Birth sex ratio in the offspring of professional male soccer players: influence of exercise training load

Mitigating the Risks of Lower Extremity Injuries in Soccer: A Comprehensive Analysis of Lower Extremity Injury Rates in Soccer Between 2014 and 2023

Objective

With events such as the Copa America 2024, the 2026 World Cup, and the arrival of European stars in Major League Soccer (MLS), the already observed and forecasted rise of soccer in the United States (US) seems to be an inevitable outcome. Although regular participation in soccer features several benefits, including increasing cardiovascular health, decreasing stress, and promoting interpersonal relationships, the risk of injury, as is the case in any sport, is ever present. Although many sports that are popular in America feature high rates of concussion, rotator cuff injuries, and general upper extremity injuries, soccer, being more strenuous on the lower-half of the body, features a disproportionate rate of lower extremity injuries. An analysis of the frequencies of these injuries, relative to factors such as year of injury, age, gender, location of injury, and diagnosis of injury, may help organizational bodies and soccer leagues implement new regulations regarding the usage of protective equipment and rules regarding gameplay. This study aims to illuminate these takeaways in an effort to better patient care outcomes in soccer-related injuries.

Method

This paper utilized the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Database (NEISS) to compile data on lower extremity soccer-related injuries within the defined study period, 2014-2023. Inclusion criteria for the study involved all patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) within the study period and within the defined age range of 0 to 69 years old, with injuries sustained from or related to soccer. Using NEISS, trends were elucidated discriminating based on year of injury, sex, age group, location of injury, and diagnosis group of injury.

Results

Within the defined study period of 10 years, from 2014-2023, there were approximately 843,063 total soccer-related lower extremity injuries which presented to various EDs across the US. Regarding majorities, the most injuries were sustained in 2014 (12.84% of total injuries), most patients sustaining injuries were male (66.6% of all patients), and within the age range of 10-19 years old (63.24% of all patients), with the most instances occurring at age 15. Lower extremity injuries were most reported to be affecting the ankle with 306,797 incidences (36.39% of total injuries seen) and the most frequent diagnosis group was reported to be strains/sprains with 396,420 (47.02% of total injuries seen) total occurrences.

Conclusion

This study analyzes the incidents of lower extremity injuries while participating in soccer for the last 10 years, 2014-2023. The study provides new data regarding the frequency of injuries and their relative rate with respect to year of injury, age group, sex, location of injury, and diagnosis. The results of this study show injury majorities and trends which can be used to dictate changes in regulation regarding gameplay and the utilization of protective equipment in order to mitigate injuries related to the lower extremities in soccer.

The Effect of Endurance Exercise on Semen Quality in Male Athletes: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Endurance exercise has the potential to affect reproductive function, with amenorrhea in female athletes. However, most studies focus on women. Evidence on the association between endurance exercise and male fertility is limited.

OBJECTIVE

To synthesise existing literature on exercise-induced alterations in semen parameters and to assess the clinical impact on male fertility.

METHODS

Studies reporting on the association between semen parameters and endurance exercise in healthy men were eligible. Men attending fertility clinics were excluded. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), ClinicalTrials.gov and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) from their inception to May 28th 2022. JBI Critical Appraisal Tool was used to assess the potential risk of bias.

RESULTS

Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria, reporting on 280 subjects. Eight articles reported on endurance runners, three on cyclists and four on triathletes. Four studies did not find any statistically significant sperm alterations. Five reported significant changes in semen parameters, but these were not clinically relevant, as semen parameters remained well above World Health Organisation (WHO) thresholds. Four articles reported a decrease in semen quality with potential clinical consequences as they found a reduced number of sperm cells exhibiting normal morphology in cyclists and triathletes and a greater amount of DNA fragmentation in triathletes.

CONCLUSION

Endurance exercise can have a negative effect on semen quality, although rarely with a clinically relevant impact on male fertility. Evidence is however limited, with poor quality of the included studies.

REGISTRATION

PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42022336753).