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Kumar S, Mehan S, Khan Z, Das Gupta G, Narula AS. Guggulsterone Selectively Modulates STAT-3, mTOR, and PPAR-Gamma Signaling in a Methylmercury-Exposed Experimental Neurotoxicity: Evidence from CSF, Blood Plasma, and Brain Samples. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5161-5193. [PMID: 38170440 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a paralytic disease that damages the brain and spinal cord motor neurons. Several clinical and preclinical studies have found that methylmercury (MeHg+) causes ALS. In ALS, MeHg+-induced neurotoxicity manifests as oligodendrocyte destruction; myelin basic protein (MBP) deficiency leads to axonal death. ALS development has been connected to an increase in signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3), a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and a decrease in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma. Guggulsterone (GST), a plant-derived chemical produced from Commiphorawhighitii resin, has been found to protect against ALS by modulating these signaling pathways. Vitamin D3 (VitD3) deficiency has been related to oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) damage, demyelination, and white matter deterioration, which results in motor neuron death. As a result, the primary goal of this work was to investigate the therapeutic potential of GST by altering STAT-3, mTOR, and PPAR-gamma levels in a MeHg+-exposed experimental model of ALS in adult rats. The GST30 and 60 mg/kg oral treatments significantly improved the behavioral, motor, and cognitive dysfunctions and increased remyelination, as proven by the Luxol Fast Blue stain (LFB), and reduced neuroinflammation as measured by histological examinations. Furthermore, the co-administration of VitD3 exhibits moderate efficacy when administered in combination with GST60. Our results show that GST protects neurons by decreasing STAT-3 and mTOR levels while increasing PPAR-gamma protein levels in ALS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), NAAC Accredited "A" Grade College, GT Road, Ghal-Kalan, Moga, 142 001, Punjab, India
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), NAAC Accredited "A" Grade College, GT Road, Ghal-Kalan, Moga, 142 001, Punjab, India.
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India.
| | - Zuber Khan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), NAAC Accredited "A" Grade College, GT Road, Ghal-Kalan, Moga, 142 001, Punjab, India
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India
| | - Ghanshyam Das Gupta
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
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Talaee N, Azadvar S, Khodadadi S, Abbasi N, Asli-Pashaki ZN, Mirabzadeh Y, Kholghi G, Akhondzadeh S, Vaseghi S. Comparing the effect of fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline, on the level of BDNF and depression in preclinical and clinical studies: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:983-1016. [PMID: 38558317 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-024-03680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) dysfunction is one of the most important mechanisms underlying depression. It seems that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) improve depression via affecting BDNF level. In this systematic review, for the first time, we aimed to review the effect of three SSRIs including fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline, on both depression and BDNF level in preclinical and clinical studies. PubMed electronic database was searched, and 193 articles were included in this study. After reviewing all manuscripts, only one important difference was found: subjects. We found that SSRIs induce different effects in animals vs. humans. Preclinical studies showed many controversial effects, while human studies showed only two effects: improvement of depression, with or without the improvement of BDNF. However, most studies used chronic SSRIs treatment, while acute SSRIs were not effectively used and evaluated. In conclusion, it seems that SSRIs are reliable antidepressants, and the improvement effect of SSRIs on depression is not dependent to BDNF level (at least in human studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Talaee
- Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shataw Azadvar
- Department of Power Electronic, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Khodadadi
- Student Research Committee, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahal Abbasi
- Department of Health Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yasaman Mirabzadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Kholghi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Shahin Akhondzadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, 1419815477, Iran.
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Ni M, Zheng M, Chen B, Lu X, Zhao H, Zhu T, Cheng L, Han H, Ye T, Liu H, Ye Y, Huang C, Yuan X. Microglial stimulation triggered by intranasal lipopolysaccharide administration produces antidepressant-like effect through ERK1/2-mediated BDNF synthesis in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2023; 240:109693. [PMID: 37678448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that reversing the chronic stress-induced decline of microglia in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus by intraperitoneal injection of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ameliorated depression-like behavior in chronically stressed mice. In this study, we found that a single intranasal administration of LPS dose-dependently improved depression-like behavior in mice treated with chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), as evidenced by the reduction of immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) and by the increase of sucrose uptake in the sucrose preference test (SPT). The antidepressant effects of intranasal administration of LPS could be abolished by inhibition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling by infusion of an anti-BDNF antibody, by knock-in of the mutant BDNF Val68Met allele, or by the BDNF receptor antagonist K252a. In addition, intranasal administration of LPS was found to exert antidepressant effects in a BDNF-dependent manner via promotion of BDNF synthesis mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling but not protein kinase B (Akt)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in DG. Inhibition of microglia by minocycline or depletion of microglia by PLX3397 was able to abolish the reversal effect of intranasal LPS administration on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors as well as the CUS-induced decrease in phospho-ERK1/2 and BDNF protein levels in DG. These results demonstrate that stimulation of hippocampal microglia by intranasal LPS administration can induce antidepressant effects via ERK1/2-dependent synthesis of BDNF protein, providing hope for the development of new strategies for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxie Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou No.7 People's Hospital, 288# Yanling East Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou No.7 People's Hospital, 288# Yanling East Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yancheng First Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #66 Renmin South Road, Yancheng, 224006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaomei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, #32 Xi'er Duan, 1ST Ring Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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Innate immune tolerance against adolescent intermittent alcohol exposure-induced behavioral abnormalities in adult mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Alcohol Withdrawal and the Associated Mood Disorders-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314912. [PMID: 36499240 PMCID: PMC9738481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recreational use of alcohol is a social norm in many communities worldwide. Alcohol use in moderation brings pleasure and may protect the cardiovascular system. However, excessive alcohol consumption or alcohol abuse are detrimental to one's health. Three million deaths due to excessive alcohol consumption were reported by the World Health Organization. Emerging evidence also revealed the danger of moderate consumption, which includes the increased risk to cancer. Alcohol abuse and periods of withdrawal have been linked to depression and anxiety. Here, we present the effects of alcohol consumption (acute and chronic) on important brain structures-the frontal lobe, the temporal lobe, the limbic system, and the cerebellum. Apart from this, we also present the link between alcohol abuse and withdrawal and mood disorders in this review, thus drawing a link to oxidative stress. In addition, we also discuss the positive impacts of some pharmacotherapies used. Due to the ever-rising demands of life, the cycle between alcohol abuse, withdrawal, and mood disorders may be a never-ending cycle of destruction. Hence, through this review, we hope that we can emphasise the importance and urgency of managing this issue with the appropriate approaches.
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Liu J, Lin Y, Yang Y, Guo Y, Shang Y, Zhou B, Liu T, Fan J, Wei C. Z-Guggulsterone attenuates cognitive defects and decreases neuroinflammation in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice through inhibiting the TLR4 signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115149. [PMID: 35714682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that inflammatory damage is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Z-Guggulsterone (Z-GS) is a natural steroid, which is extracted from Commiphora mukul and has anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the disease-modifying effects of chronic Z-GS administration on the cognitive and neuropathological impairments in the transgenic mouse models of AD. We found that chronic Z-GS administration prevented learning and memory deficits in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. In addition, Z-GS treatment significantly decreased cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) levels and plaque burden via inhibiting amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing by reducing beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. We also found that Z-GS treatment markedly alleviated neuroinflammation and reduced synaptic defects in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Furthermore, the activated TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice were remarkably inhibited by Z-GS treatment, which was achieved via suppressing the phosphorylation of JNK. Collectively, our data demonstrate that chronic Z-GS treatment restores cognitive defects and reverses multiple neuropathological impairments in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. This study provides novel insights into the neuroprotective effects and neurobiological mechanisms of Z-GS on AD, indicating that Z-GS is a promising disease-modifying agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Institute of Geriatrics, the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ye Lin
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yane Guo
- Department of Neurology, the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yanchang Shang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jiao Fan
- Institute of Geriatrics, the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Chao Wei
- Department of Neurology, the Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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Su B, Cheng S, Wang L, Wang B. MicroRNA-139-5p acts as a suppressor gene for depression by targeting nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1. Bioengineered 2022; 13:11856-11866. [PMID: 35543383 PMCID: PMC9276025 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2059937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-139-5p (miR-139-5p) is one of the most differentially expressed miRNAs in the brain between healthy people and depressed patients. However, its function in depression is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the function of miR-139-5p in depression. Here, miR-139-5p expression was found to be upregulated in the model group. MiR-139-5p inhibition could increase sucrose preference and decrease mice immobility time after chronic corticosterone (CORT) injection. Furthermore, compared with the antago-NC group, 3 weeks of antagomiR-139-5p treatment significantly decreased miR-139-5p level in model group hippocampus, increased sucrose preference index, reduced neuron damages, and enhanced the levels of nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (NR3C1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylated/total tyrosine kinase receptor B (p-TrkB/TrkB), phosphorylated/total cAMP-response element-binding protein (p-CREB/CREB) and phosphorylated/total extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK/ERK). Moreover, as a potential target for miR-139-5p, NR3C1 level was reduced by miR-139-5p mimic. Altogether, by activating the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway, miR-139-5p inhibition plays an antidepressant-like role and might serve as an effective depression target (Fig. graphical abstract).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Su
- Psychology Department, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Suohua Cheng
- Psychology Department, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Psychology Department, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Pharmacy Department, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China
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Dang SJ, Wei WB, Li RL, Song CX, Xu J. Z-Guggulsterone Relieves Neuropathic Pain by Inhibiting the Expression of Astrocytes and Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Spinal Dorsal Horn. J Pain Res 2022; 15:1315-1324. [PMID: 35546904 PMCID: PMC9084390 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s360126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The study objective was to investigate whether Z-guggulsterone can relieve neuropathic pain in sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) mice by inhibiting the expression of astrocytes and proinflammatory cytokines in the spinal dorsal horn. Methods Neuropathic pain was induced and assessed in CCI mice. Z-guggulsterone was administered multiple times via intraperitoneal injection. Pain behaviour assessments were made by conducting paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) tests. The expression level of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the spinal dorsal horn was observed by immunofluorescence. The levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the spinal cord were measured by ELISA. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA or two-way ANOVA. Results The PWMT and TWL were higher on the 5th, 7th, 10th and 14th days after CCI, the expression level of GFAP in the spinal dorsal horn was lower, and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the spinal cord were lower in the CCI+Z-GS-L, CCI+Z-GS-M and CCI+Z-GS-H groups than in the CCI+Veh group in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Conclusion Z-guggulsterone can relieve neurological pain in CCI mice, which may be related to the inhibition of astrocytes and proinflammatory cytokines in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Jie Dang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bo Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, 710068, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Li Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can-Xu Song
- Department of Ultrasound, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jin Xu, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Wu Q, Duan WZ, Chen JB, Zhao XP, Li XJ, Liu YY, Ma QY, Xue Z, Chen JX. Extracellular Vesicles: Emerging Roles in Developing Therapeutic Approach and Delivery Tool of Chinese Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of Depressive Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:843412. [PMID: 35401216 PMCID: PMC8988068 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.843412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles released by cells, which play an essential role in intercellular communication by delivering cellular components including DNA, RNA, lipids, metabolites, cytoplasm, and cell surface proteins into recipient cells. EVs play a vital role in the pathogenesis of depression by transporting miRNA and effector molecules such as BDNF, IL34. Considering that some herbal therapies exhibit antidepressant effects, EVs might be a practical delivery approach for herbal medicine. Since EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), one of the advantages of EV-mediated herbal drug delivery for treating depression with Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is that EVs can transfer herbal medicine into the brain cells. This review focuses on discussing the roles of EVs in the pathophysiology of depression and outlines the emerging application of EVs in delivering CHM for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wen-Zhen Duan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jian-Bei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Yun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Yu Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Xue
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Pan S, Ma Y, Yang R, Lu X, You Q, Ye T, Huang C. Indole-3-Carbinol Selectively Prevents Chronic Stress-Induced Depression-but not Anxiety-Like Behaviors via Suppressing Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production and Oxido-Nitrosative Stress in the Brain. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:829966. [PMID: 35242039 PMCID: PMC8886242 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.829966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a phytochemical enriched in most cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to display various biological activities such as anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, and anti-carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated the regulatory effect of I3C on chronic stress-induced behavioral abnormalities in mice. Results showed that repeated I3C treatment at the dose of 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg prevented chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced behavioral abnormalities in the tail suspension test, forced swimming test, sucrose preference test, and social interaction test in mice, and did not affect CSDS-induced behavioral abnormalities in the elevated plus maze, light-dark test, and open-field test, suggesting that the I3C treatment selectively prevents the onset of depression- but not anxiety-like behaviors in chronically stressed mice. Further analysis demonstrated that repeated I3C treatment (60 mg/kg, 10 days) prevented CSDS-induced increases in levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA and protein, but did not affect CSDS-induced decreases in levels of IL-4, IL-10, and Ym-1 mRNA and/or protein in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, suggesting that I3C can selectively prevent chronic stress-induced pro-inflammatory but not anti-inflammatory responses in the brain. Further analysis showed that repeated I3C treatment (60 mg/kg, 10 days) prevented CSDS-induced increases in levels of nitrite and malondialdehyde (MDA), decreases in contents of glutathione (GSH), and decreases in levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. These results demonstrated that I3C selectively prevents chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice likely through suppressing neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Pan
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang, China
| | - Yaoying Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingsheng You
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Tan P, Xue T, Wang Y, Hu Z, Su J, Yang R, Ji J, Ye M, Chen Z, Huang C, Lu X. Hippocampal NR6A1 impairs CREB-BDNF signaling and leads to the development of depression-like behaviors in mice. Neuropharmacology 2022; 209:108990. [PMID: 35183538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress exposure is a risk factor that can induce the development of depression-like behaviors by impairing the hippocampal cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element binding protein (CREB)-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, but its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We identified an orphan receptor that can suppress the activity of CREB, nuclear receptor sub-family 6, group A, member 1 (NR6A1), in mouse brain neurons. Given the critical role of the impaired CREB-BDNF signaling in depression, we speculate that the neuronal NR6A1 may mediate the pathogenesis of depression. Results showed that chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) markedly increased the expression levels of hippocampal NR6A1 protein, which reduced hippocampal CREB phosphorylation and BDNF protein expression. Overexpression of hippocampal NR6A1 in stress-naïve mice simulated chronic stress, inducing depression-like behaviors in the tail suspension test, forced swimming test, and sucrose preference test, and impairing the hippocampal CREB-BDNF signaling cascade. Genetic knockdown of hippocampal NR6A1 did not affect mouse behaviors but prevented the CUS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice and impairment in hippocampal CREB-BDNF signaling. Furthermore, genetic knockdown of hippocampal CREB or BDNF abrogated the preventive effect of hippocampal NR6A1 down-regulation on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Collectively, these results for the first time identified a nuclear expression of NR6A1 in mouse brain neurons, and showed that the abnormally increased NR6A1 protein in the hippocampus in mice treated with or without chronic stress can impair the CREB-BDNF signaling cascade and lead to the development of depression-like behaviors. Hippocampal NR6A1 could be a novel target for the development of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhichao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianbin Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, First People's Hospital of Nantong City, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianlin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minxiu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, First People's Hospital of Nantong City, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Li LR, Sethi G, Zhang X, Liu CL, Huang Y, Liu Q, Ren BX, Tang FR. The neuroprotective effects of icariin on ageing, various neurological, neuropsychiatric disorders, and brain injury induced by radiation exposure. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:1562-1588. [PMID: 35165207 PMCID: PMC8876913 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epimedium brevicornum Maxim, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been used for the treatment of impotence, sinew and bone disorders, “painful impediment caused by wind-dampness,” numbness, spasms, hypertension, coronary heart disease, menopausal syndrome, bronchitis, and neurasthenia for many years in China. Recent animal experimental studies indicate that icariin, a major bioactive component of epimedium may effectively treat Alzheimer’s disease, cerebral ischemia, depression, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, as well as delay ageing. Our recent study also suggested that epimedium extract could exhibit radio-neuro-protective effects and prevent ionizing radiation-induced impairment of neurogenesis. This paper reviewed the pharmacodynamics of icariin in treating different neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, ageing, and radiation-induced brain damage. The relevant molecular mechanisms and its anti-neuroinflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, as well as pro-neurogenesis roles were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Rui Li
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Xing Zhang
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Cui Liu Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Huang
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Qun Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Xu Ren
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
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Z-Guggulsterone alleviates renal fibrosis by mitigating G2/M cycle arrest through Klotho/p53 signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 354:109846. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Khera R, Mehan S, Bhalla S, Kumar S, Alshammari A, Alharbi M, Sadhu SS. Guggulsterone Mediated JAK/STAT and PPAR-Gamma Modulation Prevents Neurobehavioral and Neurochemical Abnormalities in Propionic Acid-Induced Experimental Model of Autism. Molecules 2022; 27:889. [PMID: 35164154 PMCID: PMC8839522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by repetitive behaviour, challenges in verbal and non-verbal communication, poor socio-emotional health, and cognitive impairment. An increased level of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and a decreased level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma have been linked to autism pathogenesis. Guggulsterone (GST) has a neuroprotective effect on autistic conditions by modulating these signalling pathways. Consequently, the primary objective of this study was to examine potential neuroprotective properties of GST by modulating JAK/STAT and PPAR-gamma levels in intracerebroventricular propionic acid (ICV PPA) induced experimental model of autism in adult rats. In this study, the first 11 days of ICV-PPA injections in rats resulted in autism-like behavioural, neurochemical, morphological, and histopathological changes. The above modifications were also observed in various biological samples, including brain homogenate, CSF, and blood plasma. GST was also observed to improve autism-like behavioural impairments in autistic rats treated with PPA, including locomotion, neuromuscular coordination, depression-like behaviour, spatial memory, cognition, and body weight. Prolonged GST treatment also restored neurochemical deficits in a dose-dependent manner. Chronic PPA administration increased STAT3 and decreased PPAR gamma in autistic rat brain, CSF, and blood plasma samples, which were reversed by GST. GST also restored the gross and histopathological alterations in PPA-treated rat brains. Our results indicate the neuroprotective effects of GST in preventing autism-related behavioural and neurochemical alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Khera
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Division, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India; (R.K.); (S.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Division, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India; (R.K.); (S.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Sonalika Bhalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Division, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India; (R.K.); (S.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Division, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India; (R.K.); (S.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Satya Sai Sadhu
- Chemistry Department, Northern Michigan University, 1401, Presque, Isle, Marquette, MI 49855, USA;
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Fakhri S, Iranpanah A, Gravandi MM, Moradi SZ, Ranjbari M, Majnooni MB, Echeverría J, Qi Y, Wang M, Liao P, Farzaei MH, Xiao J. Natural products attenuate PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway: A promising strategy in regulating neurodegeneration. PHYTOMEDICINE 2021; 91:153664. [PMID: 34391082 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As common, progressive, and chronic causes of disability and death, neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) significantly threaten human health, while no effective treatment is available. Given the engagement of multiple dysregulated pathways in neurodegeneration, there is an imperative need to target the axis and provide effective/multi-target agents to tackle neurodegeneration. Recent studies have revealed the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in some diseases and natural products with therapeutic potentials. PURPOSE This is the first systematic and comprehensive review on the role of plant-derived secondary metabolites in managing and/or treating various neuronal disorders via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A systematic and comprehensive review was done based on the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane electronic databases. Two independent investigators followed the PRISMA guidelines and included papers on PI3K/Akt/mTOR and interconnected pathways/mediators targeted by phytochemicals in NDDs. RESULTS Natural products are multi-target agents with diverse pharmacological and biological activities and rich sources for discovering and developing novel therapeutic agents. Accordingly, recent studies have shown increasing phytochemicals in combating Alzheimer's disease, aging, Parkinson's disease, brain/spinal cord damages, depression, and other neuronal-associated dysfunctions. Amongst the emerging targets in neurodegeneration, PI3K/Akt/mTOR is of great importance. Therefore, attenuation of these mediators would be a great step towards neuroprotection in such NDDs. CONCLUSION The application of plant-derived secondary metabolites in managing and/or treating various neuronal disorders through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is a promising strategy towards neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Amin Iranpanah
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | | | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ranjbari
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | | | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Yaping Qi
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Mingfu Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | - Pan Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
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Kumar N, Sharma N, Khera R, Gupta R, Mehan S. Guggulsterone ameliorates ethidium bromide-induced experimental model of multiple sclerosis via restoration of behavioral, molecular, neurochemical and morphological alterations in rat brain. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:911-925. [PMID: 33635478 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with clinical signs of neuroinflammation and the central nervous system's demyelination. Numerous studies have identified the role of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) overexpression and the low level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) in MS pathogenesis. Guggulsterone (GST), an active component derived from 'Commiphora Mukul,' has been used to treat various diseases. Traditional uses indicate that GST is a suitable agent for anti-inflammatory action. Therefore, we assessed the therapeutic potential of GST (30 and 60 mg/kg) in ethidium bromide (EB) induced demyelination in experimental rats and investigated the molecular mechanism by modulating the JAK/STAT and PPAR-γ receptor signaling. Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6). EB (0.1%/10 μl) was injected selectively in the intracerebropeduncle (ICP) region for seven days to cause MS-like manifestations. The present study reveals that long-term administration of GST for 28 days has a neuroprotective effect by improving behavioral deficits (spatial cognition memory, grip, and motor coordination) associated with lower STAT-3 levels. While elevating PPAR-γ and myelin basic protein levels in rat brains are consistent with the functioning of both signaling pathways. Also, GST modulates the neurotransmitter level by increasing Ach, dopamine, serotonin and by reducing glutamate. Moreover, GST ameliorates inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1β), and oxidative stress markers (AchE, SOD, catalase, MDA, GSH, nitrite). In addition, GST prevented apoptosis, as demonstrated by the reduction of caspase-3 and Bax. Simultaneously, Bcl-2 elevation and the restoration of gross morphology alterations are also recovered by long-term GST treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that GST may be a potential alternative drug candidate for MS-related motor neuron dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Kumar
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Rishabh Khera
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Ria Gupta
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
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Xia B, Chen C, Tao W. Neuroplasticity: A Key Player in the Antidepressant Action of Chinese Herbal Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:1115-1133. [PMID: 34049476 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a systematic medicine. It provides alternative strategies for the treatment of depression with its clinical experience, comprehensive diagnosis, and treatment theory. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is the major form of TCM prescription, and numerous CHMs have been demonstrated to possess remarkable antidepressant-like properties. A diversity of mechanisms have been implicated in CHM-associated antidepressant property. This paper reviewed the neuroplastic mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of CHM, finding that CHM repairs neuroplasticity by improving neurogenesis, neurotrophic factors, synaptic spine morphology, cell signaling, glutamatergic system, monoamine neurotransmitters, and neural apoptosis. CHM thereby exerts an antidepressant effect, attempting to offer a better understanding of the mechanisms implicated in TCM-related antidepressant-like efficacy and laying a foundation for the scientific evaluation and development of TCM in treating depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baomei Xia
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Science, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.,School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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18
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Hu W, Wu J, Ye T, Chen Z, Tao J, Tong L, Ma K, Wen J, Wang H, Huang C. Farnesoid X Receptor-Mediated Cytoplasmic Translocation of CRTC2 Disrupts CREB-BDNF Signaling in Hippocampal CA1 and Leads to the Development of Depression-Like Behaviors in Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:673-686. [PMID: 32453814 PMCID: PMC7727490 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently identified neuronal expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid receptor known to impair autophagy by inhibiting cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB), a protein whose underfunctioning is linked to neuroplasticity and depression. In this study, we hypothesize that FXR may mediate depression via a CREB-dependent mechanism. METHODS Depression was induced in male C57BL6/J mice via chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Subjects underwent behavioral testing to identify depression-like behaviors. A variety of molecular biology techniques, including viral-mediated gene transfer, Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence, were used to correlate depression-like behaviors with underlying molecular and physiological events. RESULTS Overexpression of FXR, whose levels were upregulated by CUS in hippocampal CA1, induced or aggravated depression-like behaviors in stress-naïve and CUS-exposed mice, while FXR short hairpin RNA (shRNA) ameliorated such symptoms in CUS-exposed mice. The behavioral effects of FXR were found to be associated with changes in CREB-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, as FXR overexpression aggravated CUS-induced reduction in BDNF levels while the use of FXR shRNA or disruption of FXR-CREB signaling reversed the CUS-induced reduction in the phosphorylated CREB and BDNF levels. Molecular analysis revealed that FXR shRNA prevented CUS-induced cytoplasmic translocation of CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 2 (CRTC2); CRTC2 overexpression and CRTC2 shRNA abrogated the regulatory effect of FXR overexpression or FXR shRNA on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors. CONCLUSIONS In stress conditions, increased FXR in the CA1 inhibits CREB by targeting CREB and driving the cytoplasmic translocation of CRTC2. Uncoupling of the FXR-CREB complex may be a novel strategy for depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhua Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China,Probiotics Australia, Ormeau, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jie Wen
- Beijing Allwegene Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China,Correspondence: Chao Huang, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China ()
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Bailly C. Xihuang pills, a traditional chinese preparation used as a complementary medicine to treat cancer: An updated review. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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20
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A review for the neuroprotective effects of andrographolide in the central nervous system. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Gao M, Hu P, Cai Z, Wu Y, Wang D, Hu W, Xu X, Zhang Y, Lu X, Chen D, Chen Z, Ma K, Wen J, Wang H, Huang C. Identification of a microglial activation-dependent antidepressant effect of amphotericin B liposome. Neuropharmacology 2019; 151:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Huang C, Wu J, Chen D, Jin J, Wu Y, Chen Z. Effects of sulforaphane in the central nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:153-168. [PMID: 30858063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is an active component extracted from vegetables like cauliflower and broccoli. Activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling is a common mechanism for the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of some herb-derived compounds, such as icariin and berberine. However, due to its peculiar ability in Nrf2 activation, SFN is recognized as an activator of Nrf2 and recommended as a supplementation for prevention and/or treatment of disorders like neoplasm and heart failure. In the central nervous system (CNS), the prophylactic and/or therapeutic effects of SFN have been revealed in recent years. For example, it has been reported to prevent the progression of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders via promotion of neurogenesis or inhibition of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. SFN is also implicated in reversing cognition, learning, and memory impairment in rodents induced by scopolamine, lipopolysaccharide, okadaic acid, and diabetes. In models of neurotoxicity, SFN has been shown to suppress neurotoxicity induced by a wide range of toxic factors, such as hydrogen peroxide, prion protein, hyperammonemia, and methamphetamine. To date, no consolidated source of knowledge about the pharmacological effects of SFN in the CNS has been presented in the literature. In this review, we summarize and discuss the pharmacological effects of SFN as well as their possible mechanisms in prevention and/or therapy of disorders afflicting the CNS, aiming to get a further insight into how SFN affects the pathophysiological process of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, #118 Wansheng Street, Suzhou 215021, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongjian Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Wang D, Xu X, Wu Y, Lin Y, Gao M, Hu P, Chen D, Lu X, Chen Z, Wang H, Huang C. SMIP004: A compound with antidepressant-like activities in mouse models. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 843:260-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yu H, Zhong J, Niu B, Zhong Q, Xiao J, Xie J, Lin M, Zhou Z, Xu J, Wang H. Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase 4 by FCPR03 Alleviates Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors and Prevents Dendritic Spine Loss in Mice Hippocampi. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 22:143-156. [PMID: 30407503 PMCID: PMC6377503 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphodiesterase 4 is a promising target for developing novel antidepressants. However, prototype phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors show severe side effects, including nausea and vomiting. N-Isopropyl-3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-difluoromethoxy benzamide (FCPR03) is a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor with little emetic potential. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of FCPR03 on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced, depressive-like behaviors in mice and explored the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The depression model of mice was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress. Forced swim test, tail suspension test, and sucrose preference test were used to assess depressive-like behaviors. Golgi-staining was utilized to analyze dendritic morphology and spine density. The level of cAMP was measured by enzyme-linked immnosorbent assay assay. Western blot was used to evaluate protein levels of phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein, protein kinase B, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and brain derived neurotrophic factor in both hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Postsynaptic density protein 95 and synapsin 1 were also detected by western blot in the hippocampi. RESULTS Treatment with FCPR03 (0.5-1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) increased consumption of sucrose in the sucrose preference test in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. FCPR03 shortened the immobility time in forced swim test and tail suspension test without affecting locomotor activity. Furthermore, chronic unpredictable mild stress decreased the dendritic spine density and dendritic length in the hippocampus. This change was accompanied by decreased expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 and synapsin 1. Interestingly, FCPR03 prevented dendritic spine loss and increased synaptic protein levels. Moreover, the levels of cAMP, phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein, and brain derived neurotrophic factor were elevated in chronic unpredictable mild stress-challenged mice after treatment with FCPR03. In addition, FCPR03 also enhanced the phosphorylation of both protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that FCPR03 could prevent both depressive-like behaviors and spine loss induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in the mice hippocampi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug DiscoverySouthern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahong Zhong
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug DiscoverySouthern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Niu
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug DiscoverySouthern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuping Zhong
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug DiscoverySouthern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Xiao
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug DiscoverySouthern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Xie
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug DiscoverySouthern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manna Lin
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug DiscoverySouthern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongzhen Zhou
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug DiscoverySouthern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangping Xu
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug DiscoverySouthern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug DiscoverySouthern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSouthern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Correspondence: Haitao Wang, PhD, Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ()
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Jin J, Wang H, Hua X, Chen D, Huang C, Chen Z. An outline for the pharmacological effect of icariin in the nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 842:20-32. [PMID: 30342950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Icariin is a major active component of the traditional herb Epimedium, also known as Horny Goat Weed. It has been extensively studied throughout the past several years and is known to exert anti-oxidative, anti-neuroinflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. It is now being considered as a potential therapeutic agent for a wide variety of disorders, ranging from neoplasm to cardiovascular disease. More recent studies have shown that icariin exhibits potential preventive and/or therapeutic effects in the nervous system. For example, icariin can prevent the production of amyloid β (1-42) and inhibit the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Icariin has been shown to mitigate pro-inflammatory responses of microglia in culture and in animal models of cerebral ischemia, depression, Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Icariin also prevents the neurotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, ibotenic acid, and homocysteine. In addition, icariin is implicated in facilitating learning and memory in both normal aging animals and disease models. To date, we still have no consolidated source of knowledge about the pharmacological effects of icariin in the nervous system, though its roles in other tissues have been reviewed in recent years. Here, we summarize the pharmacological development of icariin as well as its possible mechanisms in prevention and/or therapy of disorders afflicting the nervous system in hope of expanding the knowledge about the preventive and/or therapeutic effect of icariin in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neuroscience & Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes lane, Piscataway, 08854 New Jersey, United States
| | - Xiaoying Hua
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital, #999 Liangxi Road, Wu xi, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Dongjian Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
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In-vitro metabolism, CYP profiling and metabolite identification of E- and Z- guggulsterone, a potent hypolipidmic agent. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:202-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kunnumakkara AB, Banik K, Bordoloi D, Harsha C, Sailo BL, Padmavathi G, Roy NK, Gupta SC, Aggarwal BB. Googling the Guggul (Commiphora and Boswellia) for Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:686. [PMID: 30127736 PMCID: PMC6087759 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research during last 2 decades has revealed that most drugs discovered today, although costs billions of dollars for discovery, and yet they are highly ineffective in their clinical response. For instance, the European Medicines Agency has approved 68 anti-cancer drugs, and out of which 39 has reached the market level with no indication of increased survival nor betterment of quality of life. Even when drugs did improve survival rate compared to available treatment strategies, most of these were found to be clinically insignificant. This is a fundamental problem with modern drug discovery which is based on thinking that most chronic diseases are caused by alteration of a single gene and thus most therapies are single gene-targeted therapies. However, extensive research has revealed that most chronic diseases are caused by multiple gene products. Although most drugs designed by man are mono-targeted therapies, however, those designed by "mother nature" and have been used for thousands of years, are "multi-targeted" therapies. In this review, we examine two agents that have been around for thousands of years, namely "guggul" from Commiphora and Boswellia. Although we are all familiar with the search engine "google," this is another type of "guggul" that has been used for centuries and being explored for its various biological activities. The current review summarizes the traditional uses, chemistry, in vitro and in vivo biological activities, molecular targets, and clinical trials performed with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Devivasha Bordoloi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Choudhary Harsha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Bethsebie L. Sailo
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ganesan Padmavathi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nand K. Roy
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Subash C. Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Dynamic changes in hippocampal microglia contribute to depressive-like behavior induced by early social isolation. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:223-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Huang C, Wang P, Xu X, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Hu W, Gao M, Wu Y, Ling Y, Zhao X, Qin Y, Yang R, Zhang W. The ketone body metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate induces an antidepression-associated ramification of microglia via HDACs inhibition-triggered Akt-small RhoGTPase activation. Glia 2017; 66:256-278. [PMID: 29058362 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Direct induction of macrophage ramification has been shown to promote an alternative (M2) polarization, suggesting that the ramified morphology may determine the function of immune cells. The ketone body metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) elevated in conditions including fasting and low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) can reduce neuroinflammation. However, how exactly BHB impacts microglia remains unclear. We report that BHB as well as its producing stimuli fasting and KD induced obvious ramifications of murine microglia in basal and inflammatory conditions in a reversible manner, and these ramifications were accompanied with microglial profile toward M2 polarization and phagocytosis. The protein kinase B (Akt)-small RhoGTPase axis was found to mediate the effect of BHB on microglial shape change, as (i) BHB activated the microglial small RhoGTPase (Rac1, Cdc42) and Akt; (ii) Akt and Rac1-Cdc42 inhibition abolished the pro-ramification effect of BHB; (iii) Akt inhibition prevented the activation of Rac1-Cdc42 induced by BHB treatment. Incubation of microglia with other classical histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors, but not G protein-coupled receptor 109a (GPR109a) activators, also induced microglial ramification and Akt activation, suggesting that the BHB-induced ramification of microglia may be triggered by HDACs inhibition. Functionally, Akt inhibition was found to abrogate the effects of BHB on microglial polarization and phagocytosis. In neuroinflammatory models induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), BHB prevented the microglial process retraction and depressive-like behaviors, and these effects were abolished by Akt inhibition. Our findings for the first time showed that BHB exerts anti-inflammatory actions via promotion of microglial ramification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Minhui Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yong Ling
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yibin Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
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