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Neves M, Marinho-Dias J, Ribeiro J, Sousa H. Epstein-Barr virus strains and variations: Geographic or disease-specific variants? J Med Virol 2016; 89:373-387. [PMID: 27430663 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with the development of several diseases, including infectious mononucleosis (IM), Burkitt's Lymphoma (BL), Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, and other neoplasias. The publication of EBV genome 1984 led to several studies regarding the identification of different viral strains. Currently, EBV is divided into EBV type 1 (B95-8 strain) and EBV type 2 (AG876 strain), also known as type A and type B, which have been distinguished based upon genetic differences in the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigens (EBNAs) sequence. Several other EBV strains have been described in the past 10 years considering variations on EBV genome, and many have attempted to clarify if these variations are ethnic or geographically correlated, or if they are disease related. Indeed, there is an increasing interest to describe possible specific disease associations, with emphasis on different malignancies. These studies aim to clarify if these variations are ethnic or geographically correlated, or if they are disease related, thus being important to characterize the epidemiologic genetic distribution of EBV strains on our population. Here, we review the current knowledge on the different EBV strains and variants and its association with different diseases. J. Med. Virol. 89:373-387, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Neves
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Centre (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Marinho-Dias
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Centre (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences of University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Ribeiro
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Centre (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sousa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Centre (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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2
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Hahn AM, Huye LE, Ning S, Webster-Cyriaque J, Pagano JS. Interferon regulatory factor 7 is negatively regulated by the Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early gene, BZLF-1. J Virol 2005; 79:10040-52. [PMID: 16014964 PMCID: PMC1181586 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.15.10040-10052.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection stimulates potent antiviral responses; specifically, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection induces and activates interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7), which is essential for production of alpha/beta interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) and upregulates expression of Tap-2. Here we present evidence that during cytolytic viral replication the immediate-early EBV protein BZLF-1 counteracts effects of IRF-7 that are central to host antiviral responses. We initiated these studies by examining IRF-7 protein expression in vivo in lesions of hairy leukoplakia (HLP) in which there is abundant EBV replication but the expected inflammatory infiltrate is absent. This absence might predict that factors involved in the antiviral response are absent or inactive. First, we detected significant levels of IRF-7 in the nucleus, as well as in the cytoplasm, of cells in HLP lesions. IRF-7 activity in cell lines during cytolytic viral replication was examined by assay of the IRF-7-responsive promoters, IFN-alpha4, IFN-beta, and Tap-2, as well as of an IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE)-containing reporter construct. These reporter constructs showed consistent reduction of activity during lytic replication. Both endogenous and transiently expressed IRF-7 and EBV BZLF-1 proteins physically associate in cell culture, although BZLF-1 had no effect on the nuclear localization of IRF-7. However, IRF-7-dependent activity of the IFN-alpha4, IFN-beta, and Tap-2 promoters, as well as an ISRE promoter construct, was inhibited by BZLF-1. This inhibition occurred in the absence of other EBV proteins and was independent of IFN signaling. Expression of BZLF-1 also inhibited activation of IRF-7 by double-stranded RNA, as well as the activity of a constitutively active mutant form of IRF-7. Negative regulation of IRF-7 by BZLF-1 required the activation domain but not the DNA-binding domain of BZLF-1. Thus, EBV may subvert cellular antiviral responses and immune detection by blocking the activation of IFN-alpha4, IFN-beta, and Tap-2 by IRF-7 through the medium of BZLF-1 as a negative regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Hahn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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3
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Plaza G, Santón A, Bellas C. Coinfection by multiple strains of Epstein-Barr virus in infectious mononucleosis in immunocompetent patients. Acta Otolaryngol 2003; 123:543-6. [PMID: 12797591 DOI: 10.1080/0036554021000028119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A molecular study of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced infectious mononucleosis (IM) was performed. The presence of a 30-bp deletion on the latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) oncogene from EBV in Caucasian IM patients was evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from 27 IM patients and 18 adenoids, 28 tonsils and 16 EBV-related reactive lymphadenitis specimens were used as controls. DNA isolation, EBV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and LMP-1 oncogene PCR analysis were performed. RESULTS The 30-bp deletion on LMP-1 was identified in 29.6% of IM patients, but was always seen in conjunction with full-length LMP-1. Although the LMP-1-deleted strain seemed to be more prevalent in IM (29.6%) and EBV-related reactive lymphadenitis (37.5%,) than in adenoid (0%) or tonsil specimens (21.4%), these differences were not significant (p > 0.05; chi2). Thus, a 30-bp deletion on LMP-1 was present in almost a third of Caucasian IM patients. CONCLUSION The finding of coinfections in IM patients confirms that primary infection by more than one EBV strain is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Plaza
- Otolaryngology Department, Unidad de Otorrinolaringología, Fundación Hospital Alcorcón, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
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Sitki-Green D, Covington M, Raab-Traub N. Compartmentalization and transmission of multiple epstein-barr virus strains in asymptomatic carriers. J Virol 2003; 77:1840-7. [PMID: 12525618 PMCID: PMC140987 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.3.1840-1847.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is often subclinical in the presence of a healthy immune response; thus, asymptomatic infection is largely uncharacterized. This study analyzed the nature of EBV infection in 20 asymptomatic immunocompetent hosts over time through the identification of EBV strain variants in the peripheral blood and oral cavity. A heteroduplex tracking assay specific for the EBV gene LMP1 precisely identified the presence of multiple EBV strains in each subject. The strains present in the peripheral blood and oral cavity were often completely discordant, indicating the existence of distinct infections, and the strains present and their relative abundance changed considerably between time points. The possible transmission of strains between the oral cavity and peripheral blood compartments could be tracked within subjects, suggesting that reactivation in the oral cavity and subsequent reinfection of B lymphocytes that reenter the periphery contribute to the maintenance of persistence. In addition, distinct virus strains persisted in the oral cavity over many time points, suggesting an important role for epithelial cells in the maintenance of persistence. Asymptomatic individuals without tonsillar tissue, which is believed to be an important source of virus for the oral cavity, also exhibited multiple strains and a cyclic pattern of transmission between compartments. This study revealed that the majority of patients with infectious mononucleosis were infected with multiple strains of EBV that were also compartmentalized, suggesting that primary infection involves the transmission of multiple strains. Both the primary and carrier states of infection with EBV are more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Sitki-Green
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. School of Dentistry. Student Health Service. Department of Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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5
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Sitki-Green D, Edwards RH, Webster-Cyriaque J, Raab-Traub N. Identification of Epstein-Barr virus strain variants in hairy leukoplakia and peripheral blood by use of a heteroduplex tracking assay. J Virol 2002; 76:9645-56. [PMID: 12208943 PMCID: PMC136523 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.19.9645-9656.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) strains can be distinguished by specific sequence variations in the LMP1 gene. In this study, a heteroduplex tracking assay (HTA) specific for LMP1 was developed to precisely identify the prototypic undeleted strain B958, other undeleted strains (Ch2, AL, NC, and Med-), and strains with the 30-bp deletion (Med+ and Ch1). This technique also provides an estimate of the relative abundance of strains in patient samples. In this study, EBV strains were identified in 25 hairy leukoplakia (HLP) biopsies and six matched peripheral blood samples and throat washes with the LMP1-HTA. To investigate the relationship of the virus found in the peripheral blood to that in the HLP lesion, the strain variants in the peripheral blood B lymphocytes and those present within the epithelial cells in the HLP lesion and in throat washes were identified. In many of the subjects, compartmental differences in the EBV strain profiles in the oral cavity and peripheral blood were readily apparent. The throat wash specimens usually had a strain profile similar to that within the corresponding HLP sample, which was distinct from the strain profile detected in the peripheral blood. These analyses reveal that the nature of EBV infection can be very dynamic, with changes in relative strain abundance over time as well as the appearance of new strains. The patterns of abundance in the blood and oral cavity provide evidence for compartmentalization and for the transmission of strains between the blood and oropharynx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Sitki-Green
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Palefsky JM, Berline J, Greenspan D, Greenspan JS. Evidence for trafficking of Epstein-Barr virus strains between hairy leukoplakia and peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:317-321. [PMID: 11807224 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-2-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hairy leukoplakia (HL), an epithelial lesion found on the side of the tongue in immunocompromised individuals, is characterized by high-level replication of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple EBV strains. The source of these strains and their relationship to peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) strains has not previously been characterized. Using matched pairs of HL scrapings and PBL from 16 HIV-positive men, variation in EBV strain identity was characterized by detection of a 30 nucleotide deletion of the EBV latent membrane protein (LMP)-1 gene, variation in the LMP-1 repeat region and typing for Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA)-2. Multiple EBV strains were found in both the HL and PBL specimens, but 13 of 16 (81%) patients showed evidence of strain identity for at least one strain and analysis of two patients suggested that EBV strains from HL could infect the PBL. Our data are consistent with active trafficking of EBV between these two compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Palefsky
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine1 and Stomatology, School of Dentistry2, and the Oral AIDS Center3, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0126, USA
| | - Jennifer Berline
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine1 and Stomatology, School of Dentistry2, and the Oral AIDS Center3, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0126, USA
| | - Deborah Greenspan
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine1 and Stomatology, School of Dentistry2, and the Oral AIDS Center3, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0126, USA
| | - John S Greenspan
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine1 and Stomatology, School of Dentistry2, and the Oral AIDS Center3, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0126, USA
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7
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Abstract
Gamma-herpesviruses can be found in most primates including Old World an New World monkeys. The gamma-herpesvirinae are grouped into two classes: lymphocryptoviruses (gamma1) and rhadinoviruses (gamma2). The lymphocryptoviruses include Epstein-Barr virus, lymphocryptovirus of rhesus monkeys, and Herpesvirus papio of baboons. Rhadinoviruses that infect New World monkeys include Herpesvirus saimiri, whose natural host is the squirrel monkey, and Herpesvirus ateles, which infects spider monkeys. Rhadinoviruses that infect hominoids and Old World monkeys include Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, also known as HHV-8, and rhesus monkey rhadinovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Damania
- New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, One Pine Hill Drive, Box 9102, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, USA
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8
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Blake SM, Eliopoulos AG, Dawson CW, Young LS. The transmembrane domains of the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) variant CAO regulate enhanced signalling activity. Virology 2001; 282:278-87. [PMID: 11289810 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequence variants of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) have been reported in association with EBV-linked malignancies but little is known about their effects on signalling pathways and phenotype. We have examined the ability of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)-derived variant, CAO-LMP1 to activate the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 in epithelial cells. In this study, transient expression of CAO-LMP1 was found to activate higher levels of NF-kappaB and AP-1 than the prototype B95.8-LMP1 in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and SV40-transformed keratinocytes (SVK). In addition, pulse-chase analysis revealed that CAO-LMP1 has a longer half-life than B95.8-LMP1. Chimera studies localised these phenomena to the transmembrane domains of CAO-LMP1, suggesting that this enhanced signalling capacity may be a consequence of its prolonged half-life. The ability of CAO-LMP1 to activate higher levels of NF-kappaB and AP-1 may contribute to its potent transforming properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Blake
- CRC Institute for Cancer Studies, The University of Birmingham Medical School, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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9
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Damania B, Jung JU. Comparative analysis of the transforming mechanisms of Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and Herpesvirus saimiri. Adv Cancer Res 2001; 80:51-82. [PMID: 11034540 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(01)80012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Members of the gamma herpesvirus family include the lymphocryptoviruses (gamma-1 herpesviruses) and the rhadinoviruses (gamma-2 herpesviruses). Gammaherpesvirinae uniformly establish long-term, latent, reactivatable infection of lymphocytes, and several members of the gamma herpesviruses are associated with lymphoproliferative diseases. Epstein-Barr virus is a lymphocryptovirus, whereas Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Herpesvirus saimiri are members of the rhadinovirus family. Genes encoded by these viruses are involved in a diverse array of cellular signaling pathways. This review attempts to cover our understanding of how viral proteins deregulate cellular signaling pathways that ultimately contribute to the conversion of normal cells to cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- B Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, USA
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11
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de Jong A, Palefsky JM, Stites DP, Nakagawa M. Human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals with oral hairy leukoplakia are able to mount cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to Epstein-Barr virus. Oral Dis 2000; 6:40-7. [PMID: 10673787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is a white lesion of the tongue that is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and occurs mainly in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of OHL reflects the absence of EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS EBV-specific CTL responses were measured in HIV-positive homosexual men with OHL, HIV-positive homosexual men without OHL, and HIV-negative homosexual men. Also, the phenotypes of cells responsible for EBV-specific responses were studied. RESULTS Eighty percent (8/10) of HIV-positive subjects with OHL, 52% (12/23) of HIV-positive subjects without OHL, and 83% (15/18) HIV-negative subjects had a positive anti-EBV CTL response (P = 0.004, Kruskal-Wallis test). Two HIV-positive subjects showed a greater anti-EBV CTL response after developing OHL than before the appearance of OHL Additional experiments showed that CD8-positive T cells and CD4-positive T cells were responsible for the EBV-specific CTL responses. CONCLUSION Our data show more EBV-specific CTL activities in HIV-positive individuals with OHL than in HIV-positive individuals without OHL. Whether the presence of EBV-specific CTL contributes to resolution of OHL remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Jong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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12
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Edwards RH, Seillier-Moiseiwitsch F, Raab-Traub N. Signature amino acid changes in latent membrane protein 1 distinguish Epstein-Barr virus strains. Virology 1999; 261:79-95. [PMID: 10441557 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequence variations in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 gene have been described in numerous EBV-associated tumors with some of these variations, most notably a 30-base pair deletion in the cytoplasmic carboxyl-terminal domain, suggested as associated with an increase in tumorigenicity. In this study, EBV DNA sequence was determined from 92 tissue specimens or cell lines, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, oral hairy leukoplakia, post-transplant lymphoma, post-transplant without pathology, mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, parotid tumor, and normal from distinct geographical regions. The amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences and, in some cases, the full-length sequences of latent membrane protein 1 were determined. Characteristic sequence patterns distinguished strains, with the carboxyl-terminal sequence being the most informative in distinguishing among the strains. Phylogenetic relationships between strains were determined, as were signature amino acid changes that discriminate between them. A correlation between strain and disease or strain and geographic location was not detected. The sequence variation and signature sequences identified at least seven distinct strains, as well as hybrid strains that apparently result from recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Edwards
- School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
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13
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Mori S, Itoh T, Tokunaga M, Eizuru Y. Deletions and single-base mutations within the carboxy-terminal region of the latent membrane protein 1 oncogene in Epstein-Barr virus-related gastric cancers of southern Japan. J Med Virol 1999; 57:152-8. [PMID: 9892400 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199902)57:2<152::aid-jmv11>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The 30-base pair (bp) deletion of the cytoplasmic carboxy-terminal domain of the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) gene was analyzed in 37 frozen tissues from patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related gastric cancer and 18 throat washings from healthy adults in southern Japan. The 30-bp deletion was identified in 33 (91.7%) of 36 specimens of EBV-related gastric cancers and in 15 (83.3%) of 18 throat washings from healthy adults. In one case of gastric cancer, an additional 9-bp deletion was identified downstream of the 30-bp deletion. From the last transmembrane domain to the end of the carboxy terminal of LMP-1, mutations were examined in 37 cases of gastric cancers and in three cases of throat washings. Twenty-eight nonsilent mutations were identified in this region of EBV-related gastric cancer and throat washings. Five nonsilent mutations at positions 168,755, 168,746, 168,687, 168,357, and 168,355 were identified in all 30-bp-deleted cases of EBV-related gastric cancers and throat washings. However, these nonsilent mutations were not identified in three patients without the 30-bp deletion. Although the deletion and single-base mutations of the LMP-1 gene in gastric cancers and throat washings were similar to those of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan and China, more single-base mutations were found in southern Japan. These data indicate that high prevalence of the 30-bp deletion of the LMP-1 gene in gastric cancers may reflect the prevalence of the deletion variant in the normal population in southern Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mori
- Division of Persistent and Oncogenic Viruses, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan
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14
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Berger C, Brousset P, McQuain C, Knecht H. Deletion variants within the NF-kappaB activation domain of the LMP1 oncogene in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related large cell lymphomas, in prelymphomas and atypical lymphoproliferations. Leuk Lymphoma 1997; 26:239-50. [PMID: 9322886 DOI: 10.3109/10428199709051773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) oncogene of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is expressed in tumor cells of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) related lymphomas, HIV-negative, EBV-associated malignant lymphoproliferations, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, as well as in reactive immunoblasts of infectious mononucleosis. Naturally occurring LMP1 deletion variants (LMP1-del), characterized by clustered mutations and a distinct 30 base pair deletion within the carboxy terminal domain of LMP1, essential for maximal NF-kappaB stimulation, have been identified in the same conditions. These variants prevail in AIDS-related lymphomas, and are associated with clinically aggressive behaviour in HIV-negative lymphomas, and are frequent in prelymphomatous and reactive states. Functional studies showing a growth advantage of cells infected by these variants may explain the accumulation of LMP1-del in these entities. In the carboxy terminal NF-kappaB activation domain of LMP1, evidence of a hypervariable region close to the highly conserved 23 outermost amino acids essential for malignant transformation, may reflect the natural selection of growth promoting variants involved in signalling pathways. The prevalence of the same mutational pattern in AIDS-related lymphoma as well as in hyperplastic reactive states and prelymphomas supports the hypothesis that these variants confer a growth advantage manifested under impaired cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berger
- LINK Laboratories at the Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, North Worcester 01655-0246, USA
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15
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Knecht H, Berger C, al-Homsi AS, McQuain C, Brousset P. Epstein-Barr virus oncogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1997; 26:117-35. [PMID: 9298328 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(97)00016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Knecht
- LINK Laboratories, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Worcester, USA
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16
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Palefsky JM, Peñaranda ME, Pierik LT, Lagenaur LA, MacPhail LA, Greenspan D, Greenspan JS. Epstein-Barr virus BMRF-2 and BDLF-3 expression in hairy leukoplakia. Oral Dis 1997; 3 Suppl 1:S171-6. [PMID: 9456683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.1997.tb00353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hairy leukoplakia (HL) is a lesion found on the side of the tongue of immunocompromised individuals, including those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The lesion has unique histopathologic features and is characterised by high-level Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication, multiple EBV strains, and extensive inter- and intra-strain recombination. Expression of EBV genes spanning the entire viral life cycle from latency-associated genes to late, replicative genes has been detected in the lesion. HL thus provides a unique opportunity to study EBV expression in oral epithelium, and to study expression of novel EBV genes. We therefore constructed a cDNA library from an HL biopsy and detected expression of two genes not previously described in vivo: BMRF-2 and BDLF-3. Sequence analysis of the cDNAs revealed few amino acid changes from the B95-8 sequence. Expression of both genes was localized to the lower prickle cell layer of the tongue epithelium. BMRF-2 protein expression was primarily detected in the cell nuclei of the upper prickle cell layer. BDLF-3 protein expression was observed in the peri-nuclear space and Golgi compartment. The function of these proteins is currently under investigation.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/pathology
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/virology
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Epithelial Cells/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- HIV Infections/complications
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Leukoplakia, Hairy/pathology
- Leukoplakia, Hairy/virology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Mouth Mucosa/virology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rabbits
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tongue Diseases/virology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Viral Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Palefsky
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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17
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the recently discovered Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus, human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV or HHV8), was determined within oral lesions common to HIV infection including OHL, pseudoOHL (PHL), oral lymphoma, oral aphthous ulcers, and an oral Kaposi's sarcoma. METHODS DNA and RNA were extracted from oral lesions. EBV and HHV8 genomes were detected by Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and viral expression was analyzed using PCR amplification of cDNA. RESULTS Multiple EBV strains were detected within OHL with recombination across repeat sequences generating new viral variants. EBV expression in OHL included expression of some viral genes, usually expressed in latent infections, that induce the EBV receptor. EBV replication was detected only within OHL lesions but not within adjacent Kaposi's tissue or oral aphthous ulcers while HHV8 was only detected within the Kaposi's lesions. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the OHL lesion is unique with viral replication and superinfection with additional EBV strains. Expression of the EBV receptor within the OHL lesion may promote superinfection which then activates EBV replication. The consistent detection of EBV replication only within OHL lesions and the detection of HHV8 only within Kaposi's sarcoma, strengthens the etiologic link between EBV and HHV8 infection to these specific pathologies.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/virology
- Ecosystem
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Genetic Variation
- HIV Infections/complications
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Leukoplakia, Hairy/virology
- Mouth Diseases/virology
- Mouth Neoplasms/virology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Stomatitis, Aphthous/virology
- Superinfection
- Transcription, Genetic
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- N Raab-Traub
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7295, USA
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