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Cho-Clark MJ, Watkins A, Wu TJ. The role of GnRH metabolite, GnRH-(1-5), in endometrial cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1183278. [PMID: 37124730 PMCID: PMC10140499 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1183278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
From the time of its discovery and isolation in the mammalian hypothalamus, the decapeptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), has also been found to be expressed in non-hypothalamic tissues and can elicit a diverse array of functions both in the brain and periphery. In cancer, past studies have targeted the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors (GnRHR) as a way to treat reproductive cancers due to its anti-tumorigenic effects. On the contrary, its metabolite, GnRH-(1-5), behaves divergently from its parental peptide through putative orphan G-protein coupled receptor (oGPCR), GPR101. In this review, we will focus on the potential roles of GnRH-(1-5) in the periphery with an emphasis on its effects on endometrial cancer progression.
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Aghajanova L, Houshdaran S, Irwin JC, Giudice LC. Effects of noncavity-distorting fibroids on endometrial gene expression and function. Biol Reprod 2018; 97:564-576. [PMID: 29025102 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are a common finding in infertility patients. Impaired implantation and decidualization have been proposed to contribute to compromised fertility. Data are limited on the endometrial transcriptome from subjects with uterine fibroids, as well as endometrial receptivity and decidualization potential of endometrial stromal fibroblasts (eSF) from women with fibroids. Our objective was to investigate the endometrial transcriptome of women with noncavity-distorting intramural fibroids and compare them to control subjects with no uterine pathology throughout the menstrual cycle. We also evaluated endometrial receptivity gene expression and basic endometrial functions such as decidualization, proliferation, and apoptosis in women with fibroid uterus. Results showed that large numbers of transcripts were significantly dysregulated throughout the menstrual cycle in fibroid subjects compared to controls. However, there were essentially no differences in the expression of receptivity markers at the tissue level, as well as decidualization markers in tissue and eSF in subjects with fibroids compared to controls. However, eSF from women with a fibroid uterus exhibited decreased proliferation potential and increased apoptosis upon decidualization. These data indicate preserved implantation and decidualization potential despite observed gene expression changes in endometrium from women with noncavity-distorting fibroids compared to controls. How this phenomenon and altered proliferation/apoptosis may contribute to impairment of endometrial function in subfertile patients warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Aghajanova
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sahar Houshdaran
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Juan C Irwin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Linda C Giudice
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, California, USA
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Makker A, Goel MM, Nigam D, Mahdi AA, Das V, Agarwal A, Pandey A, Gautam A. Aberrant Akt Activation During Implantation Window in Infertile Women With Intramural Uterine Fibroids. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:1243-1253. [PMID: 29113583 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117737844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to examine the expression and cellular distribution of key signaling components of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted on Chromosome Ten (PTEN)/Protein Kinase B (PKB/Akt) pathway during the window of implantation in infertile women with noncavity-distorting intramural uterine fibroids (n = 21) as compared to fertile controls (n = 15). Relative gene expression analysis of PIK3CA, PTEN, Akt1, and Akt2 genes in midluteal endometrial biopsies was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of PIK3CA, PTEN, phospho-PTEN, Akt1, Akt2, phospho-Akt1 (serine 473), phospho-Akt1 (threonine 308), and Ki67 proteins. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling assay was performed for apoptosis detection. In comparison to fertile controls, significant upregulation of Akt1 messenger RNA levels (2.16-fold; P < .05); cell-specific upregulation of the proteins phospho-PTEN ( P < .05), Akt1 ( P < .05), Akt2 ( P < .05), and p-Akt (S473; P < .001); and downregulation of PTEN ( P < .01) were observed in endometrium of infertile women with intramural fibroids. The ratio of p-PTEN/PTEN and p-Akt1 (S473)/Akt1 was also significantly higher in infertile women. Increased Ki67 labeling index in the glandular epithelium and significantly lower apoptotic index in glandular epithelium and stroma were seen in infertile women during the window of implantation. Aberrant Akt activation and the associated imbalance in endometrial proliferation and apoptosis observed in infertile women with intramural fibroids during the midsecretory phase might contribute to impaired endometrial receptivity leading to infertility in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Makker
- 1 Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Mati Goel
- 1 Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipti Nigam
- 1 Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinita Das
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjoo Agarwal
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amita Pandey
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abnish Gautam
- 4 Government Degree College, Mahona, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sagi-Dain L, Ojha K, Bider D, Levron J, Zinchenko V, Walster S, Sagi S, Dirnfeld M. Pregnancy outcomes in oocyte recipients with fibroids not impinging uterine cavity. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 295:497-502. [PMID: 28000026 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-016-4273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of fibroid uterus on pregnancy outcomes and endometrial features in ovum donation recipients. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 744 ovum donation cycles was conducted in two private IVF centers between 2005 and 2012. All the recipients underwent transvaginal ultrasound examination, including endometrial thickness and grade measurements. Clinical pregnancy, spontaneous miscarriage, and live birth rates were regarded as the primary outcomes. RESULTS Leimyomas not distorting the uterine cavity were diagnosed in 264 (35.5%) of the cycles. This group exhibited lower endometrial thickness (8.33 ± 1.8 vs. 8.73 ± 2.03 mm, p = 0.009), lower rates of Grade A (16.1 vs. 30.1%, p < 0.0001), and higher rates of grade C endometrium (10.2 vs. 5.5%, p < 0.0001), compared to the group with sonographically normal uterine cavity. In addition, significantly higher spontaneous miscarriage rates were found in fibroid uteri group (25 vs. 14.5%, p = 0.036). CONCLUSION Our study results suggest that uterine fibroids not distorting the uterine cavity could constitute a risk factor for spontaneous miscarriage in oocyte donation cycles, possibly via their adverse effect on endometrial receptivity. Further well-designed trials should widely explore this subject, particularly focusing on impact of myomectomy on fertility rates in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Sagi-Dain
- Division of Fertility-In Vitro Fertilization, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Carmel Medical Center, Technion, Michal St., Haifa, Israel.
| | - Kamal Ojha
- St Georges Hospital, London, UK.,The London Bridge Gynecology Fertility and Genetic Centre, London, UK
| | - David Bider
- Division of Fertility-In Vitro Fertilization, Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Levron
- Division of Fertility-In Vitro Fertilization, Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Sharon Walster
- The London Bridge Gynecology Fertility and Genetic Centre, London, UK
| | - Shlomi Sagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Martha Dirnfeld
- Division of Fertility-In Vitro Fertilization, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Carmel Medical Center, Technion, Michal St., Haifa, Israel
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Kamal A, Tempest N, Parkes C, Alnafakh R, Makrydima S, Adishesh M, Hapangama DK. Hormones and endometrial carcinogenesis. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 25:129-48. [PMID: 26966933 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the commonest gynaecological cancer in the Western World with an alarmingly increasing incidence related to longevity and obesity. Ovarian hormones regulate normal human endometrial cell proliferation, regeneration and function therefore are implicated in endometrial carcinogenesis directly or via influencing other hormones and metabolic pathways. Although the role of unopposed oestrogen in the pathogenesis of EC has received considerable attention, the emerging role of other hormones in this process, such as androgens and gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) is less well recognised. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge of the involvement of the three main endogenous ovarian hormones (oestrogens, progesterone and androgens) as well as the other hormones in endometrial carcinogenesis, to identify important avenues for future research.
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Cho-Clark M, Larco DO, Zahn BR, Mani SK, Wu TJ. GnRH-(1-5) activates matrix metallopeptidase-9 to release epidermal growth factor and promote cellular invasion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 415:114-25. [PMID: 26277400 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the extracellular space, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is metabolized by the zinc metalloendopeptidase EC3.4.24.15 (EP24.15) to form the pentapeptide, GnRH-(1-5). GnRH-(1-5) diverges in function and mechanism of action from GnRH in the brain and periphery. GnRH-(1-5) acts on the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 101 (GPR101) to sequentially stimulate epidermal growth factor (EGF) release, phosphorylate the EGF receptor (EGFR), and facilitate cellular migration. These GnRH-(1-5) actions are dependent on matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) activity. Here, we demonstrated that these GnRH-(1-5) effects are dependent on increased MMP-9 enzymatic activity in the Ishikawa and ECC-1 cell lines. Furthermore, the effects of GnRH-(1-5) mediated by GPR101 and the subsequent increase in MMP-9 enzymatic activity lead to an increase in cellular invasion. These results suggest that GnRH-(1-5) and GPR101 regulation of MMP-9 may have physiological relevance in the metastatic potential of endometrial cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine Cho-Clark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Darwin O Larco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Brian R Zahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Shaila K Mani
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - T John Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Weng H, Liu F, Hu S, Li L, Wang Y. GnRH agonists induce endometrial epithelial cell apoptosis via GRP78 down-regulation. J Transl Med 2014; 12:306. [PMID: 25367189 PMCID: PMC4240864 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endometriosis is a benign chronic gynecological disease that affects women of reproductive age, characterized by the presence of functional endometrial tissues outside the uterine cavity. GnRH agonists exhibit anti-proliferative and apoptosis-enhancing activities and have long been used for the treatment of endometriosis. There is a critical need to identify the signaling modules involving GnRH agonist therapy for the treatment of endometriosis. In this study, we compared the proteomic profiles of endometriosis in patients before and after GnRH agonist therapy to identify proteins that might provide further information concerning the mechanisms underlying the functions of GnRH agonists. Methods A total of 55 protein spots with different abundances were observed using Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE), and 26 of these proteins were assigned clear identities through Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS). Results We validated four of these proteins through Western blotting and immunohistochemistry using human endometrial tissue. We also characterized the effect of Leuprolide acetate (LA) on the apoptosis of eutopic endometrial epithelial cells. LA treatment significantly promoted the apoptosis of eutopic endometrial epithelial cells and inhibited the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor GRP78. GRP78 knockdown enhanced LA-induced cell apoptosis, whereas, the overexpression of GRP78 in eutopic endometrial epithelial cells suppresses LA-induced apoptosis. Conclusion These results suggest that GnRH agonists induce endometrial epithelial cell apoptosis via GRP78 down-regulation. This study might provide an important molecular framework for further evaluation of GnRH agonist therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Weng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,GuangDong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Fenghua Liu
- GuangDong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shuiwang Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Li Li
- GuangDong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yifeng Wang
- ZhuJiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Erratum to: Update of Conservative Systemic Treatment of Uterine Fibroids. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-014-0093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Update of Conservative Systemic Treatment of Uterine Fibroids. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-014-0089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Makker
- Postgraduate Department of Pathology, CSM Medical University UP (Erstwhile King George Medical University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Mati Goel
- Postgraduate Department of Pathology, CSM Medical University UP (Erstwhile King George Medical University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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