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Fichorova RN, DeLong AK, Cu-Uvin S, King CC, Jamieson DJ, Klein RS, Sobel JD, Vlahov D, Yamamoto HS, Mayer KH. Protozoan-Viral-Bacterial Co-Infections Alter Galectin Levels and Associated Immunity Mediators in the Female Genital Tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:649940. [PMID: 34422675 PMCID: PMC8375472 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.649940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infections with sexually transmittable pathogens are common and more likely in women with disturbed vaginal bacteriome. Among those pathogens, the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is most common after accounting for the highly persistent DNA viruses human papillomavirus (HPV) and genital herpes. The parasitic infection often concurs with the dysbiotic syndrome diagnosed as bacterial vaginosis (BV) and both are associated with risks of superimposed viral infections. Yet, the mechanisms of microbial synergisms in evading host immunity remain elusive. We present clinical and experimental evidence for a new role of galectins, glycan-sensing family of proteins, in mixed infections. We assessed participants of the HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) at each of their incident TV visits (223 case visits) matched to controls who remained TV-negative throughout the study. Matching criteria included age, race, BV (by Nugent score), HIV status, hysterectomy, and contraceptive use. Non-matched variables included BV status at 6 months before the matched visit, and variables examined at baseline, within 6 months of and/or at the matched visit e.g. HSV-2, HPV, and relevant laboratory and socio-demographic parameters. Conditional logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations calculated odds ratios (OR) for incident TV occurrence with each log10 unit higher cervicovaginal concentration of galectins and cytokines. Incident TV was associated with higher levels of galectin-1, galectin-9, IL-1β and chemokines (ORs 1.53 to 2.91, p <0.001). Galectin-9, IL-1β and chemokines were up and galectin-3 down in TV cases with BV or intermediate Nugent versus normal Nugent scores (p <0.001). Galectin-9, IL-1β and chemokines were up in TV-HIV and down in TV-HPV co-infections. In-vitro, TV synergized with its endosymbiont Trichomonasvirus (TVV) and BV bacteria to upregulate galectin-1, galectin-9, and inflammatory cytokines. The BV-bacterium Prevotella bivia alone and together with TV downregulated galectin-3 and synergistically upregulated galectin-1, galectin-9 and IL-1β, mirroring the clinical findings of mixed TV–BV infections. P. bivia also downregulated TVV+TV-induced anti-viral response e.g. IP-10 and RANTES, providing a mechanism for conducing viral persistence in TV-BV co-infections. Collectively, the experimental and clinical data suggest that galectin-mediated immunity may be dysregulated and exploited by viral–protozoan–bacterial synergisms exacerbating inflammatory complications from dysbiosis and sexually transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina N Fichorova
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Allison K DeLong
- Center for Statistical Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Susan Cu-Uvin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brown University, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Caroline C King
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion/Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Denise J Jamieson
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robert S Klein
- Hudson Infectious Diseases Associates, Briarcliff Manor, NY, United States
| | - Jack D Sobel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - David Vlahov
- Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hidemi S Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Hashemi N, Ommi D, Kheyri P, Khamesipour F, Setzer WN, Benchimol M. A review study on the anti-trichomonas activities of medicinal plants. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 15:92-104. [PMID: 33610966 PMCID: PMC7902805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic diseases represent the most important health risk, especially in underdeveloped countries where they have a deep impact on public health. Trichomoniasis is a prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease, and a significant amount of new cases are identified each year globally. Furthermore, the infection is linked with serious concerns such as pregnancy outcomes, infertility, predisposition to cervical and prostate cancer, and increased transmission and acquisition of HIV. The therapy is restricted, adverse effects are often observed, and resistance to the drugs is emerging. Based on this, a new treatment for trichomoniasis is necessary. Natural products represent a rich source of bioactive compounds, and even today, they are used in the search for new drugs. Additionally, natural products provide a wide variety of leadership structures that can be used by the pharmaceutical industry as a template in the development of new drugs that are more effective and have fewer or no undesirable side effects compared to current treatments. This review focuses on the medicinal plants that possess anti-trichomonal activity in vitro or in vivo. An electronic database search was carried out covering the last three decades, i.e., 1990-2020. The literature search revealed that almost a dozen isolated phytoconstituents are being explored globally for their anti-trichomonal activity. Simultaneously, many countries have their own traditional or folk medicine for trichomoniasis that utilizes their native plants, as a whole, or even extracts. This review focuses mainly on the human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. However, at some points mention is also made to Tritrichomonas foetus that causes trichomoniasis in animals of high veterinary and economical interest. We will focus on the plants and plant-based compounds and their anti-trichomonal activity. The literature search highlighted that there are abundant compounds that possess anti-trichomonal activity; however, in-depth in-vivo evaluation of compounds and their clinical evaluation has not been undertaken. There is a critical need for new anti-trichomonal compounds, and focused research on phytoconstituents can provide the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Hashemi
- School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Davood Ommi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parya Kheyri
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Marlene Benchimol
- Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO) and UFRJ (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Friedman M, Tam CC, Cheng LW, Land KM. Anti-trichomonad activities of different compounds from foods, marine products, and medicinal plants: a review. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:271. [PMID: 32907567 PMCID: PMC7479404 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human trichomoniasis, caused by the pathogenic parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease that contributes to reproductive morbidity in affected women and possibly to prostate cancer in men. Tritrichomonas foetus strains cause the disease trichomoniasis in farm animals (cattle, bulls, pigs) and diarrhea in domestic animals (cats and dogs). Because some T. vaginalis strains have become resistant to the widely used drug metronidazole, there is a need to develop alternative treatments, based on safe natural products that have the potential to replace and/or enhance the activity of lower doses of metronidazole. To help meet this need, this overview collates and interprets worldwide reported studies on the efficacy of structurally different classes of food, marine, and medicinal plant extracts and some of their bioactive pure compounds against T. vaginalis and T. foetus in vitro and in infected mice and women. Active food extracts include potato peels and their glycoalkaloids α-chaconine and α-solanine, caffeic and chlorogenic acids, and quercetin; the tomato glycoalkaloid α-tomatine; theaflavin-rich black tea extracts and bioactive theaflavins; plant essential oils and their compounds (+)-α-bisabolol and eugenol; the grape skin compound resveratrol; the kidney bean lectin, marine extracts from algae, seaweeds, and fungi and compounds that are derived from fungi; medicinal extracts and about 30 isolated pure compounds. Also covered are the inactivation of drug-resistant T. vaginalis and T. foetus strains by sensitized light; anti-trichomonad effects in mice and women; beneficial effects of probiotics in women; and mechanisms that govern cell death. The summarized findings will hopefully stimulate additional research, including molecular-mechanism-guided inactivations and human clinical studies, that will help ameliorate adverse effects of pathogenic protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
| | - Christina C Tam
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
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Brannon JR, Dunigan TL, Beebout CJ, Ross T, Wiebe MA, Reynolds WS, Hadjifrangiskou M. Invasion of vaginal epithelial cells by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2803. [PMID: 32499566 PMCID: PMC7272400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-associated reservoirs account for the majority of recurrent and oftentimes recalcitrant infections. Previous studies established that uropathogenic E. coli - the primary cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) - can adhere to vaginal epithelial cells preceding UTI. Here, we demonstrate that diverse urinary E. coli isolates not only adhere to, but also invade vaginal cells. Intracellular colonization of the vaginal epithelium is detected in acute and chronic murine UTI models indicating the ability of E. coli to reside in the vagina following UTI. Conversely, in a vaginal colonization model, E. coli are detected inside vaginal cells and the urinary tract, indicating that vaginal colonization can seed the bladder. More critically, bacteria are identified inside vaginal cells from clinical samples from women with a history of recurrent UTI. These findings suggest that E. coli can establish a vaginal intracellular reservoir, where it may reside safely from extracellular stressors prior to causing an ascending infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Brannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Taryn L Dunigan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Connor J Beebout
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tamia Ross
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michelle A Wiebe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Urology, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology & Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Finite Element Modelling of Single Cell Based on Atomic Force Microscope Indentation Method. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7895061. [PMID: 31933677 PMCID: PMC6942797 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7895061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The stiffness of cells, especially cancer cells, is a key mechanical property that is closely associated with their biomechanical functions, such as the mechanotransduction and the metastasis mechanisms of cancer cells. In light of the low survival rate of single cells and measurement uncertainty, the finite element method (FEM) was used to quantify the deformations and predict the stiffness of single cells. To study the effect of the cell components on overall stiffness, two new FEM models were proposed based on the atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation method. The geometric sizes of the FEM models were determined by AFM topography images, and the validity of the FEM models was verified by comparison with experimental data. The effect of the intermediate filaments (IFs) and material properties of the cellular continuum components on the overall stiffness were investigated. The experimental results showed that the stiffness of cancer cells has apparent positional differences. The FEM simulation results show that IFs contribute only slightly to the overall stiffness within 10% strain, although they can transfer forces directly from the membrane to the nucleus. The cytoskeleton (CSK) is the major mechanical component of a cell. Furthermore, parameter studies revealed that the material properties (thickness and elasticity) of the continuum have a significant influence on the overall cellular stiffness while Poisson's ratio has less of an influence on the overall cellular stiffness. The proposed FEM models can determine the contribution of the major components of the cells to the overall cellular stiffness and provide insights for understanding the response of cells to the external mechanical stimuli and studying the corresponding mechanical mechanisms and cell biomechanics.
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Mandalapu D, Kushwaha B, Gupta S, Krishna S, Srivastava N, Shukla M, Singh P, Chauhan BS, Goyani R, Maikhuri JP, Sashidhara KV, Kumar B, Tripathi R, Shukla PK, Siddiqi MI, Lal J, Gupta G, Sharma VL. Substituted carbamothioic amine-1-carbothioic thioanhydrides as novel trichomonicidal fungicides: Design, synthesis, and biology. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:632-645. [PMID: 29216562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted diseases like trichomoniasis along with opportunistic fungal infections like candidiasis are major global health burden in female reproductive health. In this context a novel non-nitroimidazole class of substituted carbamothioic amine-1-carbothioic thioanhydride series was designed, synthesized, evaluated for trichomonacidal and fungicidal activities, and was found to be more active than the standard drug Metronidazole (MTZ). Compounds were trichomonicidal in the MIC ranges of 4.77-294.1 μM and 32.46-735.20 μM against MTZ-susceptible and -resistant strains, respectively. Further, compounds inhibited the growth of at least two out of ten fungal strains tested at MIC of 7.50-240.38 μM. The most active compound (20) of this series was 3.8 and 9.5 fold more active than the MTZ against the two Trichomonas strains tested. Compound 20 also significantly inhibited the sulfhydryl groups present over Trichomonas vaginalis and was found to be more active than the MTZ in vivo. Further, a docking analysis carried out with cysteine proteases supported their thiol inhibiting ability and preliminary pharmacokinetic study has shown good distribution and systemic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanaraju Mandalapu
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Bhavana Kushwaha
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Shagun Krishna
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mahendra Shukla
- Pharmacokinetic & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Pratiksha Singh
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Bhavana S Chauhan
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ravi Goyani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli 229 010, India
| | - Jagdamba P Maikhuri
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Koneni V Sashidhara
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Renu Tripathi
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Praveen K Shukla
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mohammad I Siddiqi
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- Pharmacokinetic & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Vishnu L Sharma
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India.
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Bala V, Chhonker YS. Recent developments in anti-Trichomonas research: An update review. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:232-243. [PMID: 29175675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a major non-viral sexually-transmitted infection resulted into serious obstetrical and gynecological troubles. The increasing resistance to nitroimidazole therapy and recurrence makes it crucial to develop new drugs against trichomoniasis. Over the past few years, a large number of research articles highlighting the synthetic and natural product research to combat Trichomonas vaginalis have been published. Electronic databases were searched to collect all data from the year 2006 through June 2017 for anti-Trichomonas activity potential of synthetic and natural products. This review article put together the synthetic and natural product research to find out an effective metronidazole alternative to cure trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Bala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India.
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, USA.
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Abstract
Objective: To investigate the toxicity and activity against HIV of 5-hydroxytyrosol as a potential microbicide. Design: The anti-HIV-1 activity of 5-hydroxytyrosol, a polyphenolic compound, was tested against wild-type HIV-1 and viral clones resistant to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors and integrase inhibitors. In addition to its activity against founder viruses, different viral subtypes and potential synergy with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine and emtricitabine was also tested. 5-Hydroxytyrosol toxicity was evaluated in vivo in rabbit vaginal mucosa. Methods: We have cloned pol gene from drug-resistant HIV-1 isolated from infected patients and env gene from Fiebeg III/IV patients or A, C, D, E, F and G subtypes in the NL4.3-Ren backbone. 5-Hydroxytyrosol anti-HIV-1 activity was evaluated in infections of MT-2, U87-CCR5 or peripheral blood mononuclear cells preactivated with phytohemagglutinin + interleukin-2 with viruses obtained through 293T transfections. Inhibitory concentration 50% and cytotoxic concentration 50% were calculated. Synergy was analysed according to Chou and Talalay method. In-vivo toxicity was evaluated for 14 days in rabbit vaginal mucosa. Results: 5-Hydroxytyrosol inhibited HIV-1 infections of recombinant or wild-type viruses in all the target cells tested. Moreover, 5-hydroxytyrosol showed similar inhibitory concentration 50% values for infections with NRTIs, NNRTIs, protease inhibitors and INIs resistant viruses; founder viruses and all the subtypes tested. Combination of 5-hydroxytyrosol with tenofovir was found to be synergistic, whereas it was additive with lamivudine and emtricitabine. In-vivo toxicity of 5-hydroxytyrosol was very low even at the highest tested doses. Conclusion: 5-Hydroxytyrosol displayed a broad anti-HIV-1 activity in different cells systems in the absent of in-vivo toxicity, therefore supporting its candidacy as a potential new class of microbicides.
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Fichorova RN, Yamamoto HS, Fashemi T, Foley E, Ryan S, Beatty N, Dawood H, Hayes GR, St-Pierre G, Sato S, Singh BN. Trichomonas vaginalis Lipophosphoglycan Exploits Binding to Galectin-1 and -3 to Modulate Epithelial Immunity. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:998-1013. [PMID: 26589797 PMCID: PMC4705417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.651497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection caused by the vaginotropic extracellular protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. The infection is recurrent, with no lasting immunity, often asymptomatic, and linked to pregnancy complications and risk of viral infection. The molecular mechanisms of immune evasion by the parasite are poorly understood. We demonstrate that galectin-1 and -3 are expressed by the human cervical and vaginal epithelial cells and act as pathogen-recognition receptors for the ceramide phosphoinositol glycan core (CPI-GC) of the dominant surface protozoan lipophosphoglycan (LPG). We used an in vitro model with siRNA galectin knockdown epithelial clones, recombinant galectins, clinical Trichomonas isolates, and mutant protozoan derivatives to dissect the function of galectin-1 and -3 in the context of Trichomonas infection. Galectin-1 suppressed chemokines that facilitate recruitment of phagocytes, which can eliminate extracellular protozoa (IL-8) or bridge innate to adaptive immunity (MIP-3α and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted)). Silencing galectin-1 increased and adding exogenous galectin-1 suppressed chemokine responses to Trichomonas or CPI-GC/LPG. In contrast, silencing galectin-3 reduced IL-8 response to LPG. Live Trichomonas depleted the extracellular levels of galectin-3. Clinical isolates and mutant Trichomonas CPI-GC that had reduced affinity to galectin-3 but maintained affinity to galectin-1 suppressed chemokine expression. Thus via CPI-GC binding, Trichomonas is capable of regulating galectin bioavailability and function to the benefit of its parasitic survival. These findings suggest novel approaches to control trichomoniasis and warrant further studies of galectin-binding diversity among clinical isolates as a possible source for symptom disparity in parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina N Fichorova
- From the Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
| | - Hidemi S Yamamoto
- From the Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Titilayo Fashemi
- From the Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Evan Foley
- From the Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Stanthia Ryan
- From the Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Noah Beatty
- From the Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Hassan Dawood
- From the Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Gary R Hayes
- the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, and
| | - Guillaume St-Pierre
- the Laboratory of Glycobiology and Bioimaging, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sachiko Sato
- the Laboratory of Glycobiology and Bioimaging, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Bibhuti N Singh
- the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, and
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Gupta S, Kushwaha B, Srivastava A, Maikhuri JP, Sankhwar SN, Gupta G, Dwivedi AK. Design and synthesis of coumarin–glyoxal hybrids for spermicidal and antimicrobial actions: a dual approach to contraception. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12156j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Today there is an urgent need for safe and effective dual-purpose contraceptive agents, which can simultaneously prevent unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Gupta
- Pharmaceutics Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
| | - Bhavana Kushwaha
- Endocrinology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
| | | | | | - Satya N. Sankhwar
- Urology Department
- King George's Medical University
- Lucknow-226003
- India
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Endocrinology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
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Kushwaha B, Mandalapu D, Bala V, Kumar L, Pandey A, Pandey D, Yadav SK, Singh P, Shukla PK, Maikhuri JP, Sankhwar SN, Sharma VL, Gupta G. Ammonium salts of carbamodithioic acid as potent vaginal trichomonacides and fungicides. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 47:36-47. [PMID: 26706422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemical attenuation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive anaerobes Trichomonas vaginalis, which is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection, and two often coexisting vaginal infections, namely Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, which are opportunistic reproductive tract infections, was attempted with novel ammonium salts of carbamodithioic acid through inhibition of free thiols. In vitro and in vivo efficacies of the designed compounds were evaluated as topical vaginal microbicides. Five compounds showed exceptional activity against drug-resistant and -susceptible strains with negligible toxicity to host (HeLa) cells in vitro in comparison with the standard vaginal microbicide nonoxynol-9 (N-9), without disturbing the normal vaginal flora (i.e. Lactobacillus). The compounds significantly inhibited the cytopathic effects of Trichomonas on HeLa cells in vitro with efficacies comparable with metronidazole (MTZ); however, their efficacy to rescue host cells from co-infection (protozoal and fungal) was greater than that of MTZ. The compounds inhibited β-haemolysis of red blood cells caused by Trichomonas and were found to be active in vivo in the mouse subcutaneous abscess assay. Some compounds rapidly immobilized human sperm. A mechanism involving inhibition of free thiols and consequently the cysteine proteases of T. vaginalis by the new compounds has been proposed. Thus, a unique scaffold of antimicrobial agents has been discovered that warrants further investigation for development as contraceptive vaginal microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Kushwaha
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Dhanaraju Mandalapu
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Veenu Bala
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Aastha Pandey
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Deepti Pandey
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Yadav
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Pratiksha Singh
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - P K Shukla
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Jagdamba P Maikhuri
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Satya N Sankhwar
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, India
| | - Vishnu L Sharma
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
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12
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Mandalapu D, Lal N, Kumar L, Kushwaha B, Gupta S, Kumar L, Bala V, Yadav SK, Singh P, Singh N, Maikhuri JP, Sankhwar SN, Shukla PK, Siddiqi I, Gupta G, Sharma VL. Innovative Disulfide Esters of Dithiocarbamic Acid as Women-Controlled Contraceptive Microbicides: A Bioisosterism Approach. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1739-53. [PMID: 26337025 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In an ongoing effort to discover an effective, topical, dual-function, non-surfactant contraceptive vaginal microbicide, a novel series of 2,2'-disulfanediylbis(3-(substituted-1-yl)propane-2,1-diyl) disubstituted-1-carbodithioates were designed by using a bioisosterism approach. Thirty-three compounds were synthesized, and interestingly, most demonstrated multiple activities: they were found to be spermicidal at a minimal effective concentration of 1-0.001 %, trichomonacidal against drug-susceptible and resistant Trichomonas strains at minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges of 10.81-377.64 and 10.81-754.14 μM, respectively, and fungicidal at MIC 7.93-86.50 μM. These compounds were also found to be non-cytotoxic to human cervical (HeLa) epithelial cells and vaginal microflora (Lactobacilli) in vitro. The most promising compound, 2,2'-disulfanediylbis(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propane-2,1-diyl)dipyrrolidine-1-carbodithioate (5), exhibited spermicidal activity 15-fold higher than that of the marketed spermicide Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) and also demonstrated microbicidal potency. To identify common structural features required for spermicidal activity, a 3D-QSAR analysis was carried out, as well as in vivo efficacy studies and fluorescent labeling studies to determine the biological targets of compound 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanaraju Mandalapu
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India)
| | - Nand Lal
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India)
| | - Lokesh Kumar
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India)
| | - Bhavana Kushwaha
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India)
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India)
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India)
| | - Veenu Bala
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India).,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001 (India)
| | - Santosh K Yadav
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India)
| | - Pratiksha Singh
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India)
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India)
| | - Jagdamba P Maikhuri
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India)
| | - Satya N Sankhwar
- Department of Urology, King George Medical University, Lucknow 226003 (India)
| | - Praveen K Shukla
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India)
| | - Imran Siddiqi
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India)
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India)
| | - Vishnu L Sharma
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 (India). , .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001 (India). ,
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Chatterjee A, Ratner DM, Ryan CM, Johnson PJ, O’Keefe BR, Secor WE, Anderson DJ, Robbins PW, Samuelson J. Anti-Retroviral Lectins Have Modest Effects on Adherence of Trichomonas vaginalis to Epithelial Cells In Vitro and on Recovery of Tritrichomonas foetus in a Mouse Vaginal Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135340. [PMID: 26252012 PMCID: PMC4529277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis causes vaginitis and increases the risk of HIV transmission by heterosexual sex, while Tritrichomonas foetus causes premature abortion in cattle. Our goals were to determine the effects, if any, of anti-retroviral lectins, which are designed to prevent heterosexual transmission of HIV, on adherence of Trichomonas to ectocervical cells and on Tritrichomonas infections in a mouse model. We show that Trichomonas Asn-linked glycans (N-glycans), like those of HIV, bind the mannose-binding lectin (MBL) that is part of the innate immune system. N-glycans of Trichomonas and Tritrichomonas bind anti-retroviral lectins (cyanovirin-N and griffithsin) and the 2G12 monoclonal antibody, each of which binds HIV N-glycans. Binding of cyanovirin-N appears to be independent of susceptibility to metronidazole, the major drug used to treat Trichomonas. Anti-retroviral lectins, MBL, and galectin-1 cause Trichomonas to self-aggregate and precipitate. The anti-retroviral lectins also increase adherence of ricin-resistant mutants, which are less adherent than parent cells, to ectocervical cell monolayers and to organotypic EpiVaginal tissue cells. Topical application of either anti-retroviral lectins or yeast N-glycans decreases by 40 to 70% the recovery of Tritrichomonas from the mouse vagina. These results, which are explained by a few simple models, suggest that the anti-retroviral lectins have a modest potential for preventing or treating human infections with Trichomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Ratner
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Ryan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia J. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Barry R. O’Keefe
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - W. Evan Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Deborah J. Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Phillips W. Robbins
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Hayashi K, Iwata M. Stiffness of cancer cells measured with an AFM indentation method. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 49:105-11. [PMID: 26004036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stiffness of cancer cells and its changes during metastasis are very important for understanding the pathophysiology of cancer cells and the mechanisms of metastasis of cancer. As the first step of the studies on the mechanics of cancer cells during metastasis, we determined the elasticity and stiffness of cancer cells with an indentation method using an atomic force microscope (AFM), and compared with those of normal cells. In most of the past AFM studies, Young׳s elastic moduli of cells have been calculated from force-indentation data using Hertzian model. As this model is based on several important assumptions including infinitesimal strain and Hooke׳s linear stress-strain law, in the exact sense it cannot be applied to cells that deform very largely and nonlinearly. To overcome this problem, we previously proposed an equation F=a[exp(bδ)-1] to describe relations between force (F) and indentation (δ), where a and b are parameters relating with cellular stiffness. In the present study, we applied this method to cancer cells instead of Young׳s elastic modulus. The conclusions obtained are: 1) AFM indentation test data of cancer cells can be very well described by the above equation, 2) cancer cells are softer than normal cells, and 3) there are no significant locational differences in the stiffness of cancer cells between the central and the peripheral regions. These methods and results are useful for studying the mechanics of cancer cells and the mechanisms of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozaburo Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0001, Japan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Division of Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Iwata
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0001, Japan.
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