A deterministic model for non-monotone relationship between translation of upstream and downstream open reading frames

Ghrelin rapidly elevates protein synthesis in vitro by employing the rpS6K-eEF2K-eEF2 signalling axis

Activated ghrelin receptor GHS-R1α triggers cell signalling pathways that modulate energy homeostasis and biosynthetic processes. However, the effects of ghrelin on mRNA translation are unknown. Using various reporter assays, here we demonstrate a rapid elevation of protein synthesis in cells within 15–30 min upon stimulation of GHS-R1α by ghrelin. We further show that ghrelin-induced activation of translation is mediated, at least in part, through the de-phosphorylation (de-suppression) of elongation factor 2 (eEF2). The levels of eEF2 phosphorylation at Thr56 decrease due to the reduced activity of eEF2 kinase, which is inhibited via Ser366 phosphorylation by rpS6 kinases. Being stress-susceptible, the ghrelin-mediated decrease in eEF2 phosphorylation can be abolished by glucose deprivation and mitochondrial uncoupling. We believe that the observed burst of translation benefits rapid restocking of neuropeptides, which are released upon GHS-R1α activation, and represents the most time- and energy-efficient way of prompt recharging the orexigenic neuronal circuitry.