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El Shamy O, Perl J, Shen JI. Peritoneal Dialysis After Cardiac Surgery: Time for a Change of Heart. Kidney Med 2024; 6:100794. [PMID: 38435067 PMCID: PMC10907213 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2024.100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Osama El Shamy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Jeffrey Perl
- St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny I. Shen
- University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Transplantation, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
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Ikushima E, Yasutsune T, Kishigami T, Takigawa T, Jinzai Y, Kado Y, Nishimura Y. Impact of sarcopenia on long-term survival after cardiac surgery for end-stage renal disease patients. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2023; 31:699-705. [PMID: 37691252 DOI: 10.1177/02184923231200555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term mortality of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients is still unsatisfactory. Therefore, long-term risk assessments in ESRD patients undergoing cardiac surgery are needed. Recently, sarcopenia is major concern in cardiac surgery because of its association with poor long-term survival. However, the impact of sarcopenia on the long-term survival of ESRD patients undergoing cardiac surgery is not well understood. METHODS Eighty-two ESRD patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery were enrolled. Sarcopenia was identified based on noncontrast abdominal computed tomography. The impact of preoperative and intraoperative factors on long-term survival was investigated. RESULTS Forty-three patients (52%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia. The in-hospital mortality rate was 4.9%. The 5-year overall survival rate was 48%. The multivariate analyses revealed that STS score ≥ 4 (odds ratio, 6.0; confidence interval, 2.5-14.7; p < 0.01) and presence of sarcopenia (odds ratio, 2.4; confidence interval, 1.3-4.5; p = 0.03) were independent risk factors for overall survival. The 5-year survival rates of low-risk (Society of Thoracic Surgeons score of < 4) patients without sarcopenia, low-risk with sarcopenia, more than intermediate-risk (Society of Thoracic Surgeons score of ≥ 4) without sarcopenia, and more than intermediate-risk with sarcopenia groups were 80%, 51%, 50%, and 26%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Among the ESRD patients, the low risk without sarcopenia group showed an excellent long-term survival, in contrast to more than intermediate-risk patients with sarcopenia, who can expect poor long-term survival. Preoperative assessment of sarcopenia in addition to the surgical risk score can be useful in developing a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eigo Ikushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Toru Yasutsune
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kishigami
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takigawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Yuki Jinzai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kado
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nishimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
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Nowrouzi R, Sylvester CB, Treffalls JA, Zhang Q, Rosengart TK, Coselli JS, Moon MR, Ghanta RK, Chatterjee S. Chronic kidney disease, risk of readmission, and progression to end-stage renal disease in 519,387 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. JTCVS OPEN 2022; 12:147-157. [PMID: 36590720 PMCID: PMC9801293 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective The association between chronic kidney disease and adverse outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting is well established; in contrast, the association between chronic kidney disease and readmission has been less thoroughly investigated. We hypothesized that patients at higher chronic kidney disease stages have greater risk of readmission, poorer operative outcomes, and greater hospitalization cost. Methods Using the 2016-2018 Nationwide Readmissions Database, we identified 519,387 patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients were stratified by chronic kidney disease stage based on International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision classification. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess risk factors for in-hospital mortality and 90-day readmission. Results Hospital readmission, in-hospital mortality, and cost progressively increased with worsening chronic kidney disease stage; patients with end-stage renal disease had the highest in-hospital mortality rate (7.2%), hospitalization costs ($59,616) (P < .001), and 90-day readmission rate (40%) (P < .001). Chronic kidney disease stage greater than 3 was associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.56, 95% confidence interval, 1.40-1.73; P < .001) and 90-day readmission (odds ratio, 1.66, 95% confidence interval, 1.56-1.76; P < .001). At 30 days after discharge, new-onset dialysis dependence was more frequent in patients readmitted with chronic kidney disease 4 to 5 (8.9%; n = 1495) than in patients with chronic kidney disease 1 to 3 (1.4%; n = 8623) and patients without chronic kidney disease (0.3%; n = 38,885). At 90 days after discharge, dialysis dependence increased to 11.1% (n = 1916) in readmitted patients with chronic kidney disease 4 to 5 but remained stable for patients with chronic kidney disease 1 to 3 (1.4%; n = 10,907) and patients without chronic kidney disease (0.3%; n = 50,200). Conclusions Chronic kidney disease stage is strongly associated with mortality, new-onset dialysis dependence, readmission, and higher cost after coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients with chronic kidney disease 4 and 5 and patients with end-stage renal disease are readmitted at the highest rates. Although further research is needed, a targeted approach may reduce costly readmissions and improve outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Key Words
- CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting
- CI, confidence interval
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- ESRD, end-stage renal disease
- ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision
- ICD-10-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification
- LOS, length of stay
- NRD, National Readmissions Database
- coronary artery bypass grafting
- end-stage renal disease
- kidney disease
- national readmissions database
- readmissions
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Nowrouzi
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Christopher B. Sylvester
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - John A. Treffalls
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex
| | - Qianzi Zhang
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Todd K. Rosengart
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex,Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex
| | - Joseph S. Coselli
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex,Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex
| | - Marc R. Moon
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex,Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex
| | - Ravi K. Ghanta
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex,Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex
| | - Subhasis Chatterjee
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex,Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex,Address for reprints: Subhasis Chatterjee, MD, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS 390, Houston, TX 77030.
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Saito Y, Yamamoto H, Fukuda I, Miyata H, Minakawa M, Motomura N. The results of aortic arch replacement using antegrade cerebral perfusion in haemodialysis patients: analysis of the Japan cardiovascular surgery database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 61:162-169. [PMID: 34148088 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezab252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There have been limited data available regarding aortic arch replacement in dialysis patients. The purpose of this study was to examine real-world data and to determine the impact of preoperative dialysis status and other risks on surgical aortic arch replacement using the Japan Cardiovascular Surgery Database. METHODS A total of 5044 patients who underwent elective, isolated aortic arch replacement using antegrade cerebral perfusion during 2014-2017 were eligible for the study. Of these, 89 patients received haemodialysis preoperatively. The patients were divided into 6 groups according to their preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate and dialysis status for comparison. Preoperative and postoperative data were examined using a multivariable regression model. RESULTS The overall surgical mortality rates of non-Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (estimated glomerular filtration rate >60 ml/min/1.73 m2), stage 3A, stage 3B, stage 4, stage 5 CKD and dialysis patients were 2.6%, 3.1%, 6.8%, 11.6%, 16.7% and 13.5%, respectively. After risk adjustment, dialysis was shown to be strongly associated with surgical mortality (odds ratio 4.39 and 95% confidence interval 2.22-8.72) and have a trend to be associated with postoperative stroke (odds ratio 2.02, 95% confidence interval 1.00-4.10, P = 0.051) when compared to the non-CKD group. As predictors of mortality, male sex, peripheral arterial disease, preoperative liver dysfunction and impaired left ventricular function were identified. CONCLUSIONS The Japanese nationwide database revealed the outcomes of aortic arch replacement in dialysis patients. Appropriate counselling and an alternative strategy should be considered for such patients with multiple risks for mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Saito
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Healthcare Quality Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Cardiovascular Surgery Database Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fukuda
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyata
- Department of Healthcare Quality Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Cardiovascular Surgery Database Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Minakawa
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Noboru Motomura
- Japan Cardiovascular Surgery Database Organization, Tokyo, Japan
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Ezaka M, Tsukamoto J, Matsuo K, Kin N, Yamaoka K. Hyperlactatemia of dialysis-dependent patients after cardiac surgery impacts on in-hospital mortality: a two-center retrospective study. JA Clin Rep 2020; 6:47. [PMID: 32529341 PMCID: PMC7290016 DOI: 10.1186/s40981-020-00348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactate is a well-known marker to estimate prognosis after cardiac surgery and critically ill patients. The liver and kidney have a major role in lactate metabolism; however, there was less characterized about the change of lactate and threshold to predict in-hospital mortality in dialysis-dependent patients undertaking cardiac surgery. We conducted this retrospective observational study to characterize when and how lactate values after cardiac surgery affected in-hospital mortality. Methods This two-center retrospective study included dialysis-dependent patients who underwent cardiac surgery with a cardiopulmonary bypass from January 2014 to December 2018. Lactate values were collected at three points: at ICU admission (T1), the maximum level of lactate within 24 h postoperatively (T2), and 24 h after ICU admission (T3). We determined hyperlactatemia as more than 2 mmol/L following previous studies. Results We enrolled 122 dialysis-dependent patients. The mean age was 73 ± 8 years and hyperlactatemia was observed in 100 patients (81.9%). In-hospital mortality was 11.4%. Univariate analysis and area under curve in ROC suggested that T2 lactate was the most significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (AUC = 0.845). Multivariate logistic analysis showed a significant association between in-hospital mortality when patients showed early peak lactate levels of > 4.5 mmol/L after ICU admission (adjusted OR 8.35; 95% CI: 1.44–57.13). Conclusions In dialysis-dependent patients after cardiac surgery, the early-onset of a maximum arterial lactate concentration of > 4.5 mmol/L was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Ezaka
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Tokyo Hospital, 1271 Wanagaya, Matsudo, Chiba, 270-2232, Japan. .,Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Junko Tsukamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Saitama Red Cross Hospital, 1-5 Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, 330-8553, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, New Tokyo Hospital, 1271 Wanagaya, Matsudo, Chiba, 270-2232, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Kin
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Tokyo Hospital, 1271 Wanagaya, Matsudo, Chiba, 270-2232, Japan
| | - Kazue Yamaoka
- Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
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Pasrija C, Tran D, George P, Sorensen E, Kaczorowski DJ, Ton VK, Kon ZN, Vorhees H, Sawan M, Griffith BP. Left ventricular assist device implantation may be feasible in appropriately selected patients with severe renal insufficiency. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 159:1307-1319.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hori D, Kusadokoro S, Kitada Y, Kimura N, Matsumoto H, Yuri K, Yamaguchi A. Prosthesis selection for aortic valve replacement in patients on hemodialysis. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 68:122-128. [DOI: 10.1007/s11748-019-01172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kurumisawa S, Kawahito K. The psoas muscle index as a predictor of long-term survival after cardiac surgery for hemodialysis-dependent patients. J Artif Organs 2019; 22:214-221. [DOI: 10.1007/s10047-019-01108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kurumisawa S, Kawahito K. Risk analysis using the prognostic nutritional index in hemodialysis-dependent patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Artif Organs 2018; 21:443-449. [DOI: 10.1007/s10047-018-1056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ali TA, Salahuddin U, Shoukat A, Shahzad N, Naeem SS, Dar MI, Fatimi SH. Existence of renal dysfunction in diabetics undergoing coronary artery bypass. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2016; 24:653-7. [PMID: 27465237 DOI: 10.1177/0218492316658375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effect of diabetes mellitus on morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting has remained uncertain, and conflicting conclusions have been reported in clinical trials. Evidence suggests that coronary artery bypass in patients with diabetes mellitus carries a higher risk of stroke, renal failure, perioperative complications, and sternal wound infection. This study evaluated the frequency of acute renal dysfunction after coronary artery bypass in diabetic patients, and the associated risk factors. METHOD This cross-sectional observational study included 135 patients with diabetes (111 males and 24 females with a mean age 51 years and a body mass index of 27.44 kg m(-2)), who underwent elective coronary artery bypass from March 2015 to October 2015. Data were collected prospectively in 2 tertiary care centers. Renal dysfunction was assessed by serum creatinine levels preoperatively and at 24 and 48 h postoperatively. RESULTS Fifteen percent of patients were found to have postoperative renal dysfunction. Univariate analysis revealed that patients with increased serum creatinine preoperatively were at greater risk of developing renal dysfunction after coronary artery bypass (p = 0.00). On multivariable binary logistic regression analysis, preoperative serum creatinine level was the only independent predictor of postoperative renal dysfunction; age, body mass index, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiopulmonary bypass time, and aortic crossclamp time showed no significant association. CONCLUSION Diabetic patients with increased serum creatinine preoperatively are at greater risk of kidney damage postoperatively; therefore, these patients should be monitored and treated critically in the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimur Asif Ali
- Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Urooj Salahuddin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Civil Hospital Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arfeel Shoukat
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Civil Hospital Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Noman Shahzad
- Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Saad Naeem
- Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mudassir Iqbal Dar
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Civil Hospital Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saulat Hasnain Fatimi
- Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Ji Q, Xia L, Shi Y, Ma R, Wang C, Mei Y, Ding W. Impact of mild preoperative renal insufficiency on in-hospital and long-term outcomes after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a retrospective propensity score matching analysis. J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 11:30. [PMID: 26892065 PMCID: PMC4757979 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-016-0422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild preoperative renal insufficiency is not rare in patients receiving isolated off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (OPCAB) surgery. However, there is less study aimed to evaluate the impact of mild preoperative renal insufficiency on in-hospital and follow-up outcomes after isolated OPCAB surgery. This single-centre, retrospective propensity score matching study aimed to evaluate the impact of mild preoperative renal insufficiency on in-hospital and long-term outcomes after first isolated OPCAB surgery. METHODS After propensity score matching, 1236 patients with preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of more than 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) undergoing first isolated OPCAB surgery from January 2007 to December 2011 were entered into this study and were divided to normal group (eGFR ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m(2), n = 618) and mild group (eGFR of 60-89 ml/min/1.73 m(2), n = 618). The in-hospital and long-term outcomes were investigated and retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS The 2 propensity score-matched groups had similar baseline and procedural characteristics except the baseline eGFR. Thirty-five patients died during the same hospitalization or within 30 days of operation, with a surgical mortality of 2.8 %. Sixty-seven patients died during follow-up, with a long-term survival of 94.1 %. Univariate factor analysis showed that the 2 propensity score-matched groups have similar rates among in-hospital outcomes. Kaplan-Meier curves displayed a similar in-hospital survival between the 2 groups (χ(2) = 0.728, p = 0.393), while a better long-term survival in patients with normal preoperative renal function compared with mild preoperative renal insufficiency (χ(2) = 4.722, p = 0.030). After Cox proportional model was used, the hazard ratio for long-term mortality in patients with mild preoperative renal insufficiency compared with normal preoperative renal function was 1.72 (95 % CI 1.06-2.83, p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS Mild preoperative renal insufficiency compared with normal preoperative renal function reduced long-term survival, without evidence of worse in-hospital outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ji
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery of Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 389 Xincun Rd., Shanghai, 200065, P. R. China.
| | - LiMin Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.
| | - YunQing Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - RunHua Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - ChunSheng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - YunQing Mei
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery of Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 389 Xincun Rd., Shanghai, 200065, P. R. China.
| | - WenJun Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 180 Fenglin Rd., Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.
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