Decreased Susceptibility to Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors Associated With Genetic Polymorphisms in Ugandan Plasmodium falciparum Isolates

In-silico evaluation of Bismurrayaquinone-A phytochemical as a potential multifunctional inhibitor targeting dihydrofolate reductase: implications for anticancer and antibacterial drug development

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has gained significant attention in drug development, primarily due to marked distinctions in its active site among different species. DHFR plays a crucial role in both DNA and amino acid metabolism by facilitating the transfer of monocarbon residues through tetrahydrofolate, which is vital for nucleotide and amino acid synthesis. This considers its potential as a promising target for therapeutic interventions. In this study, our focus was on conducting a virtual screening of phytoconstituents from the IMPPAT2.0 database to identify potential inhibitors of DHFR. The initial criterion involved assessing the binding energy of molecules against DHFR and we screened top 20 compounds ranging energy -13.5 to -11.4 (kcal/Mol) while Pemetrexed disodium bound with less energy -10.2 (kcal/Mol), followed by an analysis of their interactions to identify more effective hits. We prioritized IMPHY007679 (Bismurrayaquinone-A), which displayed a high binding affinity and crucial interaction with DHFR. We also evaluated the drug-like properties and biological activity of IMPHY007679. Furthermore, MD simulation was done, RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, PCA and FEL explore the time-evolution impact of IMPHY007679 comparing it with a reference drug, Pemetrexed disodium. Collectively, our findings suggest that IMPHY007679 recommend further investigation in both in vitro and in vivo settings for its potential in developing anticancer and antibacterial therapies. This compound holds promise as a valuable candidate for advancing drug research and treatment strategies.

Rational Exploration of 2,4-Diaminopyrimidines as DHFR Inhibitors Active against Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium avium, Two Emerging Human Pathogens

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging human pathogens linked to severe pulmonary diseases. Current treatments involve the prolonged use of multiple drugs and are often ineffective. Bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a key enzyme targeted by antibiotics in Gram-negative bacterial infections. However, existing DHFR inhibitors designed for Gram-negative bacteria often fail against mycobacterial DHFRs. Here, we detail the rational design of NTM DHFR inhibitors based on P218, a malarial DHFR inhibitor. We identified compound 8, a 2,4-diaminopyrimidine exhibiting improved pharmacological properties and activity against purified DHFR, and whole cell cultures of two predominant NTM species: Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus. This study underscores the potential of compound 8 as a promising candidate for the in vivo validation of DHFR as an effective treatment against NTM infections.

Ex vivo drug susceptibility and resistance mediating genetic polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

Malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Burkina Faso, which utilizes artemether-lumefantrine as the principal therapy to treat uncomplicated malaria and seasonal malaria chemoprevention with monthly sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine in children during the transmission season. Monitoring the activities of available antimalarial drugs is a high priority. We assessed the ex vivo susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to 11 drugs in isolates from patients presenting with uncomplicated malaria in Bobo-Dioulasso in 2021 and 2022. IC50 values were derived using a standard 72 h growth inhibition assay. Parasite DNA was sequenced to characterize known drug resistance-mediating polymorphisms. Isolates were generally susceptible, with IC50 values in the low-nM range, to chloroquine (median IC5010 nM, IQR 7.9-24), monodesethylamodiaquine (22, 14-46) piperaquine (6.1, 3.6-9.2), pyronaridine (3.0, 1.3-5.5), quinine (50, 30-75), mefloquine (7.1, 3.7-10), lumefantrine (7.1, 4.5-12), dihydroartemisinin (3.7, 2.2-5.5), and atovaquone (0.2, 0.1-0.3) and mostly resistant to cycloguanil (850, 543-1,290) and pyrimethamine (33,200, 18,400-54,200), although a small number of outliers were seen. Considering genetic markers of resistance to aminoquinolines, most samples had wild-type PfCRT K76T (87%) and PfMDR1 N86Y (95%) sequences. For markers of resistance to antifolates, established PfDHFR and PfDHPS mutations were highly prevalent, the PfDHPS A613S mutation was seen in 19% of samples, and key markers of high-level resistance (PfDHFR I164L; PfDHPS K540E) were absent or rare (A581G). Mutations in the PfK13 propeller domain known to mediate artemisinin partial resistance were not detected. Overall, our results suggest excellent susceptibilities to drugs now used to treat malaria and moderate, but stable, resistance to antifolates used to prevent malaria.

Susceptibility of Ugandan Plasmodium falciparum Isolates to the Antimalarial Drug Pipeline

Malaria, especially Plasmodium falciparum infection, remains an enormous problem, and its treatment and control are seriously challenged by drug resistance. New antimalarial drugs are needed. To characterize the Medicines for Malaria Venture pipeline of antimalarials under development, we assessed the ex vivo drug susceptibilities to 19 compounds targeting or potentially impacted by mutations in P. falciparum ABC transporter I family member 1, acetyl-CoA synthetase, cytochrome b, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, elongation factor 2, lysyl-tRNA synthetase, phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, plasmepsin X, prodrug activation and resistance esterase, and V-type H+ ATPase of 998 fresh P. falciparum clinical isolates collected in eastern Uganda from 2015 to 2022. Drug susceptibilities were assessed by 72-h growth inhibition (half-maximum inhibitory concentration [IC50]) assays using SYBR green. Field isolates were highly susceptible to lead antimalarials, with low- to midnanomolar median IC50s, near values previously reported for laboratory strains, for all tested compounds. However, outliers with decreased susceptibilities were identified. Positive correlations between IC50 results were seen for compounds with shared targets. We sequenced genes encoding presumed targets to characterize sequence diversity, search for polymorphisms previously selected with in vitro drug pressure, and determine genotype-phenotype associations. We identified many polymorphisms in target genes, generally in <10% of isolates, but none were those previously selected in vitro with drug pressure, and none were associated with significantly decreased ex vivo drug susceptibility. Overall, Ugandan P. falciparum isolates were highly susceptible to 19 compounds under development as next-generation antimalarials, consistent with a lack of preexisting or novel resistance-conferring mutations in circulating Ugandan parasites. IMPORTANCE Drug resistance necessitates the development of new antimalarial drugs. It is important to assess the activities of compounds under development against parasites now causing disease in Africa, where most malaria cases occur, and to determine if mutations in these parasites may limit the efficacies of new agents. We found that African isolates were generally highly susceptible to the 19 studied lead antimalarials. Sequencing of the presumed drug targets identified multiple mutations in these genes, but these mutations were generally not associated with decreased antimalarial activity. These results offer confidence that the activities of the tested antimalarial compounds now under development will not be limited by preexisting resistance-mediating mutations in African malaria parasites.

Unveiling the Efficacy of Sesquiterpenes from Marine Sponge Dactylospongia elegans in Inhibiting Dihydrofolate Reductase Using Docking and Molecular Dynamic Studies

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a crucial enzyme that maintains the levels of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (THF) required for the biological synthesis of the building blocks of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Over-activation of DHFR results in the progression of multiple pathological conditions such as cancer, bacterial infection, and inflammation. Therefore, DHFR inhibition plays a major role in treating these illnesses. Sesquiterpenes of various types are prime metabolites derived from the marine sponge Dactylospongia elegans and have demonstrated antitumor, anti-inflammation, and antibacterial capacities. Here, we investigated the in silico potential inhibitory effects of 87 D. elegans metabolites on DHFR and predicted their ADMET properties. Compounds were prepared computationally for molecular docking into the selected crystal structure of DHFR (PDB: 1KMV). The docking scores of metabolites 34, 28, and 44 were the highest among this series (gscore values of -12.431, -11.502, and -10.62 kcal/mol, respectively), even above the co-crystallized inhibitor SRI-9662 score (-10.432 kcal/mol). The binding affinity and protein stability of these top three scored compounds were further estimated using molecular dynamic simulation. Compounds 34, 28, and 44 revealed high binding affinity to the enzyme and could be possible leads for DHFR inhibitors; however, further in vitro and in vivo investigations are required to validate their potential.