1
|
Golo R, Santamaría J, Vergés A, Cebrian E. The role of species thermal plasticity for alien species invasibility in a changing climate: A case study of Lophocladia trichoclados. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 200:106642. [PMID: 39024996 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The Mediterranean Sea provides fertile ground for understanding the complex interplay between invasive species and native habitats, particularly within the context of climate change. This thermal tolerance study reveals the remarkable ability of Lophocladia trichoclados, a red algae species that has proven highly invasive, to adapt to varying temperatures, particularly thriving in colder Mediterranean waters, where it can withstand temperatures as low as 14 °C, a trait not observed in its native habitat. This rapid acclimation, occurring in less than a century, might entail a trade-off with high temperature resistance. Additionally, all sampled populations in the Mediterranean share the same haplotype, suggesting a common origin and the possibility that we might be facing an exceptionally acclimatable and invasive strain. This high degree of acclimatability could determine the future spread capacity in a changing scenario, highlighting the importance of considering both acclimation and adaptation in understanding the expansion of invasive species' ranges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Golo
- Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - J Santamaría
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, CSIC, Accés Cala Sant Francesc 14, 17300, Blanes, Girona, Spain
| | - A Vergés
- Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - E Cebrian
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, CSIC, Accés Cala Sant Francesc 14, 17300, Blanes, Girona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Petak C, Frati L, Brennan RS, Pespeni MH. Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals That Regulatory and Low Pleiotropy Variants Underlie Local Adaptation to Environmental Variability in Purple Sea Urchins. Am Nat 2023; 202:571-586. [PMID: 37792925 DOI: 10.1086/726013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractOrganisms experience environments that vary across both space and time. Such environmental heterogeneity shapes standing genetic variation and may influence species' capacity to adapt to rapid environmental change. However, we know little about the kind of genetic variation that is involved in local adaptation to environmental variability. To address this gap, we sequenced the whole genomes of 140 purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) from seven populations that vary in their degree of pH variability. Despite no evidence of global population structure, we found a suite of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tightly correlated with local pH variability (outlier SNPs), which were overrepresented in regions putatively involved in gene regulation (long noncoding RNA and enhancers), supporting the idea that variation in regulatory regions is important for local adaptation to variability. In addition, outliers in genes were found to be (i) enriched for biomineralization and ion homeostasis functions related to low pH response, (ii) less central to the protein-protein interaction network, and (iii) underrepresented among genes highly expressed during early development. Taken together, these results suggest that loci that underlie local adaptation to pH variability in purple sea urchins fall in regions with potentially low pleiotropic effects (based on analyses involving regulatory regions, network centrality, and expression time) involved in low pH response (based on functional enrichment).
Collapse
|
3
|
Sartori D, Scatena G, Vrinceanu CA, Gaion A. Increased sensitivity of sea urchin larvae to metal toxicity as a consequence of the past two decades of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification in the Mediterranean Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115274. [PMID: 37429181 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean Sea represents a natural laboratory to infer the possible impacts of climate change and ocean acidification. In this article, we report the deteriorating ability of sea urchin larvae (Paracentrotus lividus) to cope with toxicity of a reference contaminant (Cu EC50) over the past 20 years and assessed the influence of 5 environmental factors from satellite measurements. This timeframe was divided in before and after January 2016 (46.57 μg/L vs 28.56 μg/L respectively, p < 0.001). In the second subset of data, correlation of the biological variable with CO2 and pH strengthened compared to the first part (rCO2-EC50: -0.21 vs -0.83 and rpH-EC50: 0.25 vs 0.87 respectively), with a causal link starting from one year and ending 4 months prior to EC50 measurements. Considering the continuous increase in CO2 concentrations recorded recently, this study could reveal a rapid deterioration of the health condition of this population of sea urchins in a coastal ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Sartori
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research - ISPRA, via del Cedro 38, 57122 Livorno. Italy
| | - Guido Scatena
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research - ISPRA, via del Cedro 38, 57122 Livorno. Italy
| | | | - Andrea Gaion
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research - ISPRA, via del Cedro 38, 57122 Livorno. Italy; University Centre South Devon, Long Rd, TQ4 7EJ Paignton, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guscelli E, Noisette F, Chabot D, Blier PU, Hansen T, Cassista-Da Ros M, Pepin P, Skanes KR, Calosi P. Northern shrimp from multiple origins show similar sensitivity to global change drivers, but different cellular energetic capacity. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245400. [PMID: 37497774 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Species with a wide distribution can experience significant regional variation in environmental conditions, to which they can acclimatize or adapt. Consequently, the geographic origin of an organism can influence its responses to environmental changes, and therefore its sensitivity to combined global change drivers. This study aimed at determining the physiological responses of the northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis, at different levels of biological organization and from four different geographic origins, exposed to elevated temperature and low pH to define its sensitivity to future ocean warming and acidification. Shrimp sampled within the northwest Atlantic were exposed for 30 days to combinations of three temperature (2, 6 or 10°C) and two pH levels (7.75 or 7.40). Survival, metabolic rates, whole-organism aerobic performance and cellular energetic capacity were assessed at the end of the exposure. Our results show that shrimp survival was negatively affected by temperature above 6°C and low pH, regardless of their origin. Additionally, shrimp from different origins show overall similar whole-organism performances: aerobic scope increasing with increasing temperature and decreasing with decreasing pH. Finally, the stability of aerobic metabolism appears to be related to cellular adjustments specific to shrimp origin. Our results show that the level of intraspecific variation differs among levels of biological organization: different cellular capacities lead to similar individual performances. Thus, the sensitivity of the northern shrimp to ocean warming and acidification is overall comparable among origins. Nonetheless, shrimp vulnerability to predicted global change scenarios for 2100 could differ among origins owing to different regional environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ella Guscelli
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Fanny Noisette
- Institut des sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Denis Chabot
- Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 850 Rte de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Pierre U Blier
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Tanya Hansen
- Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 850 Rte de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Pepin
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 80 E White Hills Rd, St. John's, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Katherine R Skanes
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 80 E White Hills Rd, St. John's, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bogan SN, Strader ME, Hofmann GE. Associations between DNA methylation and gene regulation depend on chromatin accessibility during transgenerational plasticity. BMC Biol 2023; 21:149. [PMID: 37365578 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic processes are proposed to be a mechanism regulating gene expression during phenotypic plasticity. However, environmentally induced changes in DNA methylation exhibit little-to-no association with differential gene expression in metazoans at a transcriptome-wide level. It remains unexplored whether associations between environmentally induced differential methylation and expression are contingent upon other epigenomic processes such as chromatin accessibility. We quantified methylation and gene expression in larvae of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus exposed to different ecologically relevant conditions during gametogenesis (maternal conditioning) and modeled changes in gene expression and splicing resulting from maternal conditioning as functions of differential methylation, incorporating covariates for genomic features and chromatin accessibility. We detected significant interactions between differential methylation, chromatin accessibility, and genic feature type associated with differential expression and splicing. RESULTS Differential gene body methylation had significantly stronger effects on expression among genes with poorly accessible transcriptional start sites while baseline transcript abundance influenced the direction of this effect. Transcriptional responses to maternal conditioning were 4-13 × more likely when accounting for interactions between methylation and chromatin accessibility, demonstrating that the relationship between differential methylation and gene regulation is partially explained by chromatin state. CONCLUSIONS DNA methylation likely possesses multiple associations with gene regulation during transgenerational plasticity in S. purpuratus and potentially other metazoans, but its effects are dependent on chromatin accessibility and underlying genic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N Bogan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA.
| | - Marie E Strader
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gold DA, Vermeij GJ. Deep resilience: An evolutionary perspective on calcification in an age of ocean acidification. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1092321. [PMID: 36818444 PMCID: PMC9935589 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1092321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of today's calcifying organisms in tomorrow's oceans depends, in part, on the resilience of their skeletons to ocean acidification. To the extent this statement is true there is reason to have hope. Many marine calcifiers demonstrate resilience when exposed to environments that mimic near-term ocean acidification. The fossil record similarly suggests that resilience in skeletons has increased dramatically over geologic time. This "deep resilience" is seen in the long-term stability of skeletal chemistry, as well as a decreasing correlation between skeletal mineralogy and extinction risk over time. Such resilience over geologic timescales is often attributed to genetic canalization-the hardening of genetic pathways due to the evolution of increasingly complex regulatory systems. But paradoxically, our current knowledge on biomineralization genetics suggests an opposing trend, where genes are co-opted and shuffled at an evolutionarily rapid pace. In this paper we consider two possible mechanisms driving deep resilience in skeletons that fall outside of genetic canalization: microbial co-regulation and macroevolutionary trends in skeleton structure. The mechanisms driving deep resilience should be considered when creating risk assessments for marine organisms facing ocean acidification and provide a wealth of research avenues to explore.
Collapse
|
7
|
Schwaner C, Farhat S, Barbosa M, Boutet I, Tanguy A, Pales Espinosa E, Allam B. Molecular Features Associated with Resilience to Ocean Acidification in the Northern Quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 25:83-99. [PMID: 36417051 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and resulting flux into the oceans will further exacerbate acidification already threatening coastal marine ecosystems. The subsequent alterations in carbonate chemistry can have deleterious impacts on many economically and ecologically important species including the northern quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria). The accelerated pace of these changes requires an understanding of how or if species and populations will be able to acclimate or adapt to such swift environmental alterations. Thus far, studies have primarily focused on the physiological effects of ocean acidification (OA) on M. mercenaria, including reductions in growth and survival. However, the molecular mechanisms of resilience to OA in this species remains unclear. Clam gametes were fertilized under normal pCO2 and reared under acidified (pH ~ 7.5, pCO2 ~ 1200 ppm) or control (pH ~ 7.9, pCO2 ~ 600 ppm) conditions before sampled at 2 days (larvae), 32 days (postsets), 5 and 10 months (juveniles) and submitted to RNA and DNA sequencing to evaluate alterations in gene expression and genetic variations. Results showed significant shift in gene expression profiles among clams reared in acidified conditions as compared to their respective controls. At 10 months of exposure, significant shifts in allele frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Both approaches highlighted genes coding for proteins related to shell formation, bicarbonate transport, cytoskeleton, immunity/stress, and metabolism, illustrating the role these pathways play in resilience to OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schwaner
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - Sarah Farhat
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - Michelle Barbosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - Isabelle Boutet
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS/Sorbonne Université, Place Georges Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Arnaud Tanguy
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS/Sorbonne Université, Place Georges Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xuereb A, Rougemont Q, Tiffin P, Xue H, Phifer-Rixey M. Individual-based eco-evolutionary models for understanding adaptation in changing seas. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20212006. [PMID: 34753353 PMCID: PMC8580472 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As climate change threatens species' persistence, predicting the potential for species to adapt to rapidly changing environments is imperative for the development of effective conservation strategies. Eco-evolutionary individual-based models (IBMs) can be useful tools for achieving this objective. We performed a literature review to identify studies that apply these tools in marine systems. Our survey suggested that this is an emerging area of research fuelled in part by developments in modelling frameworks that allow simulation of increasingly complex ecological, genetic and demographic processes. The studies we identified illustrate the promise of this approach and advance our understanding of the capacity for adaptation to outpace climate change. These studies also identify limitations of current models and opportunities for further development. We discuss three main topics that emerged across studies: (i) effects of genetic architecture and non-genetic responses on adaptive potential; (ii) capacity for gene flow to facilitate rapid adaptation; and (iii) impacts of multiple stressors on persistence. Finally, we demonstrate the approach using simple simulations and provide a framework for users to explore eco-evolutionary IBMs as tools for understanding adaptation in changing seas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Xuereb
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, 3050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1 V 0A6
| | - Quentin Rougemont
- CEFE, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Peter Tiffin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Huijie Xue
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, 5706 Aubert Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5706, USA
| | - Megan Phifer-Rixey
- Department of Biology, Monmouth University, 400 Cedar Avenue, West Long Branch, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Garrett AD, Brennan RS, Steinhart AL, Pelletier AM, Pespeni MH. Unique Genomic and Phenotypic Responses to Extreme and Variable pH Conditions in Purple Urchin Larvae. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 60:318-331. [PMID: 32544238 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental variation experienced by a species across space and time can promote the maintenance of genetic diversity that may be adaptive in future global change conditions. Selection experiments have shown that purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, populations have adaptive genetic variation for surviving pH conditions at the "edge" (pH 7.5) of conditions experienced in nature. However, little is known about whether populations have genetic variation for surviving low-pH events beyond those currently experienced in nature or how variation in pH conditions affects organismal and genetic responses. Here, we quantified survival, growth, and allele frequency shifts in experimentally selected developing purple sea urchin larvae in static and variable conditions at three pH levels: pH 8.1 (control), pH 7.5 (edge-of-range), and pH 7.0 (extreme). Variable treatments recovered body size relative to static treatments, but resulted in higher mortality, suggesting a potential tradeoff between survival and growth under pH stress. However, within each pH level, allele frequency changes were overlapping between static and variable conditions, suggesting a shared genetic basis underlying survival to mean pH regardless of variability. In contrast, genetic responses to pH 7.5 (edge) versus pH 7.0 (extreme) conditions were distinct, indicating a unique genetic basis of survival. In addition, loci under selection were more likely to be in exonic regions than regulatory, indicating that selection targeted protein-coding variation. Loci under selection in variable pH 7.5 conditions, more similar to conditions periodically experienced in nature, performed functions related to lipid biosynthesis and metabolism, while loci under selection in static pH 7.0 conditions performed functions related to transmembrane and mitochondrial processes. While these results are promising in that purple sea urchin populations possess genetic variation for surviving extreme pH conditions not currently experienced in nature, they caution that increased acidification does not result in a linear response but elicits unique physiological stresses and survival mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April D Garrett
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Reid S Brennan
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Anya L Steinhart
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wong JM, Hofmann GE. Gene expression patterns of red sea urchins (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) exposed to different combinations of temperature and pCO 2 during early development. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:32. [PMID: 33413121 PMCID: PMC7792118 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The red sea urchin Mesocentrotus franciscanus is an ecologically important kelp forest herbivore and an economically valuable wild fishery species. To examine how M. franciscanus responds to its environment on a molecular level, differences in gene expression patterns were observed in embryos raised under combinations of two temperatures (13 °C or 17 °C) and two pCO2 levels (475 μatm or 1050 μatm). These combinations mimic various present-day conditions measured during and between upwelling events in the highly dynamic California Current System with the exception of the 17 °C and 1050 μatm combination, which does not currently occur. However, as ocean warming and acidification continues, warmer temperatures and higher pCO2 conditions are expected to increase in frequency and to occur simultaneously. The transcriptomic responses of the embryos were assessed at two developmental stages (gastrula and prism) in light of previously described plasticity in body size and thermotolerance under these temperature and pCO2 treatments. RESULTS Although transcriptomic patterns primarily varied by developmental stage, there were pronounced differences in gene expression as a result of the treatment conditions. Temperature and pCO2 treatments led to the differential expression of genes related to the cellular stress response, transmembrane transport, metabolic processes, and the regulation of gene expression. At each developmental stage, temperature contributed significantly to the observed variance in gene expression, which was also correlated to the phenotypic attributes of the embryos. On the other hand, the transcriptomic response to pCO2 was relatively muted, particularly at the prism stage. CONCLUSIONS M. franciscanus exhibited transcriptomic plasticity under different temperatures, indicating their capacity for a molecular-level response that may facilitate red sea urchins facing ocean warming as climate change continues. In contrast, the lack of a robust transcriptomic response, in combination with observations of decreased body size, under elevated pCO2 levels suggest that this species may be negatively affected by ocean acidification. High present-day pCO2 conditions that occur due to coastal upwelling may already be influencing populations of M. franciscanus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet M Wong
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
- Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, 33181, USA.
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Strader ME, Wong JM, Hofmann GE. Ocean acidification promotes broad transcriptomic responses in marine metazoans: a literature survey. Front Zool 2020; 17:7. [PMID: 32095155 PMCID: PMC7027112 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-0350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
For nearly a decade, the metazoan-focused research community has explored the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on marine animals, noting that changes in ocean chemistry can impact calcification, metabolism, acid-base regulation, stress response and behavior in organisms that hold high ecological and economic value. Because OA interacts with several key physiological processes in marine organisms, transcriptomics has become a widely-used method to characterize whole organism responses on a molecular level as well as inform mechanisms that explain changes in phenotypes observed in response to OA. In the past decade, there has been a notable rise in studies that examine transcriptomic responses to OA in marine metazoans, and here we attempt to summarize key findings across these studies. We find that organisms vary dramatically in their transcriptomic responses to pH although common patterns are often observed, including shifts in acid-base ion regulation, metabolic processes, calcification and stress response mechanisms. We also see a rise in transcriptomic studies examining organismal response to OA in a multi-stressor context, often reporting synergistic effects of OA and temperature. In addition, there is an increase in studies that use transcriptomics to examine the evolutionary potential of organisms to adapt to OA conditions in the future through population and transgenerational experiments. Overall, the literature reveals complex organismal responses to OA, in which some organisms will face more dramatic consequences than others. This will have wide-reaching impacts on ocean communities and ecosystems as a whole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Strader
- 1Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.,2Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Juliet M Wong
- 1Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.,3Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181 USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- 1Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Byrne M, Foo SA, Ross PM, Putnam HM. Limitations of cross- and multigenerational plasticity for marine invertebrates faced with global climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:80-102. [PMID: 31670444 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although cross generation (CGP) and multigenerational (MGP) plasticity have been identified as mechanisms of acclimation to global change, the weight of evidence indicates that parental conditioning over generations is not a panacea to rescue stress sensitivity in offspring. For many species, there were no benefits of parental conditioning. Even when improved performance was observed, this waned over time within a generation or across generations and fitness declined. CGP and MGP studies identified resilient species with stress tolerant genotypes in wild populations and selected family lines. Several bivalves possess favourable stress tolerance and phenotypically plastic traits potentially associated with genetic adaptation to life in habitats where they routinely experience temperature and/or acidification stress. These traits will be important to help 'climate proof' shellfish ventures. Species that are naturally stress tolerant and those that naturally experience a broad range of environmental conditions are good candidates to provide insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in CGP and MGP. It is challenging to conduct ecologically relevant global change experiments over the long times commensurate with the pace of changing climate. As a result, many studies present stressors in a shock-type exposure at rates much faster than projected scenarios. With more gradual stressor introduction over longer experimental durations and in context with conditions species are currently acclimatized and/or adapted to, the outcomes for sensitive species might differ. We highlight the importance to understand primordial germ cell development and the timing of gametogenesis with respect to stressor exposure. Although multigenerational exposure to global change stressors currently appears limited as a universal tool to rescue species in the face of changing climate, natural proxies of future conditions (upwelling zones, CO2 vents, naturally warm habitats) show that phenotypic adjustment and/or beneficial genetic selection is possible for some species, indicating complex plasticity-adaptation interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shawna A Foo
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Pauline M Ross
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hollie M Putnam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cummings VJ, Smith AM, Marriott PM, Peebles BA, Halliday NJ. Effect of reduced pH on physiology and shell integrity of juvenile Haliotis iris (pāua) from New Zealand. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7670. [PMID: 31579589 PMCID: PMC6765356 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The New Zealand pāua or black footed abalone, Haliotis iris, is one of many mollusc species at potential risk from ocean acidification and warming. To investigate possible impacts, juvenile pāua (~24 mm shell length) were grown for 4 months in seawater pH/pCO2 conditions projected for 2100. End of century seawater projections (pHT 7.66/pCO2 ~1,000 μatm) were contrasted with local ambient conditions (pHT 8.00/pCO2 ~400 μatm) at two typical temperatures (13 and 15 °C). We used a combination of methods (morphometric, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction) to investigate effects on juvenile survival and growth, as well as shell mineralogy and integrity. Lowered pH did not affect survival, growth rate or condition, but animals grew significantly faster at the higher temperature. Juvenile pāua were able to biomineralise their inner nacreous aragonite layer and their outer prismatic calcite layer under end-of-century pH conditions, at both temperatures, and carbonate composition was not affected. There was some thickening of the nacre layer in the newly deposited shell with reduced pH and also at the higher temperature. Most obvious was post-depositional alteration of the shell under lowered pH: the prismatic calcite layer was thinner, and there was greater etching of the external shell surface; this dissolution was greater at the higher temperature. These results demonstrate the importance of even a small (2 °C) difference in temperature on growth and shell characteristics, and on modifying the effects at lowered pH. Projected CO2-related changes may affect shell quality of this iconic New Zealand mollusc through etching (dissolution) and thinning, with potential implications for resilience to physical stresses such as predation and wave action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vonda J. Cummings
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Abigail M. Smith
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter M. Marriott
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bryce A. Peebles
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - N. Jane Halliday
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Uthicke S, Deshpande NP, Liddy M, Patel F, Lamare M, Wilkins MR. Little evidence of adaptation potential to ocean acidification in sea urchins living in "Future Ocean" conditions at a CO 2 vent. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10004-10016. [PMID: 31534709 PMCID: PMC6745858 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) can be detrimental to calcifying marine organisms, with stunting of invertebrate larval development one of the most consistent responses. Effects are usually measured by short-term, within-generation exposure, an approach that does not consider the potential for adaptation. We examined the genetic response to OA of larvae of the tropical sea urchin Echinometra sp. C. raised on coral reefs that were either influenced by CO2 vents (pH ~ 7.9, future OA condition) or nonvent control reefs (pH 8.2). We assembled a high quality de novo transcriptome of Echinometra embryos (8 hr) and pluteus larvae (48 hr) and identified 68,056 SNPs. We tested for outlier SNPs and functional enrichment in embryos and larvae raised from adults from the control or vent sites. Generally, highest F ST values in embryos were observed between sites (intrinsic adaptation, most representative of the gene pool in the spawned populations). This comparison also had the highest number of outlier loci (40). In the other comparisons, classical adaptation (comparing larvae with adults from the control transplanted to either the control or vent conditions) and reverse adaptation (larvae from the vent site returned to the vent or explanted at the control), we only observed modest numbers of outlier SNPs (6-19) and only enrichment in two functional pathways. Most of the outliers detected were silent substitutions without adaptive potential. We conclude that there is little evidence of realized adaptation potential during early development, while some potential (albeit relatively low) exists in the intrinsic gene pool after more than one generation of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Uthicke
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceTownsvilleQldAustralia
| | - Nandan P. Deshpande
- Systems Biology InitiativeSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Michelle Liddy
- Department of Marine ScienceUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Frances Patel
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceTownsvilleQldAustralia
| | - Miles Lamare
- Department of Marine ScienceUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Marc R. Wilkins
- Systems Biology InitiativeSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brennan RS, Garrett AD, Huber KE, Hargarten H, Pespeni MH. Rare genetic variation and balanced polymorphisms are important for survival in global change conditions. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190943. [PMID: 31185858 PMCID: PMC6571474 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Standing genetic variation is important for population persistence in extreme environmental conditions. While some species may have the capacity to adapt to predicted average future global change conditions, the ability to survive extreme events is largely unknown. We used single-generation selection experiments on hundreds of thousands of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchin larvae generated from wild-caught adults to identify adaptive genetic variation responsive to moderate (pH 8.0) and extreme (pH 7.5) low-pH conditions. Sequencing genomic DNA from pools of larvae, we identified consistent changes in allele frequencies across replicate cultures for each pH condition and observed increased linkage disequilibrium around selected loci, revealing selection on recombined standing genetic variation. We found that loci responding uniquely to either selection regime were at low starting allele frequencies while variants that responded to both pH conditions (11.6% of selected variants) started at high frequencies. Loci under selection performed functions related to energetics, pH tolerance, cell growth and actin/cytoskeleton dynamics. These results highlight that persistence in future conditions will require two classes of genetic variation: common, pH-responsive variants maintained by balancing selection in a heterogeneous environment, and rare variants, particularly for extreme conditions, that must be maintained by large population sizes.
Collapse
|
16
|
Stillman JH. Heat Waves, the New Normal: Summertime Temperature Extremes Will Impact Animals, Ecosystems, and Human Communities. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:86-100. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00040.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A consequence of climate change is the increased frequency and severity of extreme heat waves. This is occurring now as most of the warmest summers and most intense heat waves ever recorded have been during the past decade. In this review, I describe the ways in which animals and human populations are likely to respond to increased extreme heat, suggest how to study those responses, and reflect on the importance of those studies for countering the devastating impacts of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon H. Stillman
- Estuary and Ocean Science Center and Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Domenici P, Allan BJM, Lefrançois C, McCormick MI. The effect of climate change on the escape kinematics and performance of fishes: implications for future predator-prey interactions. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz078. [PMID: 31723432 PMCID: PMC6839432 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can have a pronounced impact on the physiology and behaviour of fishes. Notably, many climate change stressors, such as global warming, hypoxia and ocean acidification (OA), have been shown to alter the kinematics of predator-prey interactions in fishes, with potential effects at ecological levels. Here, we review the main effects of each of these stressors on fish escape responses using an integrative approach that encompasses behavioural and kinematic variables. Elevated temperature was shown to affect many components of the escape response, including escape latencies, kinematics and maximum swimming performance, while the main effect of hypoxia was on escape responsiveness and directionality. OA had a negative effect on the escape response of juvenile fish by decreasing their directionality, responsiveness and locomotor performance, although some studies show no effect of acidification. The few studies that have explored the effects of multiple stressors show that temperature tends to have a stronger effect on escape performance than OA. Overall, the effects of climate change on escape responses may occur through decreased muscle performance and/or an interference with brain and sensory functions. In all of these cases, since the escape response is a behaviour directly related to survival, these effects are likely to be fundamental drivers of changes in marine communities. The overall future impact of these stressors is discussed by including their potential effects on predator attack behaviour, thereby allowing the development of potential future scenarios for predator-prey interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IAS, Oristano, 09170 Italy
- Corresponding author: CNR-IAS, Oristano 09170, Italy.
| | - Bridie J M Allan
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark I McCormick
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hoey JA, Pinsky ML. Genomic signatures of environmental selection despite near-panmixia in summer flounder. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1732-1747. [PMID: 30344639 PMCID: PMC6183468 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid environmental change is altering the selective pressures experienced by marine species. While adaptation to local environmental conditions depends on a balance between dispersal and natural selection across the seascape, the spatial scale of adaptation and the relative importance of mechanisms maintaining adaptation in the ocean are not well understood. Here, using population assignment tests, Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC), and genome scans with double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing data, we evaluated population structure and locus-environment associations in a commercially important species, summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), along the U.S. east coast. Based on 1,137 single nucleotide polymorphisms across 232 individuals spanning nearly 1,900 km, we found no indication of population structure across Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (F ST = 0.0014) or of isolation by distance along the coast using individual relatedness. ABC estimated the probability of dispersal across the biogeographic break at Cape Hatteras to be high (95% credible interval: 7%-50% migration). However, we found 15 loci whose allele frequencies were associated with at least one of four environmental variables. Of those, 11 were correlated with bottom temperature. For summer flounder, our results suggest continued fisheries management as a single population and identify likely response mechanisms to climate change. Broadly speaking, our findings suggest that spatial balancing selection can manifest in adaptive divergence on regional scales in marine fish despite high dispersal, and that these conditions likely result in the widespread distribution of adaptive alleles and a high potential for future genetic adaptation in response to changing environmental conditions. In the context of a rapidly changing world, a landscape genomics perspective offers a useful approach for understanding the causes and consequences of genetic differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Hoey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Natural ResourcesRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Malin L. Pinsky
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Natural ResourcesRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gildor T, Smadar BTDL. Comparative Studies of Gene Expression Kinetics: Methodologies and Insights on Development and Evolution. Front Genet 2018; 9:339. [PMID: 30186312 PMCID: PMC6113378 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, embryos of closely related species show high morphological similarity despite genetic and environmental distances. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms that underlie morphological conservation and those that support embryonic adaptation are keys to understand developmental robustness and evolution. Comparative studies of developmental gene regulatory networks can track the genetic changes that lead to evolutionary novelties. However, these studies are limited to a relatively small set of genes and demand extensive experimental efforts. An alternative approach enabled by next-generation sequencing, is to compare the expression kinetic of large sets of genes between different species. The advantages of these comparisons are that they can be done relatively easily, for any species and they provide information of all expressed genes. The challenge in these experiments is to compare the kinetic profiles of thousands of genes between species that develop in different rates. Here we review recent comparative studies that tackled the challenges of accurate staging and large-scale analyses using different computational approaches. These studies reveal how correct temporal scaling exposes the striking conservation of developmental gene expression between morphologically similar species. Different clustering approaches are used to address various comparative questions and identify the conservation and divergence of large gene sets. We discuss the unexpected contribution of housekeeping genes to the interspecies correlations and how this contribution distorts the hourglass pattern generated by developmental genes. Overall, we demonstrate how comparative studies of gene expression kinetics can provide novel insights into the developmental constraints and plasticity that shape animal body plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsvia Gildor
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ben-Tabou de-Leon Smadar
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hodgson EE, Kaplan IC, Marshall KN, Leonard J, Essington TE, Busch DS, Fulton EA, Harvey CJ, Hermann AJ, McElhany P. Consequences of spatially variable ocean acidification in the California Current: Lower pH drives strongest declines in benthic species in southern regions while greatest economic impacts occur in northern regions. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
21
|
You Better Repeat It: Complex CO2 × Temperature Effects in Atlantic Silverside Offspring Revealed by Serial Experimentation. DIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent ocean warming and acidification demand experimental approaches that assess biological sensitivities to combined effects of these potential stressors. Here, we summarize five CO2 × temperature experiments on wild Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, offspring that were reared under factorial combinations of CO2 (nominal: 400, 2200, 4000, and 6000 µatm) and temperature (17, 20, 24, and 28 °C) to quantify the temperature-dependence of CO2 effects in early life growth and survival. Across experiments and temperature treatments, we found few significant CO2 effects on response traits. Survival effects were limited to a single experiment, where elevated CO2 exposure reduced embryo survival at 17 and 24 °C. Hatch length displayed CO2 × temperature interactions due largely to reduced hatch size at 24 °C in one experiment but increased length at 28 °C in another. We found no overall influence of CO2 on larval growth or survival to 9, 10, 15 and 13–22 days post-hatch, at 28, 24, 20, and 17 °C, respectively. Importantly, exposure to cooler (17 °C) and warmer (28 °C) than optimal rearing temperatures (24 °C) in this species did not appear to increase CO2 sensitivity. Repeated experimentation documented substantial inter- and intra-experiment variability, highlighting the need for experimental replication to more robustly constrain inherently variable responses. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the early life stages of this ecologically important forage fish appear largely tolerate to even extreme levels of CO2 across a broad thermal regime.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wong JM, Johnson KM, Kelly MW, Hofmann G. Transcriptomics reveal transgenerational effects in purple sea urchin embryos: Adult acclimation to upwelling conditions alters the response of their progeny to differential
p
CO
2
levels. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1120-1137. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet M. Wong
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Kevin M. Johnson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - Morgan W. Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - Gretchen E. Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gaitán-Espitia JD, Marshall D, Dupont S, Bacigalupe LD, Bodrossy L, Hobday AJ. Geographical gradients in selection can reveal genetic constraints for evolutionary responses to ocean acidification. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2016.0784. [PMID: 28148831 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographical gradients in selection can shape different genetic architectures in natural populations, reflecting potential genetic constraints for adaptive evolution under climate change. Investigation of natural pH/pCO2 variation in upwelling regions reveals different spatio-temporal patterns of natural selection, generating genetic and phenotypic clines in populations, and potentially leading to local adaptation, relevant to understanding effects of ocean acidification (OA). Strong directional selection, associated with intense and continuous upwellings, may have depleted genetic variation in populations within these upwelling regions, favouring increased tolerances to low pH but with an associated cost in other traits. In contrast, diversifying or weak directional selection in populations with seasonal upwellings or outside major upwelling regions may have resulted in higher genetic variances and the lack of genetic correlations among traits. Testing this hypothesis in geographical regions with similar environmental conditions to those predicted under climate change will build insights into how selection may act in the future and how populations may respond to stressors such as OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, The Sven Loven Centre for Marine Sciences, 45178 Fiskebackskil, Sweden
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Levente Bodrossy
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, 7001 Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alistair J Hobday
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, 7001 Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Crossley MS, Chen YH, Groves RL, Schoville SD. Landscape genomics of Colorado potato beetle provides evidence of polygenic adaptation to insecticides. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6284-6300. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yolanda H. Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Vermont Burlington VT USA
| | - Russell L. Groves
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Sean D. Schoville
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bay RA, Rose NH, Logan CA, Palumbi SR. Genomic models predict successful coral adaptation if future ocean warming rates are reduced. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701413. [PMID: 29109975 PMCID: PMC5665595 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Population genomic surveys suggest that climate-associated genetic variation occurs widely across species, but whether it is sufficient to allow population persistence via evolutionary adaptation has seldom been quantified. To ask whether rapid adaptation in reef-building corals can keep pace with future ocean warming, we measured genetic variation at predicted warm-adapted loci and simulated future evolution and persistence in a high-latitude population of corals from Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Alleles associated with thermal tolerance were present but at low frequencies in this cooler, southerly locality. Simulations based on predicted ocean warming in Rarotonga showed rapid evolution of heat tolerance resulting in population persistence under mild warming scenarios consistent with low CO2 emission plans, RCP2.6 and RCP4.5. Under more severe scenarios, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5, adaptation was not rapid enough to prevent extinction. Population adaptation was faster for models based on smaller numbers of additive loci that determine thermal tolerance and for higher population growth rates. Finally, accelerated migration via transplantation of thermally tolerant individuals (1 to 5%/year) sped adaptation. These results show that cool-water corals can adapt to warmer oceans but only under mild scenarios resulting from international emissions controls. Incorporation of genomic data into models of species response to climate change offers a promising method for estimating future adaptive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A. Bay
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Noah H. Rose
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Logan
- School of Natural Sciences, California State University, Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955, USA
| | - Stephen R. Palumbi
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Overwintering individuals of the Arctic krill Thysanoessa inermis appear tolerant to short-term exposure to low pH conditions. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
27
|
Malik A, Gildor T, Sher N, Layous M, Ben-Tabou de-Leon S. Parallel embryonic transcriptional programs evolve under distinct constraints and may enable morphological conservation amidst adaptation. Dev Biol 2017; 430:202-213. [PMID: 28780048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development evolves by balancing stringent morphological constraints with genetic and environmental variation. The design principle that allows developmental transcriptional programs to conserve embryonic morphology while adapting to environmental changes is still not fully understood. To address this fundamental challenge, we compare developmental transcriptomes of two sea urchin species, Paracentrotus lividus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, that shared a common ancestor about 40 million years ago and are geographically distant yet show similar morphology. We find that both developmental and housekeeping genes show highly dynamic and strongly conserved temporal expression patterns. The expression of other gene sets, including homeostasis and response genes, show divergent expression which could result from either evolutionary drift or adaptation to local environmental conditions. The interspecies correlations of developmental gene expressions are highest between morphologically similar developmental time points whereas the interspecies correlations of housekeeping gene expression are high between all the late zygotic time points. Relatedly, the position of the phylotypic stage varies between these two groups of genes: developmental gene expression shows highest conservation at mid-developmental stage, in agreement with the hourglass model while the conservation of housekeeping genes keeps increasing with developmental time. When all genes are combined, the relationship between conservation of gene expression and morphological similarity is partially masked by housekeeping genes and genes with diverged expression. Our study illustrates various transcriptional programs that coexist in the developing embryo and evolve under different constraints. Apparently, morphological constraints underlie the conservation of developmental gene expression while embryonic fitness requires the conservation of housekeeping gene expression and the species-specific adjustments of homeostasis gene expression. The distinct evolutionary forces acting on these transcriptional programs enable the conservation of similar body plans while allowing adaption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Malik
- Bionformatics Core Unit, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Tsvia Gildor
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Noa Sher
- Bionformatics Core Unit, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Majed Layous
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Smadar Ben-Tabou de-Leon
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Persistent spatial structuring of coastal ocean acidification in the California Current System. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2526. [PMID: 28566727 PMCID: PMC5451383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The near-term progression of ocean acidification (OA) is projected to bring about sharp changes in the chemistry of coastal upwelling ecosystems. The distribution of OA exposure across these early-impact systems, however, is highly uncertain and limits our understanding of whether and how spatial management actions can be deployed to ameliorate future impacts. Through a novel coastal OA observing network, we have uncovered a remarkably persistent spatial mosaic in the penetration of acidified waters into ecologically-important nearshore habitats across 1,000 km of the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem. In the most severe exposure hotspots, suboptimal conditions for calcifying organisms encompassed up to 56% of the summer season, and were accompanied by some of the lowest and most variable pH environments known for the surface ocean. Persistent refuge areas were also found, highlighting new opportunities for local adaptation to address the global challenge of OA in productive coastal systems.
Collapse
|
29
|
Evans TG, Pespeni MH, Hofmann GE, Palumbi SR, Sanford E. Transcriptomic responses to seawater acidification among sea urchin populations inhabiting a natural pH mosaic. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2257-2275. [PMID: 28141889 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing awareness of spatial and temporal variation in ocean pH suggests some marine populations may be adapted to local pH regimes and will therefore respond differently to present-day pH variation and to long-term ocean acidification. In the Northeast Pacific Ocean, differences in the strength of coastal upwelling cause latitudinal variation in prevailing pH regimes that are hypothesized to promote local adaptation and unequal pH tolerance among resident populations. In this study, responses to experimental seawater acidification were compared among embryos and larvae from six populations of purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) inhabiting areas that differ in their frequency of low pH exposure and that prior research suggests are locally adapted to seawater pH. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrate urchin populations most frequently exposed to low pH seawater responded to experimental acidification by expressing genes within major ATP-producing pathways at greater levels than populations encountering low pH less often. Multiple genes within the tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport chain and fatty acid beta oxidation pathways were upregulated in urchin populations experiencing low pH conditions most frequently. These same metabolic pathways were significantly over-represented among genes both expressed in a population-specific manner and putatively under selection to enhance low pH tolerance. Collectively, these data suggest natural selection is acting on metabolic gene networks to redirect ATP toward maintaining acid-base homeostasis and enhance tolerance of seawater acidification. As a trade-off, marine populations more tolerant of low pH may have less energy to put towards other aspects of fitness and to respond to additional ocean change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA, 94542, USA
| | - Melissa H Pespeni
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Stephen R Palumbi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, 94923, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kapsenberg L, Okamoto DK, Dutton JM, Hofmann GE. Sensitivity of sea urchin fertilization to pH varies across a natural pH mosaic. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1737-1750. [PMID: 28331584 PMCID: PMC5355180 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the coastal ocean, temporal fluctuations in pH vary dramatically across biogeographic ranges. How such spatial differences in pH variability regimes might shape ocean acidification resistance in marine species remains unknown. We assessed the pH sensitivity of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus in the context of ocean pH variability. Using unique male-female pairs, originating from three sites with similar mean pH but different variability and frequency of low pH (pHT ≤ 7.8) exposures, fertilization was tested across a range of pH (pHT 7.61-8.03) and sperm concentrations. High fertilization success was maintained at low pH via a slight right shift in the fertilization function across sperm concentration. This pH effect differed by site. Urchins from the site with the narrowest pH variability regime exhibited the greatest pH sensitivity. At this site, mechanistic fertilization dynamics models support a decrease in sperm-egg interaction rate with decreasing pH. The site differences in pH sensitivity build upon recent evidence of local pH adaptation in S. purpuratus and highlight the need to incorporate environmental variability in the study of global change biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kapsenberg
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
- Sorbonne UniversitésUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie‐Paris 6CNRS‐INSULaboratoire d'Océanographie de VillefrancheVillefranche‐sur‐MerFrance
| | - Daniel K. Okamoto
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
- School of Resource and Environmental ManagementSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Jessica M. Dutton
- Wrigley Institute for Environmental StudiesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Gretchen E. Hofmann
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Olivé I, Silva J, Lauritano C, Costa MM, Ruocco M, Procaccini G, Santos R. Linking gene expression to productivity to unravel long- and short-term responses of seagrasses exposed to CO 2 in volcanic vents. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42278. [PMID: 28205566 PMCID: PMC5304229 DOI: 10.1038/srep42278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification is a major threat for marine life but seagrasses are expected to benefit from high CO2. In situ (long-term) and transplanted (short-term) plant incubations of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa were performed near and away the influence of volcanic CO2 vents at Vulcano Island to test the hypothesis of beneficial effects of CO2 on plant productivity. We relate, for the first time, the expression of photosynthetic, antioxidant and metal detoxification-related genes to net plant productivity (NPP). Results revealed a consistent pattern between gene expression and productivity indicating water origin as the main source of variability. However, the hypothesised beneficial effect of high CO2 around vents was not supported. We observed a consistent long- and short-term pattern of gene down-regulation and 2.5-fold NPP decrease in plants incubated in water from the vents and a generalized up-regulation and NPP increase in plants from the vent site incubated with water from the Reference site. Contrastingly, NPP of specimens experimentally exposed to a CO2 range significantly correlated with CO2 availability. The down-regulation of metal-related genes in C. nodosa leaves exposed to water from the venting site suggests that other factors than heavy metals, may be at play at Vulcano confounding the CO2 effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Olivé
- CCMar-Centre of Marine Sciences, ALGAE - Marine Plant Ecology Research Group. Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - João Silva
- CCMar-Centre of Marine Sciences, ALGAE - Marine Plant Ecology Research Group. Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Monya M Costa
- CCMar-Centre of Marine Sciences, ALGAE - Marine Plant Ecology Research Group. Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Miriam Ruocco
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Rui Santos
- CCMar-Centre of Marine Sciences, ALGAE - Marine Plant Ecology Research Group. Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vendrami DLJ, Telesca L, Weigand H, Weiss M, Fawcett K, Lehman K, Clark MS, Leese F, McMinn C, Moore H, Hoffman JI. RAD sequencing resolves fine-scale population structure in a benthic invertebrate: implications for understanding phenotypic plasticity. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160548. [PMID: 28386419 PMCID: PMC5367306 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of molecular ecology is transitioning from the use of small panels of classical genetic markers such as microsatellites to much larger panels of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated by approaches like RAD sequencing. However, few empirical studies have directly compared the ability of these methods to resolve population structure. This could have implications for understanding phenotypic plasticity, as many previous studies of natural populations may have lacked the power to detect genetic differences, especially over micro-geographic scales. We therefore compared the ability of microsatellites and RAD sequencing to resolve fine-scale population structure in a commercially important benthic invertebrate by genotyping great scallops (Pecten maximus) from nine populations around Northern Ireland at 13 microsatellites and 10 539 SNPs. The shells were then subjected to morphometric and colour analysis in order to compare patterns of phenotypic and genetic variation. We found that RAD sequencing was superior at resolving population structure, yielding higher Fst values and support for two distinct genetic clusters, whereas only one cluster could be detected in a Bayesian analysis of the microsatellite dataset. Furthermore, appreciable phenotypic variation was observed in size-independent shell shape and coloration, including among localities that could not be distinguished from one another genetically, providing support for the notion that these traits are phenotypically plastic. Taken together, our results suggest that RAD sequencing is a powerful approach for studying population structure and phenotypic plasticity in natural populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L. J. Vendrami
- Department of Animal Behavior, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Luca Telesca
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Hannah Weigand
- Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecosystem Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Martina Weiss
- Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecosystem Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Katie Fawcett
- Department of Animal Behavior, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Katrin Lehman
- Department of Animal Behavior, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - M. S. Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Florian Leese
- Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecosystem Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Carrie McMinn
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Heather Moore
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Joseph I. Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behavior, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Vendrami DLJ, Telesca L, Weigand H, Weiss M, Fawcett K, Lehman K, Clark MS, Leese F, McMinn C, Moore H, Hoffman JI. RAD sequencing resolves fine-scale population structure in a benthic invertebrate: implications for understanding phenotypic plasticity. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160548. [PMID: 28386419 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.mk860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The field of molecular ecology is transitioning from the use of small panels of classical genetic markers such as microsatellites to much larger panels of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated by approaches like RAD sequencing. However, few empirical studies have directly compared the ability of these methods to resolve population structure. This could have implications for understanding phenotypic plasticity, as many previous studies of natural populations may have lacked the power to detect genetic differences, especially over micro-geographic scales. We therefore compared the ability of microsatellites and RAD sequencing to resolve fine-scale population structure in a commercially important benthic invertebrate by genotyping great scallops (Pecten maximus) from nine populations around Northern Ireland at 13 microsatellites and 10 539 SNPs. The shells were then subjected to morphometric and colour analysis in order to compare patterns of phenotypic and genetic variation. We found that RAD sequencing was superior at resolving population structure, yielding higher Fst values and support for two distinct genetic clusters, whereas only one cluster could be detected in a Bayesian analysis of the microsatellite dataset. Furthermore, appreciable phenotypic variation was observed in size-independent shell shape and coloration, including among localities that could not be distinguished from one another genetically, providing support for the notion that these traits are phenotypically plastic. Taken together, our results suggest that RAD sequencing is a powerful approach for studying population structure and phenotypic plasticity in natural populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L J Vendrami
- Department of Animal Behavior , University of Bielefeld , Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Luca Telesca
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Cambridge , Downing Street, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3EQ , UK
| | - Hannah Weigand
- Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecosystem Research , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Martina Weiss
- Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecosystem Research , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Katie Fawcett
- Department of Animal Behavior , University of Bielefeld , Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Katrin Lehman
- Department of Animal Behavior , University of Bielefeld , Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - M S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey , Natural Environment Research Council , High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET , UK
| | - Florian Leese
- Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecosystem Research , University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Carrie McMinn
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems , 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX , UK
| | - Heather Moore
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems , 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX , UK
| | - Joseph I Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behavior , University of Bielefeld , Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lloyd MM, Makukhov AD, Pespeni MH. Loss of genetic diversity as a consequence of selection in response to high pCO 2. Evol Appl 2016; 9:1124-1132. [PMID: 27695520 PMCID: PMC5039325 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Standing genetic variation may allow for rapid evolutionary response to the geologically unprecedented changes in global conditions. However, there is little known about the consequences of such rapid evolutionary change. Here, we measure genetic responses to experimental low and high pCO 2 levels in purple sea urchin larvae, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. We found greater loss of nucleotide diversity in high pCO 2 levels (18.61%; 900 μatm) compared to low pCO 2 levels (10.12%; 400 μatm). In the wild, this loss could limit the evolutionary capacity of future generations. In contrast, we found minimal evidence that purple sea urchin larvae physiologically respond to high pCO 2 through alternative splicing of transcripts (11 genes), despite a strong signal of alternative splicing between different developmental stages (1193 genes). However, in response to high pCO 2, four of the 11 alternatively spliced transcripts encoded ribosomal proteins, suggesting the regulation of translation as a potential response mechanism. The results of this study indicate that while the purple urchin presently may have enough standing genetic variation in response to rapid environmental change, this reservoir of resilience is a finite resource and could quickly diminish.
Collapse
|
35
|
Busch DS, McElhany P. Estimates of the Direct Effect of Seawater pH on the Survival Rate of Species Groups in the California Current Ecosystem. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160669. [PMID: 27513576 PMCID: PMC4981315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) has the potential to restructure ecosystems due to variation in species sensitivity to the projected changes in ocean carbon chemistry. Ecological models can be forced with scenarios of OA to help scientists, managers, and other stakeholders understand how ecosystems might change. We present a novel methodology for developing estimates of species sensitivity to OA that are regionally specific, and applied the method to the California Current ecosystem. To do so, we built a database of all published literature on the sensitivity of temperate species to decreased pH. This database contains 393 papers on 285 species and 89 multi-species groups from temperate waters around the world. Research on urchins and oysters and on adult life stages dominates the literature. Almost a third of the temperate species studied to date occur in the California Current. However, most laboratory experiments use control pH conditions that are too high to represent average current chemistry conditions in the portion of the California Current water column where the majority of the species live. We developed estimates of sensitivity to OA for functional groups in the ecosystem, which can represent single species or taxonomically diverse groups of hundreds of species. We based these estimates on the amount of available evidence derived from published studies on species sensitivity, how well this evidence could inform species sensitivity in the California Current ecosystem, and the agreement of the available evidence for a species/species group. This approach is similar to that taken by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to characterize certainty when summarizing scientific findings. Most functional groups (26 of 34) responded negatively to OA conditions, but when uncertainty in sensitivity was considered, only 11 groups had relationships that were consistently negative. Thus, incorporating certainty about the sensitivity of species and functional groups to OA is an important part of developing robust scenarios for ecosystem projections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Shallin Busch
- Ocean Acidification Program, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul McElhany
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Canales-Aguirre CB, Ferrada-Fuentes S, Galleguillos R, Hernández CE. Genetic Structure in a Small Pelagic Fish Coincides with a Marine Protected Area: Seascape Genetics in Patagonian Fjords. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160670. [PMID: 27505009 PMCID: PMC4978504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine environmental variables can play an important role in promoting population genetic differentiation in marine organisms. Although fjord ecosystems have attracted much attention due to the great oscillation of environmental variables that produce heterogeneous habitats, species inhabiting this kind of ecosystem have received less attention. In this study, we used Sprattus fuegensis, a small pelagic species that populates the inner waters of the continental shelf, channels and fjords of Chilean Patagonia and Argentina, as a model species to test whether environmental variables of fjords relate to population genetic structure. A total of 282 individuals were analyzed from Chilean Patagonia with eight microsatellite loci. Bayesian and non-Bayesian analyses were conducted to describe the genetic variability of S. fuegensis and whether it shows spatial genetic structure. Results showed two well-differentiated genetic clusters along the Chilean Patagonia distribution (i.e. inside the embayment area called TicToc, and the rest of the fjords), but no spatial isolation by distance (IBD) pattern was found with a Mantel test analysis. Temperature and nitrate were correlated to the expected heterozygosities and explained the allelic frequency variation of data in the redundancy analyses. These results suggest that the singular genetic differences found in S. fuegensis from inside TicToc Bay (East of the Corcovado Gulf) are the result of larvae retention bya combination of oceanographic mesoscale processes (i.e. the west wind drift current reaches the continental shelf exactly in this zone), and the local geographical configuration (i.e. embayment area, islands, archipelagos). We propose that these features generated an isolated area in the Patagonian fjords that promoted genetic differentiation by drift and a singular biodiversity, adding support to the existence of the largest marine protected area (MPA) of continental Chile, which is the Tic-Toc MPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian B. Canales-Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Genética y Acuicultura, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de CienciasNaturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Chile
- Laboratorio de EcologíaEvolutiva y Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de CienciasNaturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Chile
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue 6 km, Puerto Montt, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Sandra Ferrada-Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Acuicultura, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de CienciasNaturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Chile
- Laboratorio de EcologíaEvolutiva y Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de CienciasNaturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Chile
| | - Ricardo Galleguillos
- Laboratorio de Genética y Acuicultura, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de CienciasNaturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Chile
| | - Cristián E. Hernández
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue 6 km, Puerto Montt, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lucey NM, Lombardi C, Florio M, DeMarchi L, Nannini M, Rundle S, Gambi MC, Calosi P. An in situ assessment of local adaptation in a calcifying polychaete from a shallow CO 2 vent system. Evol Appl 2016; 9:1054-1071. [PMID: 27695515 PMCID: PMC5039320 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is likely to exert selective pressure on natural populations. Our ability to predict which marine species will adapt to OA and what underlies this adaptive potential is of high conservation and resource management priority. Using a naturally low‐pH vent site in the Mediterranean Sea (Castello Aragonese, Ischia) mirroring projected future OA conditions, we carried out a reciprocal transplant experiment to investigate the relative importance of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation in two populations of the sessile, calcifying polychaete Simplaria sp. (Annelida, Serpulidae, Spirorbinae): one residing in low pH and the other from a nearby ambient (i.e. high) pH site. We measured a suite of fitness‐related traits (i.e. survival, reproductive output, maturation, population growth) and tube growth rates in laboratory‐bred F2 generation individuals from both populations reciprocally transplanted back into both ambient and low‐pH in situ habitats. Both populations showed lower expression in all traits, but increased tube growth rates, when exposed to low‐pH compared with high‐pH conditions, regardless of their site of origin suggesting that local adaptation to low‐pH conditions has not occurred. We also found comparable levels of plasticity in the two populations investigated, suggesting no influence of long‐term exposure to low pH on the ability of populations to adjust their phenotype. Despite high variation in trait values among sites and the relatively extreme conditions at the low pH site (pH < 7.36), response trends were consistent across traits. Hence, our data suggest that, for Simplaria and possibly other calcifiers, neither local adaptations nor sufficient phenotypic plasticity levels appear to suffice in order to compensate for the negative impacts of OA on long‐term survival. Our work also emphasizes the utility of field experiments in natural environments subjected to high level of pCO2 for elucidating the potential for adaptation to future scenarios of OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelle M Lucey
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia PaviaItaly; Marine Environment Research Centre ENEALa SpeziaItaly; Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre Plymouth University Plymouth UK
| | | | - Maurizio Florio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy; Marine Environment Research Centre ENEALa Spezia Italy
| | - Lucia DeMarchi
- CNR-ISMARLa Spezia Italy; Department of Biology University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Matteo Nannini
- Marine Environment Research Centre ENEALa SpeziaItaly; Department of Biology University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Simon Rundle
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre Plymouth University Plymouth UK
| | - Maria Cristina Gambi
- Department Integrative Marine Ecology Villa Dohrn-Benthic Ecology Center Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn" Ischia Napoli Italy
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie Université du Québec à Rimouski Rimouski Quebec Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ben-Tabou de-Leon S. Robustness and Accuracy in Sea Urchin Developmental Gene Regulatory Networks. Front Genet 2016; 7:16. [PMID: 26913048 PMCID: PMC4753288 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental gene regulatory networks robustly control the timely activation of regulatory and differentiation genes. The structure of these networks underlies their capacity to buffer intrinsic and extrinsic noise and maintain embryonic morphology. Here I illustrate how the use of specific architectures by the sea urchin developmental regulatory networks enables the robust control of cell fate decisions. The Wnt-βcatenin signaling pathway patterns the primary embryonic axis while the BMP signaling pathway patterns the secondary embryonic axis in the sea urchin embryo and across bilateria. Interestingly, in the sea urchin in both cases, the signaling pathway that defines the axis controls directly the expression of a set of downstream regulatory genes. I propose that this direct activation of a set of regulatory genes enables a uniform regulatory response and a clear cut cell fate decision in the endoderm and in the dorsal ectoderm. The specification of the mesodermal pigment cell lineage is activated by Delta signaling that initiates a triple positive feedback loop that locks down the pigment specification state. I propose that the use of compound positive feedback circuitry provides the endodermal cells enough time to turn off mesodermal genes and ensures correct mesoderm vs. endoderm fate decision. Thus, I argue that understanding the control properties of repeatedly used regulatory architectures illuminates their role in embryogenesis and provides possible explanations to their resistance to evolutionary change.
Collapse
|
39
|
Cheng BS, Bible JM, Chang AL, Ferner MC, Wasson K, Zabin CJ, Latta M, Deck A, Todgham AE, Grosholz ED. Testing local and global stressor impacts on a coastal foundation species using an ecologically realistic framework. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2488-2499. [PMID: 25683857 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the abundance of literature on organismal responses to multiple environmental stressors, most studies have not matched the timing of experimental manipulations with the temporal pattern of stressors in nature. We test the interactive effects of diel-cycling hypoxia with both warming and decreased salinities using ecologically realistic exposures. Surprisingly, we found no evidence of negative synergistic effects on Olympia oyster growth; rather, we found only additive and opposing effects of hypoxia (detrimental) and warming (beneficial). We suspect that diel-cycling provided a temporal refuge that allowed physiological compensation. We also tested for latent effects of warming and hypoxia to low-salinity tolerance using a seasonal delay between stressor events. However, we did not find a latent effect, rather a threshold survival response to low salinity that was independent of early life-history exposure to warming or hypoxia. The absence of synergism is likely the result of stressor treatments that mirror the natural timing of environmental stressors. We provide environmental context for laboratory experimental data by examining field time series environmental data from four North American west coast estuaries and find heterogeneous environmental signals that characterize each estuary, suggesting that the potential stressor exposure to oysters will drastically differ over moderate spatial scales. This heterogeneity implies that efforts to conserve and restore oysters will require an adaptive approach that incorporates knowledge of local conditions. We conclude that studies of multiple environmental stressors can be greatly improved by integrating ecologically realistic exposure and timing of stressors found in nature with organismal life-history traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Cheng
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jillian M Bible
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew L Chang
- San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Matthew C Ferner
- San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Kerstin Wasson
- Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, Watsonville, CA, USA
| | - Chela J Zabin
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marilyn Latta
- California State Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Anna Deck
- San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Edwin D Grosholz
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Waldbusser GG, Hales B, Langdon CJ, Haley BA, Schrader P, Brunner EL, Gray MW, Miller CA, Gimenez I, Hutchinson G. Ocean Acidification Has Multiple Modes of Action on Bivalve Larvae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128376. [PMID: 26061095 DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is altering the chemistry of the world's oceans at rates unparalleled in the past roughly 1 million years. Understanding the impacts of this rapid change in baseline carbonate chemistry on marine organisms needs a precise, mechanistic understanding of physiological responses to carbonate chemistry. Recent experimental work has shown shell development and growth in some bivalve larvae, have direct sensitivities to calcium carbonate saturation state that is not modulated through organismal acid-base chemistry. To understand different modes of action of OA on bivalve larvae, we experimentally tested how pH, PCO2, and saturation state independently affect shell growth and development, respiration rate, and initiation of feeding in Mytilus californianus embryos and larvae. We found, as documented in other bivalve larvae, that shell development and growth were affected by aragonite saturation state, and not by pH or PCO2. Respiration rate was elevated under very low pH (~7.4) with no change between pH of ~ 8.3 to ~7.8. Initiation of feeding appeared to be most sensitive to PCO2, and possibly minor response to pH under elevated PCO2. Although different components of physiology responded to different carbonate system variables, the inability to normally develop a shell due to lower saturation state precludes pH or PCO2 effects later in the life history. However, saturation state effects during early shell development will carry-over to later stages, where pH or PCO2 effects can compound OA effects on bivalve larvae. Our findings suggest OA may be a multi-stressor unto itself. Shell development and growth of the native mussel, M. californianus, was indistinguishable from the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, collected from the southern U.S. Pacific coast, an area not subjected to seasonal upwelling. The concordance in responses suggests a fundamental OA bottleneck during development of the first shell material affected only by saturation state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George G Waldbusser
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Burke Hales
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Chris J Langdon
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Brian A Haley
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Paul Schrader
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L Brunner
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Matthew W Gray
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Cale A Miller
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Iria Gimenez
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Greg Hutchinson
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Waldbusser GG, Hales B, Langdon CJ, Haley BA, Schrader P, Brunner EL, Gray MW, Miller CA, Gimenez I, Hutchinson G. Ocean Acidification Has Multiple Modes of Action on Bivalve Larvae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128376. [PMID: 26061095 PMCID: PMC4465621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is altering the chemistry of the world’s oceans at rates unparalleled in the past roughly 1 million years. Understanding the impacts of this rapid change in baseline carbonate chemistry on marine organisms needs a precise, mechanistic understanding of physiological responses to carbonate chemistry. Recent experimental work has shown shell development and growth in some bivalve larvae, have direct sensitivities to calcium carbonate saturation state that is not modulated through organismal acid-base chemistry. To understand different modes of action of OA on bivalve larvae, we experimentally tested how pH, PCO2, and saturation state independently affect shell growth and development, respiration rate, and initiation of feeding in Mytilus californianus embryos and larvae. We found, as documented in other bivalve larvae, that shell development and growth were affected by aragonite saturation state, and not by pH or PCO2. Respiration rate was elevated under very low pH (~7.4) with no change between pH of ~ 8.3 to ~7.8. Initiation of feeding appeared to be most sensitive to PCO2, and possibly minor response to pH under elevated PCO2. Although different components of physiology responded to different carbonate system variables, the inability to normally develop a shell due to lower saturation state precludes pH or PCO2 effects later in the life history. However, saturation state effects during early shell development will carry-over to later stages, where pH or PCO2 effects can compound OA effects on bivalve larvae. Our findings suggest OA may be a multi-stressor unto itself. Shell development and growth of the native mussel, M. californianus, was indistinguishable from the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, collected from the southern U.S. Pacific coast, an area not subjected to seasonal upwelling. The concordance in responses suggests a fundamental OA bottleneck during development of the first shell material affected only by saturation state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George G. Waldbusser
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Burke Hales
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Chris J. Langdon
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Haley
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Paul Schrader
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Brunner
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Gray
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| | - Cale A. Miller
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Iria Gimenez
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Greg Hutchinson
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experimental Station and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport OR, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lane A, Campanati C, Dupont S, Thiyagarajan V. Trans-generational responses to low pH depend on parental gender in a calcifying tubeworm. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10847. [PMID: 26039184 PMCID: PMC4454138 DOI: 10.1038/srep10847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of anthropogenic CO2 emissions by oceans has started decreasing pH and carbonate ion concentrations of seawater, a process called ocean acidification (OA). Occurring over centuries and many generations, evolutionary adaptation and epigenetic transfer will change species responses to OA over time. Trans-generational responses, via genetic selection or trans-generational phenotypic plasticity, differ depending on species and exposure time as well as differences between individuals such as gender. Males and females differ in reproductive investment and egg producing females may have less energy available for OA stress responses. By crossing eggs and sperm from the calcareous tubeworm Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883) raised in ambient (8.1) and low (7.8) pH environments, we observed that paternal and maternal low pH experience had opposite and additive effects on offspring. For example, when compared to offspring with both parents from ambient pH, growth rates of offspring of fathers or mothers raised in low pH were higher or lower respectively, but there was no difference when both parents were from low pH. Gender differences may result in different selection pressures for each gender. This may result in overestimates of species tolerance and missed opportunities of potentially insightful comparisons between individuals of the same species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ackley Lane
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Camilla Campanati
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences - Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Vengatesen Thiyagarajan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The change in oceanic carbonate chemistry due to increased atmospheric PCO2 has caused pH to decline in marine surface waters, a phenomenon known as ocean acidification (OA). The effects of OA on organisms have been shown to be widespread among diverse taxa from a wide range of habitats. The majority of studies of organismal response to OA are in short-term exposures to future levels of PCO2. From such studies, much information has been gathered on plastic responses organisms may make in the future that are beneficial or harmful to fitness. Relatively few studies have examined whether organisms can adapt to negative-fitness consequences of plastic responses to OA. We outline major approaches that have been used to study the adaptive potential for organisms to OA, which include comparative studies and experimental evolution. Organisms that inhabit a range of pH environments (e.g. pH gradients at volcanic CO2 seeps or in upwelling zones) have great potential for studies that identify adaptive shifts that have occurred through evolution. Comparative studies have advanced our understanding of adaptation to OA by linking whole-organism responses with cellular mechanisms. Such optimization of function provides a link between genetic variation and adaptive evolution in tuning optimal function of rate-limiting cellular processes in different pH conditions. For example, in experimental evolution studies of organisms with short generation times (e.g. phytoplankton), hundreds of generations of growth under future conditions has resulted in fixed differences in gene expression related to acid–base regulation. However, biochemical mechanisms for adaptive responses to OA have yet to be fully characterized, and are likely to be more complex than simply changes in gene expression or protein modification. Finally, we present a hypothesis regarding an unexplored area for biochemical adaptation to ocean acidification. In this hypothesis, proteins and membranes exposed to the external environment, such as epithelial tissues, may be susceptible to changes in external pH. Such biochemical systems could be adapted to a reduced pH environment by adjustment of weak bonds in an analogous fashion to biochemical adaptation to temperature. Whether such biochemical adaptation to OA exists remains to be discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon H. Stillman
- Romberg Tiburon Center, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Adam W. Paganini
- Romberg Tiburon Center, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
De Wit P, Pespeni MH, Palumbi SR. SNP genotyping and population genomics from expressed sequences - current advances and future possibilities. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2310-23. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre De Wit
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Science - Tjärnö; Hättebäcksvägen 7 Strömstad SE-452 96 Sweden
| | - Melissa H. Pespeni
- Department of Biology; University of Vermont; Marsh Life Science; Rm 326A 109 Carrigan Drive Burlington VT 05405 USA
| | - Stephen R. Palumbi
- Department of Biology; Stanford University; Hopkins Marine Station 120 Ocean view Blvd. Pacific Grove CA 93950 USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Evans TG, Padilla-Gamiño JL, Kelly MW, Pespeni MH, Chan F, Menge BA, Gaylord B, Hill TM, Russell AD, Palumbi SR, Sanford E, Hofmann GE. Ocean acidification research in the 'post-genomic' era: Roadmaps from the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 185:33-42. [PMID: 25773301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nucleic acid sequencing technology are removing obstacles that historically prevented use of genomics within ocean change biology. As one of the first marine calcifiers to have its genome sequenced, purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) have been the subject of early research exploring genomic responses to ocean acidification, work that points to future experiments and illustrates the value of expanding genomic resources to other marine organisms in this new 'post-genomic' era. This review presents case studies of S. purpuratus demonstrating the ability of genomic experiments to address major knowledge gaps within ocean acidification. Ocean acidification research has focused largely on species vulnerability, and studies exploring mechanistic bases of tolerance toward low pH seawater are comparatively few. Transcriptomic responses to high pCO₂ seawater in a population of urchins already encountering low pH conditions have cast light on traits required for success in future oceans. Secondly, there is relatively little information on whether marine organisms possess the capacity to adapt to oceans progressively decreasing in pH. Genomics offers powerful methods to investigate evolutionary responses to ocean acidification and recent work in S. purpuratus has identified genes under selection in acidified seawater. Finally, relatively few ocean acidification experiments investigate how shifts in seawater pH combine with other environmental factors to influence organism performance. In S. purpuratus, transcriptomics has provided insight into physiological responses of urchins exposed simultaneously to warmer and more acidic seawater. Collectively, these data support that similar breakthroughs will occur as genomic resources are developed for other marine species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA.
| | | | - Morgan W Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Melissa H Pespeni
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Francis Chan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA
| | - Bruce A Menge
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Tessa M Hill
- Department of Geology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Ann D Russell
- Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen R Palumbi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Evolution of Marine Organisms under Climate Change at Different Levels of Biological Organisation. WATER 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/w6113545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|