of a major quantitative trait locus, BolC.Pb9.1, controlling clubroot resistance in a wild Brassica relative (Brassica macrocarpa). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:41. [PMID: 38305900 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A causal gene BoUGT76C2, conferring clubroot resistance in wild Brassica oleracea, was identified and functionally characterized. Clubroot is a devastating soil-borne disease caused by the obligate biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassica (P. brassicae), which poses a great threat to Brassica oleracea (B. oleracea) production. Although several QTLs associated with clubroot resistance (CR) have been mapped in cultivated B. oleracea, none have been cloned in B. oleracea. Previously, we found that the wild B. oleracea B2013 showed high resistance to clubroot. In this study, we constructed populations using B2013 and broccoli line 90196. CR in B2013 is quantitatively inherited, and a major QTL, BolC.Pb9.1, was identified on C09 using QTL-seq and linkage analysis. The BolC.Pb9.1 was finely mapped to a 56 kb genomic region using F2:3 populations. From the target region, the candidate BoUGT76C2 showed nucleotide variations between the parents, and was inducible in response to P. brassicae infection. We generated BoUGT76C2 overexpression lines in the 90196 background, which showed significantly enhanced resistance to P. brassicae compared to the WT line, suggesting that BoUGT76C2 corresponds to the resistance gene BolC.Pb.9.1. This is the first report on the CR gene map-based cloning and functional analysis from wild relatives, which provides a theoretical basis to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of CR, and lays a foundation to improve the CR of cultivated B. oleracea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100181, China.
| | - Fengqing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100181, China
| | - Zhansheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100181, China
| | - Zhenghua Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Wenjuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xiaozheng Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Deling Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100181, China.
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Wang Y, Cao R, Yang L, Duan X, Zhang C, Yu X, Ye X. Transcriptome Analyses Revealed the Wax and Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Pathways Related to Disease Resistance in Rootstock-Grafted Cucumber. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2963. [PMID: 37631174 PMCID: PMC10458401 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) are a global popular vegetable and are widely planted worldwide. However, cucumbers are susceptible to various infectious diseases such as Fusarium and Verticillium wilt, downy and powdery mildew, and bacterial soft rot, which results in substantial economic losses. Grafting is an effective approach widely used to control these diseases. The present study investigated the role of wax and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway in black-seed pumpkin rootstock-grafted cucumbers. Our results showed that grafted cucumbers had a significantly higher cuticular wax contents on the fruit surface than that of self-rooted cucumbers at all stages observed. A total of 1132 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in grafted cucumbers compared with self-rooted cucumbers. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, plant circadian rhythm, zeatin biosynthesis, and diterpenoid biosynthesis were significantly enriched. In this study, 1 and 13 genes involved in wax biosynthesis and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, respectively, were up-regulated in grafted cucumbers. Our data indicated that the up-regulated genes in the wax and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways may contribute to disease resistance in rootstock-grafted cucumbers, which provides promising targets for enhancing disease resistance in cucumbers by genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xueling Ye
- Collage of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (R.C.); (L.Y.); (X.D.); (C.Z.); (X.Y.)
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Garvetto A, Murúa P, Kirchmair M, Salvenmoser W, Hittorf M, Ciaghi S, Harikrishnan SL, Gachon CMM, Burns JA, Neuhauser S. Phagocytosis underpins the biotrophic lifestyle of intracellular parasites in the class Phytomyxea (Rhizaria). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2130-2143. [PMID: 36810975 PMCID: PMC10953367 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytomyxea are intracellular biotrophic parasites infecting plants and stramenopiles, including the agriculturally impactful Plasmodiophora brassicae and the brown seaweed pathogen Maullinia ectocarpii. They belong to the clade Rhizaria, where phagotrophy is the main mode of nutrition. Phagocytosis is a complex trait of eukaryotes, well documented for free-living unicellular eukaryotes and specific cellular types of animals. Data on phagocytosis in intracellular, biotrophic parasites are scant. Phagocytosis, where parts of the host cell are consumed at once, is seemingly at odds with intracellular biotrophy. Here we provide evidence that phagotrophy is part of the nutritional strategy of Phytomyxea, using morphological and genetic data (including a novel transcriptome of M. ectocarpii). We document intracellular phagocytosis in P. brassicae and M. ectocarpii by transmission electron microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Our investigations confirm molecular signatures of phagocytosis in Phytomyxea and hint at a small specialized subset of genes used for intracellular phagocytosis. Microscopic evidence confirms the existence of intracellular phagocytosis, which in Phytomyxea targets primarily host organelles. Phagocytosis seems to coexist with the manipulation of host physiology typical of biotrophic interactions. Our findings resolve long debated questions on the feeding behaviour of Phytomyxea, suggesting an unrecognized role for phagocytosis in biotrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Garvetto
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25Innsbruck6020TyrolAustria
| | - Pedro Murúa
- Laboratorio de Macroalgas, Instituto de AcuiculturaUniversidad Austral de ChilePuerto Montt5480000Chile
| | - Martin Kirchmair
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25Innsbruck6020TyrolAustria
| | - Willibald Salvenmoser
- Institute of ZoologyUniversity of InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25Innsbruck6020TyrolAustria
| | - Michaela Hittorf
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25Innsbruck6020TyrolAustria
| | - Stefan Ciaghi
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25Innsbruck6020TyrolAustria
| | - Srilakshmy L. Harikrishnan
- Centre for Plant Systems BiologyVIBZwijnaarde 71Ghent9052Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityZwijnaarde 71Ghent9052Belgium
| | - Claire M. M. Gachon
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245, CNRS CP 2657 rue Cuvier75005ParisFrance
- Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine InstituteDunbegObanPA37 1QAUK
| | - John A. Burns
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences60 Bigelow Dr.East BoothbayME04544USA
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25Innsbruck6020TyrolAustria
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Hou J, Xu Y, Zhang S, Yang X, Wang S, Hong J, Dong C, Zhang P, Yuan L, Zhu S, Chen G, Tang X, Huang X, Zhang J, Wang C. Auxin participates in regulating the leaf curl development of Wucai (Brassica campestris L.). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13908. [PMID: 37022777 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Wucai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis Tsen) belongs to the Brassica genus of the Cruciferae family, and its leaf curl is a typical feature that distinguishes Wucai from other nonheading cabbage subspecies. Our previous research found that plant hormones were involved in the development of the leaf curl in Wucai. However, the molecular mechanisms and the hormones regulating the formation of leaf curl in Wucai have not yet been reported. This study aimed to understand the molecular functions related to hormone metabolism during the formation of leaf curl in Wucai. A total of 386 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by transcriptome sequencing of two different morphological parts of the same leaf of Wucai germplasm W7-2, and 50 DEGs were found to be related to plant hormones, which were mainly involved in the auxin signal transduction pathway. Then, we measured the content of endogenous hormones in two different forms of the same leaf of Wucai germplasm W7-2. A total of 17 hormones with differential content were identified, including auxin, cytokinins, jasmonic acids, salicylic acids, and abscisic acid. And we found that treatment with auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid can affect the leaf curl phenotype of Wucai and pak choi (Brassica rapa L. subsp. Chinensis). These results indicated that plant hormones, especially auxin, are involved in developing the leaf curl of Wucai. Our findings provide a potentially valuable reference for future research on the development of leaf curls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Hou
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaona Yang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Hong
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Cuina Dong
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingyun Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Shidong Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Guohu Chen
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Xingxue Huang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
| | - Chenggang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, Hefei, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, China
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Application of the NanoString nCounter System as an Alternative Method to Investigate Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Host Plant Responses to Plasmodiophora brassicae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415581. [PMID: 36555223 PMCID: PMC9779335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the soilborne pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is an important disease of canola (Brassica napus) and other crucifers. The recent application of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technologies to study P. brassicae−host interactions has generated large amounts of gene expression data, improving knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and host resistance. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis has been widely applied to examine the expression of a limited number of genes and to validate the results of RNA-seq studies, but may not be ideal for analyzing larger suites of target genes or increased sample numbers. Moreover, the need for intermediate steps such as cDNA synthesis may introduce variability that could affect the accuracy of the data generated by qPCR. Here, we report the validation of gene expression data from a previous RNA-seq study of clubroot using the NanoString nCounter System, which achieves efficient gene expression quantification in a fast and simple manner. We first confirm the robustness of the NanoString system by comparing the results with those generated by qPCR and RNA-seq and then discuss the importance of some candidate genes for resistance or susceptibility to P. brassicae in the host. The results show that the expression of genes measured using NanoString have a high correlation with the values obtained using the other two technologies, with R > 0.90 and p < 0.01, and the same expression patterns for most genes. The three methods (qPCR, RNA-seq, and NanoString) were also compared in terms of laboratory procedures, time, and cost. We propose that the NanoString nCounter System is a robust, sensitive, highly reproducible, and simple technology for gene expression analysis. NanoString could become a common alternative to qPCR to validate RNA-seq data or to create panels of genes for use as markers of resistance/susceptibility when plants are challenged with different P. brassicae pathotypes.
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Pang W, Zhang X, Ma Y, Wang Y, Zhan Z, Piao Z. Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of CRA3.7 conferring clubroot resistance in Brassica rapa. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:4541-4548. [PMID: 36243892 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we fine-mapped a clubroot resistance gene CRA3.7 in Chinese cabbage and developed its closely linked marker syau-InDel3008 for marker-assisted selection in CR cultivars breeding. Chinese cabbage is an important leafy vegetable rich in many nutrients widely grown in China. Clubroot disease caused by an obligate biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae was rapidly spread and challenged to Chinese cabbage production. A clubroot resistance (CR) gene, CRA3.7, was mapped on chromosome A03 of Brassica rapa. A Chinese cabbage line 'CR510', which harbor homozygous resistance locus CRA3.7 was selected from a BC4F3 family. 'CR510' was crossed with a clubroot susceptible Chinese cabbage inbred line '59-1'. Total 51 recombinant plants were identified from an F2 population including 3000 individuals. These recombinants were selfed and the clubroot resistance of F2/3 families was evaluated. Finally, a clubroot resistance gene CRA3.7 was fine-mapped to an interval of approximately 386 kb between marker syau-InDel3024 and syau-InDel3008. According to the reference genome, total 54 genes including five encoding the TIR-NBS-LRR proteins was annotated in the fine-mapped region. Further, nine candidate's gene expression in parental lines at 7, 14 and 21 days after inoculation of P. brassicae were evaluated. Bra019376, Bra019401, Bra019403 and Bra019410 are highly expressed in 'CR510' than '59-1'. Gene sequence of Bra019410 from 'CR510' was cloned and identified different from CRa. Therefore, Bra019376, Bra019401, Bra019403 and Bra019410 are the most likely candidates for CRA3.7. Our research provides a valuable germplasm resource against P. brassicae Pb3 and CRA3.7 closely linked marker for marker-assisted selection in CR cultivars breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Pang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yinbo Ma
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zongxiang Zhan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zhongyun Piao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Yu J, Tseng Y, Pham K, Liu M, Beckles DM. Starch and sugars as determinants of postharvest shelf life and quality: some new and surprising roles. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102844. [PMID: 36410153 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Starch and sugars account for most of the dry weight of horticultural crops and in many species, are known determinants of quality. However, we posit that these carbohydrates often have less-obvious roles in plant tissues with direct implications for the postharvest quality and produce shelf life. The latter has not been given as much attention, but with the recent interest in reducing the scale of postharvest waste and loss, we highlight how dynamic changes in the spatial-temporal accumulation of carbohydrates, can influence myriads of biological processes affecting postharvest attributes. Versatile roles, some surprising, that carbohydrates play in determining produce of high value to consumers, are highlighted, and gene targets for biotechnological improvement are specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yu
- SUSTech-PKU Joint Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yute Tseng
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA; Graduate Group of Horticulture & Agronomy, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kien Pham
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA; Graduate Group of Horticulture & Agronomy, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA
| | - Margaret Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA; Graduate Group of Horticulture & Agronomy, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA
| | - Diane M Beckles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA.
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