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Katsu Y, Zhang J, Baker ME. Reduced steroid activation of elephant shark GR and MR after inserting four amino acids from the DNA-binding domain of lamprey corticoid receptor-1. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290159. [PMID: 37611044 PMCID: PMC10446182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Atlantic sea lamprey contains two corticoid receptors (CRs), CR1 and CR2, that have identical amino acid sequences, except for a four amino acid insert (Thr-Arg-Gln-Gly) in the CR1 DNA-binding domain (DBD). Steroids are stronger transcriptional activators of CR2 than of CR1 suggesting that the insert reduces the transcriptional response of lamprey CR1 to steroids. The DBD in elephant shark mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which are descended from a CR, lack these four amino acids, suggesting that a CR2 is their common ancestor. To determine if, similar to lamprey CR1, the presence of this insert in elephant shark MR and GR decreases transcriptional activation by corticosteroids, we inserted these four CR1-specific residues into the DBD of elephant shark MR and GR. Compared to steroid activation of wild-type elephant shark MR and GR, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol had lower transcriptional activation of these mutant MR and GR receptors, indicating that the absence of this four-residue segment in the DBD in wild-type elephant shark MR and GR increases transcriptional activation by corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Katsu
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michael E. Baker
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Katsu Y, Lin X, Ji R, Chen Z, Kamisaka Y, Bamba K, Baker ME. N-terminal domain influences steroid activation of the Atlantic sea lamprey corticoid receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 228:106249. [PMID: 36646152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lampreys are jawless fish that evolved about 550 million years ago at the base of the vertebrate line. Modern lampreys contain a corticoid receptor (CR), the common ancestor of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), which first appear in cartilaginous fish, such as sharks. Until recently, 344 amino acids at the amino terminus of adult lamprey CR were not present in the lamprey CR sequence in GenBank. A search of the recently sequenced lamprey germline genome identified two CR sequences, CR1 and CR2, containing the 344 previously un-identified amino acids. CR1 also contains a novel four amino acid insertion in the DNA-binding domain (DBD). We studied corticosteroid and progesterone activation of CR1 and CR2 and found their strongest response was to 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol, the two circulating corticosteroids in lamprey. Based on steroid specificity, both CRs are close to elephant shark MR and distant from elephant shark GR. HEK293 cells that were transfected with full-length CR1 or CR2 and the MMTV promoter have about 3-fold higher steroid-mediated activation compared to HEK293 cells transfected with these CRs and the TAT3 promoter. Deletion of the amino-terminal domain (NTD) of lamprey CR1 and CR2 to form truncated CRs decreased transcriptional activation by about 70% in HEK293 cells that were transfected with MMTV, but increased transcription by about 6-fold in cells transfected with TAT3. This indicated that the promoter has an important effect on NTD regulation of transcriptional activation of the CR by steroids. Our results also indicate that the entire lamprey CR sequence is needed for an accurate determination of steroid-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaozhi Lin
- Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ruigeng Ji
- Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ze Chen
- Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yui Kamisaka
- Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koto Bamba
- Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michael E Baker
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension Department of Medicine, 0693 University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093-0693, USA; Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Divergent Evolution of Progesterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Terrestrial Vertebrates and Fish Influences Endocrine Disruption. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114951. [PMID: 35149051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is much concern about disruption of endocrine physiology regulated by steroid hormones in humans, other terrestrial vertebrates and fish by industrial chemicals, such as bisphenol A, and pesticides, such as DDT. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals influence steroid-mediated physiology in humans and other vertebrates by competing with steroids for receptor binding sites, disrupting diverse responses involved in reproduction, development and differentiation. Here I discuss that due to evolution of the progesterone receptor (PR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) after ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates diverged from a common ancestor, each receptor evolved to respond to different steroids in ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates. In elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish that diverged before the separation between ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates, both progesterone and 17,20β-dihydroxy-progesterone activate the PR. During the evolution of ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates, the PR in terrestrial vertebrates continued responding to progesterone and evolved to weakly respond to 17,20β-dihydroxy-progesterone. In contrast, the physiological progestin for the PR in zebrafish and other ray-finned fish is 17,20β-dihydroxy-progesterone, and ray-finned fish PR responds weakly to progesterone. The MR in fish and terrestrial vertebrates also diverged to have different responses to progesterone. Progesterone is a potent agonist for elephant shark MR, zebrafish MR and other fish MRs, in contrast to progesterone's opposite activity as an antagonist for aldosterone, the physiological mineralocorticoid for human MR. These different physiological ligands for fish and terrestrial vertebrate PR and MR need to be considered in applying data for their disruption by chemicals in fish and terrestrial vertebrates to each other.
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Abstract
Over the last few decades, an increasing number of vertebrate taxa have been identified that undergo programmed genome rearrangement, or programmed DNA loss, during development. In these organisms, the genome of germ cells is often reproducibly different from the genome of all other cells within the body. Although we clearly have not identified all vertebrate taxa that undergo programmed genome loss, the list of species known to undergo loss now represents ∼10% of vertebrate species, including several basally diverging lineages. Recent studies have shed new light on the targets and mechanisms of DNA loss and their association with canonical modes of DNA silencing. Ultimately, expansion of these studies into a larger collection of taxa will aid in reconstructing patterns of shared/independent ancestry of programmed DNA loss in the vertebrate lineage, as well as more recent evolutionary events that have shaped the structure and content of eliminated DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeramiah J Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; , ,
| | | | - Cody Saraceno
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; , ,
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Symonová R, Howell WM. Vertebrate Genome Evolution in the Light of Fish Cytogenomics and rDNAomics. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9020096. [PMID: 29443947 PMCID: PMC5852592 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the cytogenomic evolution of vertebrates, we must first unravel the complex genomes of fishes, which were the first vertebrates to evolve and were ancestors to all other vertebrates. We must not forget the immense time span during which the fish genomes had to evolve. Fish cytogenomics is endowed with unique features which offer irreplaceable insights into the evolution of the vertebrate genome. Due to the general DNA base compositional homogeneity of fish genomes, fish cytogenomics is largely based on mapping DNA repeats that still represent serious obstacles in genome sequencing and assembling, even in model species. Localization of repeats on chromosomes of hundreds of fish species and populations originating from diversified environments have revealed the biological importance of this genomic fraction. Ribosomal genes (rDNA) belong to the most informative repeats and in fish, they are subject to a more relaxed regulation than in higher vertebrates. This can result in formation of a literal 'rDNAome' consisting of more than 20,000 copies with their high proportion employed in extra-coding functions. Because rDNA has high rates of transcription and recombination, it contributes to genome diversification and can form reproductive barrier. Our overall knowledge of fish cytogenomics grows rapidly by a continuously increasing number of fish genomes sequenced and by use of novel sequencing methods improving genome assembly. The recently revealed exceptional compositional heterogeneity in an ancient fish lineage (gars) sheds new light on the compositional genome evolution in vertebrates generally. We highlight the power of synergy of cytogenetics and genomics in fish cytogenomics, its potential to understand the complexity of genome evolution in vertebrates, which is also linked to clinical applications and the chromosomal backgrounds of speciation. We also summarize the current knowledge on fish cytogenomics and outline its main future avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Symonová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hradec Králové, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - W Mike Howell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA.
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Abstract
Lampreys, one of the two surviving groups of ancient vertebrates, have become important models for study in diverse fields of biology. Lampreys (of which there are approximately 40 species) are being studied, for example, (a) to control pest sea lamprey in the North American Great Lakes and to restore declining populations of native species elsewhere; (b) in biomedical research, focusing particularly on the regenerative capability of lampreys; and (c) by developmental biologists studying the evolution of key vertebrate characters. Although a lack of genetic resources has hindered research on the mechanisms regulating many aspects of lamprey life history and development, formerly intractable questions are now amenable to investigation following the recent publication of the sea lamprey genome. Here, we provide an overview of the ways in which genomic tools are currently being deployed to tackle diverse research questions and suggest several areas that may benefit from the availability of the sea lamprey genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W McCauley
- David W. McCauley ( ) is affiliated with the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Margaret F. Docker and Steve Whyard are affiliated with the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Manitoba, in Winnipeg, Canada. Weiming Li is affiliated with the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at Michigan State University, in East Lansing
| | - Margaret F Docker
- David W. McCauley ( ) is affiliated with the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Margaret F. Docker and Steve Whyard are affiliated with the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Manitoba, in Winnipeg, Canada. Weiming Li is affiliated with the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at Michigan State University, in East Lansing
| | - Steve Whyard
- David W. McCauley ( ) is affiliated with the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Margaret F. Docker and Steve Whyard are affiliated with the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Manitoba, in Winnipeg, Canada. Weiming Li is affiliated with the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at Michigan State University, in East Lansing
| | - Weiming Li
- David W. McCauley ( ) is affiliated with the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Margaret F. Docker and Steve Whyard are affiliated with the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Manitoba, in Winnipeg, Canada. Weiming Li is affiliated with the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at Michigan State University, in East Lansing
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Campo-Paysaa F, Jandzik D, Takio-Ogawa Y, Cattell MV, Neef HC, Langeland JA, Kuratani S, Medeiros DM, Mazan S, Kuraku S, Laudet V, Schubert M. Evolution of retinoic acid receptors in chordates: insights from three lamprey species, Lampetra fluviatilis, Petromyzon marinus, and Lethenteron japonicum. EvoDevo 2015; 6:18. [PMID: 25984292 PMCID: PMC4432984 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoic acid (RA) signaling controls many developmental processes in chordates, from early axis specification to late organogenesis. The functions of RA are chiefly mediated by a subfamily of nuclear hormone receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs), that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. While RARs have been extensively studied in jawed vertebrates (that is, gnathostomes) and invertebrate chordates, very little is known about the repertoire and developmental roles of RARs in cyclostomes, which are extant jawless vertebrates. Here, we present the first extensive study of cyclostome RARs focusing on three different lamprey species: the European freshwater lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis, the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, and the Japanese lamprey, Lethenteron japonicum. Results We identified four rar paralogs (rar1, rar2, rar3, and rar4) in each of the three lamprey species, and phylogenetic analyses indicate a complex evolutionary history of lamprey rar genes including the origin of rar1 and rar4 by lineage-specific duplication after the lamprey-hagfish split. We further assessed their expression patterns during embryonic development by in situ hybridization. The results show that lamprey rar genes are generally characterized by dynamic and highly specific expression domains in different embryonic tissues. In particular, lamprey rar genes exhibit combinatorial expression domains in the anterior central nervous system (CNS) and the pharyngeal region. Conclusions Our results indicate that the genome of lampreys encodes at least four rar genes and suggest that the lamprey rar complement arose from vertebrate-specific whole genome duplications followed by a lamprey-specific duplication event. Moreover, we describe a combinatorial code of lamprey rar expression in both anterior CNS and pharynx resulting from dynamic and highly specific expression patterns during embryonic development. This ‘RAR code’ might function in regionalization and patterning of these two tissues by differentially modulating the expression of downstream effector genes during development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-015-0016-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Campo-Paysaa
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France ; MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - David Jandzik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Ramaley Biology, 1800 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309 USA ; Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska Dolina B-1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Yoko Takio-Ogawa
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Maria V Cattell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Ramaley Biology, 1800 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital, 13065 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Haley C Neef
- Department of Biology, Kalamazoo College, 1200 Academy Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008 USA ; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 East Hospital Drive SPC 4259, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - James A Langeland
- Department of Biology, Kalamazoo College, 1200 Academy Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008 USA
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Daniel M Medeiros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Ramaley Biology, 1800 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France ; CNRS, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Genome Resource and Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan ; Phyloinformatics Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Michael Schubert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7009, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France ; CNRS, UMR 7009, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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Serrano-Candelas E, Farré D, Aranguren-Ibáñez Á, Martínez-Høyer S, Pérez-Riba M. The vertebrate RCAN gene family: novel insights into evolution, structure and regulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85539. [PMID: 24465593 PMCID: PMC3896409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently there has been much interest in the Regulators of Calcineurin (RCAN) proteins which are important endogenous modulators of the calcineurin-NFATc signalling pathway. They have been shown to have a crucial role in cellular programmes such as the immune response, muscle fibre remodelling and memory, but also in pathological processes such as cardiac hypertrophy and neurodegenerative diseases. In vertebrates, the RCAN family form a functional subfamily of three members RCAN1, RCAN2 and RCAN3 whereas only one RCAN is present in the rest of Eukarya. In addition, RCAN genes have been shown to collocate with RUNX and CLIC genes in ACD clusters (ACD21, ACD6 and ACD1). How the RCAN genes and their clustering in ACDs evolved is still unknown. After analysing RCAN gene family evolution using bioinformatic tools, we propose that the three RCAN vertebrate genes within the ACD clusters, which evolved from single copy genes present in invertebrates and lower eukaryotes, are the result of two rounds of whole genome duplication, followed by a segmental duplication. This evolutionary scenario involves the loss or gain of some RCAN genes during evolution. In addition, we have analysed RCAN gene structure and identified the existence of several characteristic features that can be involved in RCAN evolution and gene expression regulation. These included: several transposable elements, CpG islands in the 5′ region of the genes, the existence of antisense transcripts (NAT) associated with the three human genes, and considerable evidence for bidirectional promoters that regulate RCAN gene expression. Furthermore, we show that the CpG island associated with the RCAN3 gene promoter is unmethylated and transcriptionally active. All these results provide timely new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying RCAN function and a more in depth knowledge of this gene family whose members are obvious candidates for the development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Serrano-Candelas
- Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics Department, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute – IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Domènec Farré
- Biological Aggression and Response Mechanisms Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer – IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Aranguren-Ibáñez
- Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics Department, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute – IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Høyer
- Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics Department, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute – IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pérez-Riba
- Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics Department, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute – IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Caputo Barucchi V, Giovannotti M, Nisi Cerioni P, Splendiani A. Genome duplication in early vertebrates: insights from agnathan cytogenetics. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 141:80-9. [PMID: 23949002 DOI: 10.1159/000354098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Agnathans represent a remnant of a primitive offshoot of the vertebrates, and the long evolutionary separation between their 2 living groups, namely hagfishes and lampreys, could explain profound biological differences, also in karyotypes and genome sizes. Here, cytogenetic studies available on these vertebrates were summarized and data discussed with reference to the recently demonstrated monophyly of this group and to the 2 events of whole genome duplication (1R and 2R) characterizing the evolution of vertebrates. The comparison of cytogenetic data and phylogenetic relationships among agnathans and gnathostomes seems to support the hypothesis that 1R and 2R occurred before the evolutionary divergence between jawless and jawed vertebrates.
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McCurley N, Hirano M, Das S, Cooper MD. Immune related genes underpin the evolution of adaptive immunity in jawless vertebrates. Curr Genomics 2012; 13:86-94. [PMID: 23024600 PMCID: PMC3308329 DOI: 10.2174/138920212799860670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of immune related genes in lampreys and hagfish provides a unique perspective on the evolutionary genetic underpinnings of adaptive immunity and the evolution of vertebrate genomes. Separated from their jawed cousins at the stem of the vertebrate lineage, these jawless vertebrates have many of the gene families and gene regulatory networks associated with the defining morphological and physiological features of vertebrates. These include genes vital for innate immunity, inflammation, wound healing, protein degradation, and the development, signaling and trafficking of lymphocytes. Jawless vertebrates recognize antigen by using leucine-rich repeat (LRR) based variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), which are very different from the immunoglobulin (Ig) based T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) used for antigen recognition by jawed vertebrates. The somatically constructed VLR genes are expressed in monoallelic fashion by T-like and B-like lymphocytes. Jawless and jawed vertebrates thus share many of the genes that provide the molecular infrastructure and physiological context for adaptive immune responses, yet use entirely different genes and mechanisms of combinatorial assembly to generate diverse repertoires of antigen recognition receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael McCurley
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Smith JJ, Baker C, Eichler EE, Amemiya CT. Genetic consequences of programmed genome rearrangement. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1524-9. [PMID: 22818913 PMCID: PMC3427415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) undergoes developmentally programmed genome rearrangements that mediate deletion of∼20% of germline DNA from somatic cells during early embryogenesis. This genomic differentiation of germline and soma is intriguing, because the germline plays a unique biological role wherein it must possess the ability to undergo meiotic recombination and the capacity to differentiate into every cell type. These evolutionarily indispensable functions set the germline at odds with somatic tissues, because factors that promote recombination and pluripotency can potentially disrupt genome integrity or specification of cell fate when misexpressed in somatic cell lineages (e.g., in oncogenesis). Here, we describe the development of new genomic and transcriptomic resources for lamprey and use these to identify hundreds of genes that are targeted for programmed deletion from somatic cell lineages. Transcriptome sequencing and targeted validation studies further confirm that somatically deleted genes function both in adult (meiotic) germline and in the development of primordial germ cells during embryogenesis. Inferred functional information from deleted regions indicates that developmentally programmed rearrangement serves as a (perhaps ancient) biological strategy to ensure segregation of pluripotency functions to the germline, effectively eliminating the potential for somatic misexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeramiah J Smith
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Dorus S, Skerget S, Karr TL. Proteomic discovery of diverse immunity molecules in mammalian spermatozoa. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2012; 58:218-28. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2012.700442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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