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Asmare MM, Yun SI. E-pharmacophore and deep learning based high throughput virtual screening for identification of CDPK1 inhibitors of Cryptosporidium parvum. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 112:108172. [PMID: 39191165 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis, a prevalent gastrointestinal illness worldwide, is caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. Calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CpCDPK1), crucial for the parasite's life cycle, serves as a promising drug target due to its role in regulating invasion and egress from host cells. While potent Pyrazolopyrimidine analogs have been identified as candidate hit molecules, they exhibit limitations in inhibiting Cryptosporidium growth in cell culture, prompting exploration of alternative scaffolds. Leveraging the most potent compound, RM-1-95, co-crystallized with CpCDPK1, an E-pharmacophore model was generated and validated alongside a deep learning model trained on known CpCDPK1 compounds. These models facilitated screening Enamine's 2 million HTS compound library for novel CpCDPK1 inhibitors. Subsequent hierarchical docking prioritized hits, with final selections subjected to Quantum polarized docking for accurate ranking. Results from docking studies and MD simulations highlighted similarities in interactions between the cocrystallized ligand RM-1-95 and identified hit molecules, indicating comparable inhibitory potential against CpCDPK1. Furthermore, assessing metabolic stability through Cytochrome 450 site of metabolism prediction offered crucial insights for drug design, optimization, and regulatory approval processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misgana Mengistu Asmare
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon-Il Yun
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Ajiboye J, Teixeira JE, Gasonoo M, Mattice EB, Korwin-Mihavics B, Miller P, Cameron AC, Stebbins E, Campbell SD, Griggs DW, Spangenberg T, Meyers MJ, Huston CD. Identification of potent and orally efficacious phosphodiesterase inhibitors in Cryptosporidium parvum-infected immunocompromised male mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8272. [PMID: 39333545 PMCID: PMC11436873 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis are parasites that cause life-threatening diarrhea in children and immunocompromised people. There is only one approved treatment that is modestly effective for children and ineffective for AIDS patients. Here, screening 278 compounds from the Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany collection and accelerated follow-up enabled by prior investigation of the compounds identifies a series of pyrazolopyrimidine human phosphodiesterase (PDE)-V (hPDE-V) inhibitors with potent anticryptosporidial activity and efficacy following oral administration in C. parvum-infected male mice. The lead compounds affect parasite host cell egress, inhibit both C. parvum and C. hominis, work rapidly, and have minimal off-target effects in a safety screening panel. Interestingly, the hPDE-V inhibitors sildenafil and the 4-aminoquinoline compound 7a do not affect Cryptosporidium. C. parvum expresses one PDE (CpPDE1) continuously during asexual growth, the inhibited life stage. According to homology modeling and docking, the lead compounds interact with CpPDE1. Bulkier amino acids (Val900 and His884) in the CpPDE1 active site replace alanines in hPDE-V and block sildenafil binding. Supporting this, sildenafil kills a CRISPR-engineered Cryptosporidium CpPDE1 V900A mutant. The CpPDE1 mutation also alters parasite susceptibility to pyrazolopyrimidines. CpPDE1 is therefore a validated pyrazolopyrimidine molecular target to exploit for target-based optimization for improved anticryptosporidial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubilee Ajiboye
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Room 202 Stafford Hall, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - José E Teixeira
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Room 202 Stafford Hall, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Makafui Gasonoo
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Room 206 Monsanto Hall, 3501 Laclede Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ethan B Mattice
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Room 202 Stafford Hall, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Bethany Korwin-Mihavics
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Room 202 Stafford Hall, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Peter Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Room 202 Stafford Hall, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Alexandra C Cameron
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Room 202 Stafford Hall, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Erin Stebbins
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Room 202 Stafford Hall, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Scott D Campbell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Room 316 Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - David W Griggs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Room 316 Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas Spangenberg
- Global Health R&D of Merck Healthcare, Ares Trading S.A. (a subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Route de Crassier 1, Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Marvin J Meyers
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Room 206 Monsanto Hall, 3501 Laclede Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Christopher D Huston
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Room 202 Stafford Hall, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
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3
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Waldron-Young E, Wijitrmektong W, Choi R, Whitman GR, Hulverson MA, Charania R, Keelaghan A, Li L, Srinual S, Nikhar S, McNamara CW, Love MS, Huerta L, Bakowski MA, Hu M, Van Voorhis WC, Mead JR, Cuny GD. Pyridopyrimidinones as a new chemotype of calcium dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) inhibitors for Cryptosporidium. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2024; 260:111637. [PMID: 38901801 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2024.111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan protein kinase calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis. A focused screen of known kinase inhibitors identified a pyridopyrimidinone as a new chemotype of Cryptosporidium parvum (Cp) CDPK1 inhibitors. Structural comparison of CpCDPK1 to two representative human kinases, RIPK2 and Src, revealed differences in the positioning of the αC-helix that was used in the design of a potent pyridopyrimidinone-based CpCDPK1 inhibitor 7 (a.k.a. UH15-16, IC50 = 10 nM), which blocked the growth of three C. parvum strains (EC50 = 12-40 nM) as well as C. hominis (EC50 = 85 nM) in HCT-8 host cells. Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution analyses indicated that 7 had low systemic exposure after oral administration, but high gastrointestinal concentration, as well as good Caco-2 cell permeability. Finally, 7 demonstrated partial efficacy in an IL-12 knock-out mouse model of acute cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Waldron-Young
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Wissarut Wijitrmektong
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Department of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Raheela Charania
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare Organization of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, United States
| | - Aidan Keelaghan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare Organization of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Songpol Srinual
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Sameer Nikhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Case W McNamara
- Calibr-Skaggs Institute for Innovative Medicines, A division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Melissa S Love
- Calibr-Skaggs Institute for Innovative Medicines, A division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Lauren Huerta
- Calibr-Skaggs Institute for Innovative Medicines, A division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Malina A Bakowski
- Calibr-Skaggs Institute for Innovative Medicines, A division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Jan R Mead
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare Organization of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, United States
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States.
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Ali M, Xu C, Nawaz S, Ahmed AE, Hina Q, Li K. Anti-Cryptosporidial Drug-Discovery Challenges and Existing Therapeutic Avenues: A "One-Health" Concern. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:80. [PMID: 38255695 PMCID: PMC10820218 DOI: 10.3390/life14010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is the leading cause of life-threatening diarrheal infection, especially in infants. Oocysts contaminate the environment, and also, being a zoonotic disease, cryptosporidiosis is a threat to One Health. Nitazoxanide is the only FDA-approved drug, effective only in immunocompetent adults, and is not safe for infants. The absence of mitochondria and apicoplast, the presence of an electron-dense band (ED band), hindrances in its genetic and phenotypic manipulations, and its unique position inside the host cell are some challenges to the anti-cryptosporidial drug-discovery process. However, many compounds, including herbal products, have shown efficacy against Cryptosporidium during in vitro and in vivo trials. Still, the "drug of choice" against this protozoan parasite, especially in immunocompromised individuals and infants, has not yet been explored. The One-Health approach addresses this issue, focusing on the intersection of animal, human, and environmental health. The objective of this review is to provide knowledge about novel anti-cryptosporidial drug targets, available treatment options with associated limitations, and possible future shifts toward natural products to treat cryptosporidiosis. The current review is organized to address the treatment and prevention of cryptosporidiosis. An anti-cryptosporidial drug that is effective in immunocompromised individuals and infants is a necessity of our time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munwar Ali
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.A.); (C.X.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.A.); (C.X.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shah Nawaz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Qazal Hina
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.A.); (C.X.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Lee S, Love MS, Modukuri R, Chatterjee AK, Huerta L, Lawson AP, McNamara CW, Mead JR, Hedstrom L, Cuny GD. Structure-activity relationship of BMS906024 derivatives for Cryptosporidium parvum growth inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 90:129328. [PMID: 37196868 PMCID: PMC10290938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BMS906024, a γ-secretase inhibitor that blocks Notch signaling, was previously shown to inhibit Cryptosporidium parvum growth in vitro. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of BMS906024 reported herein demonstrates the importance of the stereochemistry of the C-3 benzodiazepine and the succinyl β-substituent. However, concomitant removal of the succinyl α-substituent and switching the primary amide with secondary amides was tolerated. For example, 32 (SH287) inhibited C. parvum growth in HCT-8 host cells with an EC50 = 6.4 nM and an EC90 = 16 nM; however, blocking C. parvum growth with BMS906024 derivatives was correlative with inhibition of Notch signaling, highlighting that additional SAR analysis will be needed to separate these two activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungheon Lee
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Health Building 2, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Melissa S Love
- Calibr, a Division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ramkumar Modukuri
- Calibr, a Division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- Calibr, a Division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lauren Huerta
- Calibr, a Division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ann P Lawson
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Case W McNamara
- Calibr, a Division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jan R Mead
- Atlanta VA Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lizbeth Hedstrom
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA; Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Health Building 2, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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Tie X, Zhang Z, Zhou R, Li Y, Xu J, Yin W. A case of septic shock due to delayed diagnosis of Cryptosporidium infection after liver transplantation. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:260. [PMID: 37101273 PMCID: PMC10131476 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium is recognized as a significant pathogen of diarrhea disease in immunocompromised hosts, and studies have shown that Cryptosporidium infection is high in solid organ transplantation (SOT) patients and often has serious consequences. Because of the lack of specificity of diarrheasymptoms cased by Cryptosporidium infection, it is rarely reported in patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT). It frequently delays diagnosis, coming with severe consequences. In clinical work, diagnosing Cryptosporidium infection in LT patients is also complex but single, and the corresponding anti-infective treatment regimen has not yet been standardized. A rare case of septic shock due to a delayed diagnosis of Cryptosporidium infection after LT and relevant literature are discussed in the passage. CASE PRESENTATION A patient who had received LT for two years was admitted to the hospital with diarrhea more than 20 days after eating an unclean diet. After failing treatment at a local hospital, he was admitted to Intensive Care Unit after going into septic shock. The patient presented hypovolemia due to diarrhea, which progressed to septic shock. The patient's sepsis shock was controlled after receiving multiple antibiotic combinations and fluid resuscitation. However, the persistent diarrhea, as the culprit of the patient's electrolyte disturbance, hypovolemia, and malnutrition, was unsolved. The causative agent of diarrhea, Cryptosporidium infection, was identified by colonoscopy, faecal antacid staining, and blood high-throughput sequencing (NGS). The patient was treated by reducing immunosuppression and Nitazoxanide (NTZ), which proved effective in this case. CONCLUSION When LT patients present with diarrhea, clinicians should consider the possibility of Cryptosporidium infection, in addition to screening for conventional pathogens. Tests such as colonoscopy, stool antacid staining and blood NGS sequencing can help diagnose and treat of Cryptosporidium infection early and avoid serious consequences of delayed diagnosis. In treating Cryptosporidium infection in LT patients, the focus should be on the patient's immunosuppressive therapy, striking a balance between anti-immunorejection and anti-infection should be sought. Based on practical experience, NTZ therapy in combination with controlled CD4 + T cells at 100-300/mm3 was highly effective against Cryptosporidium without inducing immunorejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ran Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinmei Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Corps Hospital of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Leshan, 614700, China
| | - Wanhong Yin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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7
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Yang B, Yan Y, Wang D, Zhang Y, Yin J, Zhu G. On-target inhibition of Cryptosporidium parvum by nitazoxanide (NTZ) and paclitaxel (PTX) validated using a novel MDR1-transgenic host cell model and algorithms to quantify the effect on the parasite target. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011217. [PMID: 36972284 PMCID: PMC10079235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a globally distributed zoonotic protozoan parasite that causes moderate to severe, sometime deadly, watery diarrhea in humans and animals, for which fully effective treatments are yet unavailable. In studying the mechanism of action of drugs against intracellular pathogens, it is important to validate whether the observed anti-infective activity is attributed to the drug action on the pathogen or host target. For the epicellular parasite Cryptosporidium, we have previously developed a concept that the host cells with significantly increased drug tolerance by transient overexpression of the multidrug resistance protein-1 (MDR1) could be utilized to evaluate whether and how much the observed anti-cryptosporidial activity of an inhibitor was attributed to the inhibitor’s action on the parasite target. However, the transient transfection model was only applicable to evaluating native MDR1 substrates. Here we report an advanced model using stable MDR1-transgenic HCT-8 cells that allows rapid development of novel resistance to non-MDR1 substrates by multiple rounds of drug selection. Using the new model, we successfully validated that nitazoxanide, a non-MDR1 substrate and the only FDA-approved drug to treat human cryptosporidiosis, killed C. parvum by fully (100%) acting on the parasite target. We also confirmed that paclitaxel acted fully on the parasite target, while several other inhibitors including mitoxantrone, doxorubicin, vincristine and ivermectin acted partially on the parasite targets. Additionally, we developed mathematical models to quantify the proportional contribution of the on-parasite-target effect to the observed anti-cryptosporidial activity and to evaluate the relationships between several in vitro parameters, including antiparasitic efficacy (ECi), cytotoxicity (TCi), selectivity index (SI) and Hill slope (h). Owning to the promiscuity of the MDR1 efflux pump, the MDR1-transgenic host cell model could be applied to assess the on-parasite-target effects of newly identified hits/leads, either substrates or non-substrates of MDR1, against Cryptosporidium or other epicellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, the Institute of Zoonosis, and the College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yueyang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, the Institute of Zoonosis, and the College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, the Institute of Zoonosis, and the College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, the Institute of Zoonosis, and the College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jigang Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, the Institute of Zoonosis, and the College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, the Institute of Zoonosis, and the College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail:
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8
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Pratelli A, Corbo D, Lupetti P, Mencarelli C. The distal central pair segment is structurally specialised and contributes to IFT turnaround and assembly of the tip capping structures in Chlamydomonas flagella. Biol Cell 2022; 114:349-364. [PMID: 36101924 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cilia and flagella are dynamic organelles whose assembly and maintenance depend on an activetrafficking process known as the IntraFlagellar Transport (IFT), during which trains of IFT protein particles are moved by specific motors and carry flagellar precursors and turnover products along the axoneme. IFT consists of an anterograde (from base to tip) and a retrograde (from tip to base) phase. During IFT turnaround at the flagellar tip, anterograde trains release their cargoes and remodel to form the retrograde trains. Thus, turnaround is crucial for correct IFT. However, current knowledge of its mechanisms is limited. RESULTS We show here that in Chlamydomonas flagella the distal ∼200 nm central pair (CP) segment is structurally differentiated for the presence of a ladder-like structure (LLS). During IFT turnaround, the IFT172 subunit dissociates from the IFT- B protein complex and binds to the LLS-containing CP segment, while the IFT-B complex participates in the assembly of the CP capping structures. The IFT scaffolding function played by the LLS-containing CP segment relies on anchoring components other than the CP microtubules, since IFT turnaround occurs also in the CP-devoid pf18 mutant flagella. CONCLUSIONS During IFT turnaround in Chlamydomonas flagella, i) the LLS and the CP terminal plates act as anchoring platforms for IFT172 and the IFT-B complex, respectively, and ii) during its remodeling, the IFT-B complex contributes to the assembly of the CP capping structures. SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that in full length Chlamydomonas flagella IFT remodeling occurs by a specialized mechanism that involves flagellar tip structures and is distinct from the previously proposed model in which the capability to reverse motility would be intrinsic of IFT train and independent by any other flagellar structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Pratelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Dalia Corbo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Lupetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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9
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Bone Relat RM, Winder PL, Bowden GD, Guzmán EA, Peterson TA, Pomponi SA, Roberts JC, Wright AE, O’Connor RM. High-Throughput Screening of a Marine Compound Library Identifies Anti-Cryptosporidium Activity of Leiodolide A. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040240. [PMID: 35447913 PMCID: PMC9026894 DOI: 10.3390/md20040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium sp. are apicomplexan parasites that cause significant morbidity and possible mortality in humans and valuable livestock. There are no drugs on the market that are effective in the population most severely affected by this parasite. This study is the first high-throughput screen for potent anti-Cryptosporidium natural products sourced from a unique marine compound library. The Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University has a collection of diverse marine organisms some of which have been subjected to medium pressure liquid chromatography to create an enriched fraction library. Numerous active compounds have been discovered from this library, but it has not been tested against Cryptosporidium parvum. A high-throughput in vitro growth inhibition assay was used to test 3764 fractions in the library, leading to the identification of 23 fractions that potently inhibited the growth of Cryptosporidium parvum. Bioassay guided fractionation of active fractions from a deep-sea sponge, Leiodermatium sp., resulted in the purification of leiodolide A, the major active compound in the organism. Leiodolide A displayed specific anti-Cryptosporidium activity at a half maximal effective concentration of 103.5 nM with selectivity indexes (SI) of 45.1, 11.9, 19.6 and 14.3 for human ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-8), human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Hep G2), human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and green monkey kidney cells (Vero), respectively. The unique structure of leiodolide A provides a valuable drug scaffold on which to develop new anti-Cryptosporidium compounds and supports the importance of screening natural product libraries for new chemical scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Bone Relat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Rd, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (R.M.B.R.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Priscilla L. Winder
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US Highway 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (P.L.W.); (E.A.G.); (T.A.P.); (S.A.P.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Gregory D. Bowden
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Rd, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (R.M.B.R.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Esther A. Guzmán
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US Highway 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (P.L.W.); (E.A.G.); (T.A.P.); (S.A.P.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Tara A. Peterson
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US Highway 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (P.L.W.); (E.A.G.); (T.A.P.); (S.A.P.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Shirley A. Pomponi
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US Highway 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (P.L.W.); (E.A.G.); (T.A.P.); (S.A.P.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Jill C. Roberts
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US Highway 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (P.L.W.); (E.A.G.); (T.A.P.); (S.A.P.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Amy E. Wright
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US Highway 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (P.L.W.); (E.A.G.); (T.A.P.); (S.A.P.); (J.C.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.W.); (R.M.O.)
| | - Roberta M. O’Connor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Rd, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (R.M.B.R.); (G.D.B.)
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Correspondence: (A.E.W.); (R.M.O.)
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10
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Treatment of human intestinal cryptosporidiosis: A review of published clinical trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 17:128-138. [PMID: 34562754 PMCID: PMC8473663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parasite is underestimated. In immunocompromised hosts, chronic and severe presentation of intestinal cryptosporidiosis can result in long-term morbidity and high illness costs. The evidence of effective treatments for cryptosporidiosis has been lacking. We reviewed the published clinical trials to bring forward the feasible therapeutic options of human cryptosporidiosis in various populations and settings according to clinical improvement and parasite clearance rates. A total of 42 studies consisting of the use of nitazoxanide, paromomycin, macrolides, somatostatin analogues, letrazuril, albendazole, rifaximin, miltefosine, clofazimine, and colostrum were included in the review. The trials were mostly conducted in small number of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and there is inadequate data of controlled trials to suggest the use of these treatment modalities. Nitazoxanide was reported to be highly efficacious only in immunocompetent hosts and was found to be superior to paromomycin in the same group of patients. Macrolides showed no effective results in both clinical and parasitological improvement. Human bovine colostrum should possibly be administered as one of complementary therapeutic modalities along with other antimicrobials to reach optimal parasite eradication. Other trials of therapeutic modalities were terminated due to futility. Currently, available data is intended to aid the development of strategies for improving access to treatments in different clinical settings, as well as to help guide further studies on treatments of human intestinal cryptosporidiosis.
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11
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Anghel N, Imhof D, Winzer P, Balmer V, Ramseier J, Haenggeli K, Choi R, Hulverson MA, Whitman GR, Arnold SL, Ojo KK, Van Voorhis WC, Doggett JS, Ortega-Mora LM, Hemphill A. Endochin-like quinolones (ELQs) and bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs): Synergistic and additive effects of combined treatments against Neospora caninum infection in vitro and in vivo. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 17:92-106. [PMID: 34482255 PMCID: PMC8416643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum is an important causative agent of congenital neosporosis, resulting in abortion, birth of weak offspring and neuromuscular disorders in cattle, sheep, and many other species. Among several compound classes that are currently being developed, two have been reported to limit the effects of congenital neosporosis: (i) bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) target calcium dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1), an enzyme that is encoded by an apicoplast-derived gene and found only in apicomplexans and plants. CDPK1 is essential for host cell invasion and egress; (ii) endochin-like quinolones (ELQs) are inhibitors of the cytochrome bc1 complex of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and thus inhibit oxidative phosphorylation. We here report on the in vitro and in vivo activities of BKI-1748, and of ELQ-316 and its respective prodrugs ELQ-334 and ELQ-422, applied either as single-compounds or ELQ-BKI-combinations. In vitro, BKI-1748 and ELQ-316, as well as BKI-1748 and ELQ-334, acted synergistically, while this was not observed for the BKI-1748/ELQ-422 combination treatment. In a N. caninum-infected pregnant BALB/c mouse model, the synergistic effects observed in vitro were not entirely reproduced, but 100% postnatal survival and 100% inhibition of vertical transmission was noted in the group treated with the BKI-1748/ELQ-334 combination. In addition, the combined drug applications resulted in lower neonatal mortality compared to treatments with single drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Anghel
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Switzerland,Corresponding author. Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Dennis Imhof
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Winzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vreni Balmer
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Ramseier
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kai Haenggeli
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Choi
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew A. Hulverson
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Grant R. Whitman
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel L.M. Arnold
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Departments of Global Health and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J. Stone Doggett
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Luis M. Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland,Corresponding author.
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12
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Diawara EH, François A, Stachulski AV, Razakandrainibe R, Costa D, Favennec L, Rossignol JF, Gargala G. Systemic efficacy on Cryptosporidium parvum infection of aminoxanide (RM-5061), a new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrug of tizoxanide. Parasitology 2021; 148:975-984. [PMID: 33775260 PMCID: PMC11010128 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a gastrointestinal illness with profuse diarrhoea. Although there are no other Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved alternatives for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis, nitazoxanide (NTZ) can be qualified as partially effective. In immunosuppressed conditions, severe and/or disseminated cryptosporidiosis may occur and patients should be treated parenterally. To achieve the goal of developing parenteral treatment for cryptosporidiosis, the current study was undertaken to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anticryptosporidial activity of aminoxanide. This new l-tert-leucyl thiazolide is a soluble prodrug of tizoxanide (TIZ), the main metabolite of NTZ. Confirming the good efficacy of aminoxanide in Cryptosporidium parvum-infected HCT-8 cells with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 1.55 μm (±0.21), in immunosuppressed C. parvum-infected Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), a 5-day treatment with a daily intramuscular dose of 100 mg kg−1 aminoxanide resulted in a 72.5% oocyst excretion inhibition, statistically equivalent to 75.5% in gerbils treated with a 4-fold lower oral dose of NTZ. Cryptosporidium parvum-induced intestinal pathology and inflammation were improved. Aminoxanide provides an injectable form of TIZ that NTZ was unable to do and is a promising drug for which optimization of the formulation should be further explored. These results represent a first promising step towards the goal of developing a parenteral treatment for cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Hadji Diawara
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Rouen University Hospital and EA7510, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Arnaud François
- Laboratoire d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Andrew V. Stachulski
- Robert Robinson Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, UK
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Rouen University Hospital and EA7510, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Damien Costa
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Rouen University Hospital and EA7510, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Loïc Favennec
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Rouen University Hospital and EA7510, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | | | - Gilles Gargala
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Rouen University Hospital and EA7510, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
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13
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Hulverson MA, Choi R, Vidadala RSR, Whitman GR, Vidadala VN, Ojo KK, Barrett LK, Lynch JJ, Marsh K, Kempf DJ, Maly DJ, Van Voorhis WC. Pyrrolopyrimidine Bumped Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1200-1207. [PMID: 33565854 PMCID: PMC8559537 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) that target Cryptosporidium parvum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 have been well established as potential drug candidates against cryptosporidiosis. Recently, BKI-1649, with a 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine, or "pyrrolopyrimidine", central scaffold, has shown improved efficacy in mouse models of Cryptosporidium at substantially reduced doses compared to previously explored analogs of the pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold. Here, two pyrrolopyrimidines with varied substituent groups, BKI-1812 and BKI-1814, were explored in several in vitro and in vivo models and show improvements in potency over the previously utilized pyrazolopyrimidine bumped kinase inhibitors while maintaining equivalent results in other key properties, such as toxicity and efficacy, with their pyrazolopyrimidine isosteric counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - Grant R. Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - James J. Lynch
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Kennan Marsh
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Dale J. Kempf
- Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Dustin J. Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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14
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Zhu G, Yin J, Cuny GD. Current status and challenges in drug discovery against the globally important zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe zoonotic cryptosporidiosis is globally distributed, one of the major diarrheal diseases in humans and animals. Cryptosporidium oocysts are also one of the major environmental concerns, making it a pathogen that fits well into the One Health concept. Despite its importance, fully effective drugs are not yet available. Anti-cryptosporidial drug discovery has historically faced many unusual challenges attributed to unique parasite biology and technical burdens. While significant progresses have been made recently, anti-cryptosporidial drug discovery still faces a major obstacle: identification of systemic drugs that can be absorbed by patients experiencing watery diarrhea and effectively pass through electron-dense (ED) band at the parasite-host cell interface to act on the epicellular parasite. There may be a need to develop an in vitro assay to effectively screen hits/leads for their capability to cross ED band. In the meantime, non-systemic drugs with strong mucoadhesive properties for extended gastrointestinal exposure may represent another direction in developing anti-cryptosporidial therapeutics. For developing both systemic and non-systemic drugs, a non-ruminant animal model exhibiting diarrheal symptoms suitable for routine evaluation of drug absorption and anti-cryptosporidial efficacy may be very helpful.
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15
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Vinayak S, Jumani RS, Miller P, Hasan MM, McLeod BI, Tandel J, Stebbins EE, Teixeira JE, Borrel J, Gonse A, Zhang M, Yu X, Wernimont A, Walpole C, Eckley S, Love MS, McNamara CW, Sharma M, Sharma A, Scherer CA, Kato N, Schreiber SL, Melillo B, Striepen B, Huston CD, Comer E. Bicyclic azetidines kill the diarrheal pathogen Cryptosporidium in mice by inhibiting parasite phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaba8412. [PMID: 32998973 PMCID: PMC8381743 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba8412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite and a leading cause of diarrheal disease and mortality in young children. Currently, there are no fully effective treatments available to cure infection with this diarrheal pathogen. In this study, we report a broad drug repositioning effort that led to the identification of bicyclic azetidines as a new anticryptosporidial series. Members of this series blocked growth in in vitro culture of three Cryptosporidium parvum isolates with EC50 's in 1% serum of <0.4 to 96 nM, had comparable potencies against Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum, and was effective in three of four highly susceptible immunosuppressed mice with once-daily dosing administered for 4 days beginning 2 weeks after infection. Comprehensive genetic, biochemical, and chemical studies demonstrated inhibition of C. parvum phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (CpPheRS) as the mode of action of this new lead series. Introduction of mutations directly into the C. parvum pheRS gene by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing resulted in parasites showing high degrees of compound resistance. In vitro, bicyclic azetidines potently inhibited the aminoacylation activity of recombinant ChPheRS. Medicinal chemistry optimization led to the identification of an optimal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile for this series. Collectively, these data demonstrate that bicyclic azetidines are a promising series for anticryptosporidial drug development and establish a broad framework to enable target-based drug discovery for this infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiti Vinayak
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Rajiv S Jumani
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Peter Miller
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Muhammad M Hasan
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Briana I McLeod
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jayesh Tandel
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erin E Stebbins
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jose E Teixeira
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Julien Borrel
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Arthur Gonse
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- International Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Xianshui Yu
- International Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Amy Wernimont
- Structural Genomics Consortium, MaRS Building, South Tower, 101 College Street, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Chris Walpole
- Structural Genomics Consortium, MaRS Building, South Tower, 101 College Street, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Melissa S Love
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Case W McNamara
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Manmohan Sharma
- Structural Parasitology, Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Structural Parasitology, Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Christina A Scherer
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nobutaka Kato
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Christopher D Huston
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Eamon Comer
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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16
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Love MS, McNamara CW. Phenotypic screening techniques for Cryptosporidium drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:59-74. [PMID: 32892652 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1812577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Two landmark epidemiological studies identified Cryptosporidium spp. as a significant cause of diarrheal disease in pediatric populations in resource-limited countries. Notably, nitazoxanide is the only approved drug for treatment of cryptosporidiosis but shows limited efficacy. As a result, many drug discovery efforts have commenced to find improved treatments. The unique biology of Cryptosporidium presents challenges for traditional drug discovery methods, which has inspired new assay platforms to study parasite biology and drug screening. Areas covered: The authors review historical advancements in phenotypic-based assays and techniques for Cryptosporidium drug discovery, as well as recent advances that will define future drug discovery. The reliance on phenotypic-based screens and repositioning of phenotypic hits from other pathogens has quickly created a robust pipeline of potential cryptosporidiosis therapeutics. The latest advances involve new in vitro culture methods for oocyst generation, continuous culturing capabilities, and more physiologically relevant assays for testing compounds. Expert opinion: Previous phenotypic screening techniques have laid the groundwork for recent cryptosporidiosis drug discovery efforts. The resulting improved methodologies characterize compound activity, identify, and validate drug targets, and prioritize new compounds for drug development. The most recent improvements in phenotypic assays are poised to help advance compounds into clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Love
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Case W McNamara
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA, USA
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17
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are leading pathogens responsible for diarrheal disease (cryptosporidiosis) and deaths in infants and children below 5 years of age. There are no effective treatment options and no vaccine for cryptosporidiosis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify essential gene targets and uncover their biological function to accelerate the development of new and effective anticryptosporidial drugs. Current genetic tool allows targeted disruption of gene function but leads to parasite lethality if the gene is essential for survival. In this study, we have developed a genetic tool for conditional degradation of proteins in Cryptosporidium spp., thus allowing us to study the function of essential genes. Our conditional system expands the molecular toolbox for Cryptosporidium, and it will help us to understand the biology of this important human diarrheal pathogen for the development of new drugs and vaccines. Cryptosporidium spp., protozoan parasites, are a leading cause of global diarrhea-associated morbidity and mortality in young children and immunocompromised individuals. The limited efficacy of the only available drug and lack of vaccines make it challenging to treat and prevent cryptosporidiosis. Therefore, the identification of essential genes and understanding their biological functions are critical for the development of new therapies. Currently, there is no genetic tool available to investigate the function of essential genes in Cryptosporidium spp. Here, we describe the development of the first conditional system in Cryptosporidium parvum. Our system utilizes the Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase degradation domain (DDD) and the stabilizing compound trimethoprim (TMP) for conditional regulation of protein levels in the parasite. We tested our system on the calcium-dependent protein kinase-1 (CDPK1), a leading drug target in C. parvum. By direct knockout strategy, we establish that cdpk1 is refractory to gene deletion, indicating its essentiality for parasite survival. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated transgenic parasites expressing CDPK1 with an epitope tag, and localization studies indicate its expression during asexual parasite proliferation. We then genetically engineered C. parvum to express CDPK1 tagged with DDD. We demonstrate that TMP can regulate CDPK1 levels in this stable transgenic parasite line, thus revealing the critical role of this kinase in parasite proliferation. Further, these transgenic parasites show TMP-mediated regulation of CDPK1 levels in vitro and an increased sensitivity to kinase inhibitor upon conditional knockdown. Overall, this study reports the development of a powerful conditional system that can be used to study essential genes in Cryptosporidium.
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18
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Jin Z, Ma J, Zhu G, Zhang H. Discovery of Novel Anti-cryptosporidial Activities From Natural Products by in vitro High-Throughput Phenotypic Screening. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1999. [PMID: 31551955 PMCID: PMC6736568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a globally distributed zoonotic protozoan parasite of both medical and veterinary importance. Nitazoxanide is the only FDA-approved drug to treat cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent people, but it is not fully effective. There is no drug approved by FDA for use in immunocompromised patients or in animals. In the present study, we conducted phenotypic screening of 800 nature products with defined chemical structures for potential novel activity against the growth of C. parvum in vitro. We identified a large number of compounds showing low to sub-micromolar anti-cryptosporidial activity, and fully characterized 16 top hits for anti-parasitic efficacies in vitro [EC50 values from 0.122 to 3.940 μM, cytotoxicity (TC50) values from 6.31 to >100 μm] and their safety margins. Among them, 11 compounds were derived from plants with EC50 values from 0.267 to 3.940 μM [i.e., cedrelone, deoxysappanone B 7,4'-dimethyl ether (Deox B 7,4), tanshinone IIA, baicalein, deoxysappanone B 7,3'-dimethyl ether acetate, daunorubicin, dihydrogambogic acid, deacetylgedunin, deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin, dihydrotanshinone I, 2,3,4'-trihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, and 3-deoxo-3beta-hydroxy-mexicanolide 16-enol ether]. Three compounds with sub-micromolar EC50 values (i.e., cedrelone, Deox B 7,4, and baicalein) were further investigated for their effectiveness on various parasite developmental stages in vitro. Cedrelone and baicalein were more effective than Dexo B 7,4 when treating parasite for shorter periods of time, but all three compounds could kill the parasite irreversibly. These findings provide us a large selection of new structures derived from natural products to be explored for developing anti-cryptosporidial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Jin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jingbo Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guan Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Haili Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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19
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Guo F, Zhang H, McNair NN, Mead JR, Zhu G. The Existing Drug Vorinostat as a New Lead Against Cryptosporidiosis by Targeting the Parasite Histone Deacetylases. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1110-1117. [PMID: 29300993 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidiosis affects all human populations, but can be much more severe or life-threatening in children and individuals with weak or weakened immune systems. However, current options to treat cryptosporidiosis are limited. Methods An in vitro phenotypic screening assay was employed to screen 1200 existing drugs for their anticryptosporidial activity and to determine the inhibitory kinetics of top hits. Selected top hits were further evaluated in mice. The action of the lead compound vorinostat on the parasite histone deacetylase (HDAC) was biochemically validated. Results Fifteen compounds exhibited anticryptosporidial activity at nanomolar level in vitro. Among them, the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat retained outstanding efficacy in vitro (half maximal effective concentration, EC50 = 203 nM) and in an interleukin 12 knockout mouse model (50% inhibition dose = 7.5 mg/kg). Vorinostat was effective on various parasite developmental stages and could irreversibly kill the parasite. Vorinostat was highly effective against the parasite native HDAC enzymes (half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 90.0 nM) and a recombinant Cryptosporidium parvum HDAC (the inhibitor constant, Ki = 123.0 nM). Conclusions These findings suggest the potential for repurposing of vorinostat to treat cryptosporidiosis, and imply that the parasite HDAC can be explored for developing more selective anticryptosporidial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Haili Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Nina N McNair
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jan R Mead
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Guan Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
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20
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Lunde CS, Stebbins EE, Jumani RS, Hasan MM, Miller P, Barlow J, Freund YR, Berry P, Stefanakis R, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Love MS, McNamara CW, Easom E, Plattner JJ, Jacobs RT, Huston CD. Identification of a potent benzoxaborole drug candidate for treating cryptosporidiosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2816. [PMID: 31249291 PMCID: PMC6597546 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10687-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of life-threatening diarrhea in young children and causes chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients, but the only approved treatment is ineffective in malnourished children and immunocompromised people. We here use a drug repositioning strategy and identify a promising anticryptosporidial drug candidate. Screening a library of benzoxaboroles comprised of analogs to four antiprotozoal chemical scaffolds under pre-clinical development for neglected tropical diseases for Cryptosporidium growth inhibitors identifies the 6-carboxamide benzoxaborole AN7973. AN7973 blocks intracellular parasite development, appears to be parasiticidal, and potently inhibits the two Cryptosporidium species most relevant to human health, C. parvum and C. hominis. It is efficacious in murine models of both acute and established infection, and in a neonatal dairy calf model of cryptosporidiosis. AN7973 also possesses favorable safety, stability, and PK parameters, and therefore, is an exciting drug candidate for treating cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin E Stebbins
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Robert R. Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Rajiv S Jumani
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Robert R. Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Md Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Robert R. Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Peter Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Robert R. Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - John Barlow
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | | | - Pamela Berry
- Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA, 4230, USA
| | | | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | | | | - Eric Easom
- Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA, 4230, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher D Huston
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Robert R. Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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21
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Jumani RS, Hasan MM, Stebbins EE, Donnelly L, Miller P, Klopfer C, Bessoff K, Teixeira JE, Love MS, McNamara CW, Huston CD. A suite of phenotypic assays to ensure pipeline diversity when prioritizing drug-like Cryptosporidium growth inhibitors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1862. [PMID: 31015448 PMCID: PMC6478823 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09880-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of life-threatening diarrhea in children, and the only currently approved drug is ineffective in malnourished children and immunocompromised people. Large-scale phenotypic screens are ongoing to identify anticryptosporidial compounds, but optimal approaches to prioritize inhibitors and establish a mechanistically diverse drug development pipeline are unknown. Here, we present a panel of medium-throughput mode of action assays that enable testing of compounds in several stages of the Cryptosporidium life cycle. Phenotypic profiles are given for thirty-nine anticryptosporidials. Using a clustering algorithm, the compounds sort by phenotypic profile into distinct groups of inhibitors that are either chemical analogs (i.e. same molecular mechanism of action (MMOA)) or known to have similar MMOA. Furthermore, compounds belonging to multiple phenotypic clusters are efficacious in a chronic mouse model of cryptosporidiosis. This suite of phenotypic assays should ensure a drug development pipeline with diverse MMOA without the need to identify underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv S Jumani
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Muhammad M Hasan
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Erin E Stebbins
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Liam Donnelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Peter Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Connor Klopfer
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Kovi Bessoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94305-5101, USA
| | - Jose E Teixeira
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Melissa S Love
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Case W McNamara
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christopher D Huston
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA. .,Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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22
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Huang W, Hulverson MA, Choi R, Arnold SLM, Zhang Z, McCloskey MC, Whitman GR, Hackman RC, Rivas KL, Barrett LK, Ojo KK, Van Voorhis WC, Fan E. Development of 5-Aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide-based Bumped-Kinase Inhibitors for Cryptosporidiosis Therapy. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3135-3146. [PMID: 30830766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Currently, there is neither a vaccine nor a consistently effective drug available for this disease. Selective 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide-based bumped-kinase inhibitors (BKIs) are effective in both in vitro and in vivo models of Cryptosporidium parvum. Potential cardiotoxicity in some BKIs led to the continued exploration of the 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide scaffold to find safe and effective drug candidates for Cryptosporidium. A series of newly designed BKIs were tested for efficacy against C. parvum using in vitro and in vivo (mouse infection model) assays and safety issues. Compound 6 (BKI 1708) was found to be efficacious at 8 mg/kg dosed once daily (QD) for 5 days with no observable signs of toxicity up to 200 mg/kg dosed QD for 7 days. Compound 15 (BKI 1770) was found to be efficacious at 30 mg/kg dosed twice daily (BID) for 5 days with no observable signs of toxicity up to 300 mg/kg dosed QD for 7 days. Compounds 6 and 15 are promising preclinical leads for cryptosporidiosis therapy with acceptable safety parameters and efficacy in the mouse model of cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | | | - Molly C McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Robert C Hackman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
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23
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Chavez MA, White AC. Novel treatment strategies and drugs in development for cryptosporidiosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16:655-661. [PMID: 30003818 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1500457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cryptosporidium is a protozoan pathogen that can cause diarrheal disease in healthy and immunosuppressed individuals, worldwide. Recent studies have highlighted the impact of cryptosporidiosis on children in resource-limited countries. Nitazoxanide is the only Food and Drug Administration approved treatment, but it is not consistently effective therapy for cryptosporidiosis in the most vulnerable populations. Areas covered: This review focused on recent published studies evaluating novel drugs and new compounds for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis. Expert commentary: Combinations of approved drugs have demonstrated some activity. Broad screens have demonstrated activity against Cryptosporidium for a number of available drugs, including statins and clofazimine, and the latter has advanced into clinical trials. Cryptosporidium calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) has been identified as an attractive target for treatment, and bumped kinase inhibitors have been developed which inhibit CDPK1 and are active against Cryptosporidium growth both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of Plasmodium lipid kinase PI(4)K8 of Cryptosporidium by KDU731 greatly reduced oocyst shedding and improved diarrhea in calves with limited effects on the human PI(4)K. Another novel potent inhibitor MMV665917 was efficacious in mouse models with cidal activity against Cryptosporidium. Additional compounds have proved active in vitro. So far, only clofazimine has entered human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Chavez
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas , USA
| | - A Clinton White
- b Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas , USA
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24
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Chen JJ, Rateb ME, Love MS, Xu Z, Yang D, Zhu X, Huang Y, Zhao LX, Jiang Y, Duan Y, McNamara CW, Shen B. Herbicidins from Streptomyces sp. CB01388 Showing Anti- Cryptosporidium Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:791-797. [PMID: 29469575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A high-content imaging assay was used to screen the fraction collection of the Natural Product Library at The Scripps Research Institute for inhibitors of Cryptosporidium parvum. A chemical investigation of one strain, Streptomyces sp. CB01388, resulted in the isolation of six herbicidins (1-6), one of which is new (herbicidin L, 1). Five of the six herbicidins (1-3, 5, 6) showed moderate inhibitory activity against C. parvum, with 1 and 6 comparable to the FDA-approved drug nitazoxanide, and 2-6 showed no toxicity to the host HCT-8 cells and human HEK293T and HepG2 cells. These findings highlight the herbicidin scaffold for anti- Cryptosporidium drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Chen
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Mostafa E Rateb
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Melissa S Love
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Zhengren Xu
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
- Natural Products Library Initiative at The Scripps Research Institute , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Xiangcheng Zhu
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan 410013 , People's Republic of China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Natural Product Drug Discovery , Changsha , Hunan 410013 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan 410013 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xing Zhao
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology , Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology , Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwen Duan
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan 410013 , People's Republic of China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Natural Product Drug Discovery , Changsha , Hunan 410013 , People's Republic of China
| | - Case W McNamara
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Ben Shen
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
- Natural Products Library Initiative at The Scripps Research Institute , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
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25
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Vidadala RSR, Golkowski M, Hulverson MA, Choi R, McCloskey MC, Whitman GR, Huang W, Arnold SLM, Barrett LK, Fan E, Merritt EA, Van Voorhis WC, Ojo KK, Maly DJ. 7 H-Pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-amine-Based Inhibitors of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 Have Distinct Inhibitory and Oral Pharmacokinetic Characteristics Compared with 1 H-Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-4-amine-Based Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2018. [PMID: 29522315 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of Cryptosporidium calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 ( CpCDPK1) based on the 1 H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-4-amine (pyrazolopyrimidine, PP) scaffold are effective in both in vitro and in vivo models of cryptosporidiosis. However, the search for distinct safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties has motivated our exploration of alternative scaffolds. Here, we describe a series of 7 H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-amine (pyrrolopyrimidine, PrP)-based analogs of PP CpCDPK1 inhibitors. Most of the PrP-based inhibitors described potently inhibit the CpCDPK1 enzyme, demonstrate no toxicity against mammalian cells, and block proliferation of the C. parvum parasite in the low micromolar range. Interestingly, certain substituents that show reduced CpCDPK1 potency when displayed from a PP scaffold provided notably enhanced efficacy in the context of a PrP scaffold. PK studies on these paired compounds show that some PrP analogs have distinct physiochemical properties compared with their PP counterparts. These results demonstrate that inhibitors based on a PrP scaffold are distinct therapeutic alternatives to previously developed PP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama S. R. Vidadala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, 36 Bagley Hall, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Martin Golkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357280, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthew A. Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Molly C. McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Grant R. Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Samuel L. M. Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ethan A. Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Dustin J. Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, 36 Bagley Hall, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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26
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Jumani RS, Bessoff K, Love MS, Miller P, Stebbins EE, Teixeira JE, Campbell MA, Meyers MJ, Zambriski JA, Nunez V, Woods AK, McNamara CW, Huston CD. A Novel Piperazine-Based Drug Lead for Cryptosporidiosis from the Medicines for Malaria Venture Open-Access Malaria Box. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e01505-17. [PMID: 29339392 PMCID: PMC5913971 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01505-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis causes life-threatening diarrhea in children under the age of 5 years and prolonged diarrhea in immunodeficient people, especially AIDS patients. The standard of care, nitazoxanide, is modestly effective in children and ineffective in immunocompromised individuals. In addition to the need for new drugs, better knowledge of drug properties that drive in vivo efficacy is needed to facilitate drug development. We report the identification of a piperazine-based lead compound for Cryptosporidium drug development, MMV665917, and a new pharmacodynamic method used for its characterization. The identification of MMV665917 from the Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box was followed by dose-response studies, in vitro toxicity studies, and structure-activity relationship studies using commercial analogues. The potency of this compound against Cryptosporidium parvum Iowa and field isolates was comparable to that against Cryptosporidium hominis Furthermore, unlike nitazoxanide, clofazimine, and paromomycin, MMV665917 appeared to be curative in a NOD SCID gamma mouse model of chronic cryptosporidiosis. MMV665917 was also efficacious in a gamma interferon knockout mouse model of acute cryptosporidiosis. To determine if efficacy in this mouse model of chronic infection might relate to whether compounds are parasiticidal or parasitistatic for C. parvum, we developed a novel in vitro parasite persistence assay. This assay suggested that MMV665917 was parasiticidal, unlike nitazoxanide, clofazimine, and paromomycin. The assay also enabled determination of the concentration of the compound required to maximize the rate of parasite elimination. This time-kill assay can be used to prioritize early-stage Cryptosporidium drug leads and may aid in planning in vivo efficacy experiments. Collectively, these results identify MMV665917 as a promising lead and establish a new method for characterizing potential anticryptosporidial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Jumani
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - K Bessoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - M S Love
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - P Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - E E Stebbins
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - J E Teixeira
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - M A Campbell
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - M J Meyers
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - J A Zambriski
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - V Nunez
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - A K Woods
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - C W McNamara
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - C D Huston
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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27
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In vitro growth inhibition of Theileria equi by bumped kinase inhibitors. Vet Parasitol 2018; 251:90-94. [PMID: 29426483 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Theileria equi, an etiologic agent of equine piroplasmosis, is a tick-transmitted hemoprotozoan of the phylum Apicomplexa. Recent outbreaks of piroplasmosis in the United States have renewed interest in safe and effective treatment options. Although imidocarb dipropionate (IMD) is the drug of choice for clearance of T. equi, adverse reactions and recently documented resistance support the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. The recently described bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) are a new class of compounds that could potentially be used as safe and effective alternatives to IMD. In an initial effort to evaluate this potential, herein we determined the T. equi growth inhibitory activity of 11 BKIs relative to that of IMD and the previously tested BKI 1294. Because some BKIs have known human ether-à-go-go related gene (hERG) channel activity, we also assessed the hERG activity of each compound with the goal to identify those with the highest potency against T. equi coupled with the lowest potential for cardiotoxicity. RESULTS Six BKIs inhibited T. equi growth in vitro, including the previously evaluated BKI 1294 which was used as a positive control. All six compounds were significantly less potent (higher 50% effective concentration (EC50)) than IMD. Two of those compounds were more potent than BKI 1294 control but had similar hERG activity. Although the remaining three compounds had similar to lower potency than BKI 1294, hERG EC50 was higher for three of them (BKI 1735, BKI 1369 and BKI 1318). CONCLUSIONS The BKI compounds evaluated in this study inhibited T. equi in vitro and had diverse hERG activity. Based on these considerations, three compounds would be suitable for further evaluation. While these results provide a foundation for future work, in vivo pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics, and safety studies are needed before BKI compounds can be recommended for clinical use in T. equi infected horses.
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28
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In vitro efficacy of bumped kinase inhibitors against Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:811-821. [PMID: 28899692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Besnoitia besnoiti is an apicomplexan parasite responsible for bovine besnoitiosis, a chronic and debilitating disease that causes systemic and skin manifestations and sterility in bulls. Neither treatments nor vaccines are currently available. In the search for therapeutic candidates, calcium-dependent protein kinases have arisen as promising drug targets in other apicomplexans (e.g. Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium spp. and Eimeria spp.) and are effectively targeted by bumped kinase inhibitors. In this study, we identified and cloned the gene coding for BbCDPK1. The impact of a library of nine bumped kinase inhibitor analogues on the activity of recombinant BbCDPK1 was assessed by luciferase assay. Afterwards, those were further screened for efficacy against Besnoitiabesnoiti tachyzoites grown in Marc-145 cells. Primary tests at 5µM revealed that eight compounds exhibited more than 90% inhibition of invasion and proliferation. The compounds BKI 1294, 1517, 1553 and 1571 were further characterised, and EC99 (1294: 2.38µM; 1517: 2.20µM; 1553: 3.34µM; 1571: 2.78µM) were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in 3-day proliferation assays. Exposure of infected cultures with EC99 concentrations of these drugs for up to 48h was not parasiticidal. The lack of parasiticidal action was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, which showed that bumped kinase inhibitor treatment interfered with cell cycle regulation and non-disjunction of tachyzoites, resulting in the formation of large multi-nucleated complexes which co-existed with viable parasites within the parasitophorous vacuole. However, it is possible that, in the face of an active immune response, parasite clearance may occur. In summary, bumped kinase inhibitors may be effective drug candidates to control Besnoitiabesnoiti infection. Further in vivo experiments should be planned, as attainment and maintenance of therapeutic blood plasma levels in calves, without toxicity, has been demonstrated for BKIs 1294, 1517 and 1553.
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Ch Stratakos A, Sima F, Ward P, Linton M, Kelly C, Pinkerton L, Stef L, Pet I, Iancu T, Pircalabioru G, Corcionivoschi N. The in vitro and ex vivo effect of Auranta 3001 in preventing Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:49. [PMID: 28883891 PMCID: PMC5580208 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhea worldwide in both humans and farm animals with no completely effective treatment available at present. In this study, we assessed the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of Auranta 3001 (0.1, 0.5 and 1%), a novel natural feed supplement, on C. hominis and C. parvum invasion of human ileocecal adenocarcinoma (HCT-8), bovine primary cells and C. parvum invasion of HCT-8, bovine primary cells and bovine intestinal biopsies. The effect of the feed supplement on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and INF-γ, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, the expression of CpSUB1 protease gene during infection was also assessed by quantitative PCR (q-PCR). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was employed to measure the integrity of tight junction dynamics of the culture models. Results Pre-treatment of intestinal cells or oocysts with the Auranta 3001 significantly reduced the invasiveness of C. hominis and C. parvum against HCT-8 and bovine primary cells in a dose dependent manner. The most pronounced reduction in the invasiveness of both parasites was observed when Auranta 3001 was present during infection. Levels of IL-8 were significantly reduced in both HCT-8 and bovine primary cells, while the levels of INF-γ and IL-10 showed opposite trends in the two cell lines during infection in the presence of Auranta 3001. CpSUB1 gene protease expression, which mediates infection, was significantly reduced suggesting that this enzyme is a possible target of Auranta 3001. Conclusions Although, C. hominis and C. parvum use different invasion mechanisms to infect cells, the novel feed additive can significantly attenuate the entry of Cryptosporidium in HCT-8 cells, primary bovine cells and bovine intestinal biopsies and thus provide an alternative method to control cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Ch Stratakos
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Filip Sima
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX Northern Ireland, UK.,School of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Patrick Ward
- Auranta, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mark Linton
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Carmel Kelly
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Laurette Pinkerton
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, King Michael I of Romania, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Pet
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, King Michael I of Romania, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Iancu
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, King Michael I of Romania, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gratiela Pircalabioru
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest, 36-46 Bd. M. Kogalniceanu, 5th District, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX Northern Ireland, UK.,Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, King Michael I of Romania, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
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Müller J, Aguado-Martínez A, Ortega-Mora LM, Moreno-Gonzalo J, Ferre I, Hulverson MA, Choi R, McCloskey MC, Barrett LK, Maly DJ, Ojo KK, Van Voorhis W, Hemphill A. Development of a murine vertical transmission model for Toxoplasma gondii oocyst infection and studies on the efficacy of bumped kinase inhibitor (BKI)-1294 and the naphthoquinone buparvaquone against congenital toxoplasmosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:2334-2341. [PMID: 28486633 PMCID: PMC5890665 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Establishment of a mouse model for congenital toxoplasmosis based on oral infection with oocysts from Toxoplasma gondii ME49 and its application for investigating chemotherapeutic options against congenital toxoplasmosis. Methods CD1 mice were mated, orally infected with 5, 25, 100, 500 or 2000 oocysts and monitored for clinical signs and survival of dams and pups until 4 weeks post partum . The parasite burden in infected mice was quantified by real-time PCR in lungs, brains and, in the case of surviving pups, also in eyes. Seroconversion was assessed by ELISA. T. gondii cysts in brain were identified by immunofluorescence. In a second experiment, pregnant CD1 mice challenged with 20 oocysts/mouse were treated with buparvaquone or the calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 inhibitor bumped kinase inhibitor (BKI)-1294 and the outcome of infection was analysed. Results T. gondii DNA was detected in the brain of all infected animals, irrespective of the infection dose. Seroconversion occurred at 3 weeks post-infection. Most pups born to infected dams died within 1 week post partum , but a small fraction survived until the end of the experiment. T. gondii DNA was detected in the brain of all survivors and half of them exhibited ocular infection. Chemotherapy with both compounds led to dramatically increased numbers of surviving pups and reduced cerebral infection. Most efficient were treatments with BKI-1294, with 100% survivors and only 7% brain-positive pups. Conclusions BKI-1294 and buparvaquone exert excellent activities against transplacental transmission in pregnant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adriana Aguado-Martínez
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis-Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno-Gonzalo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ferre
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthew A. Hulverson
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Molly C. McCloskey
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dustin J. Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wes Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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5-Aminopyrazole-4-Carboxamide-Based Compounds Prevent the Growth of Cryptosporidium parvum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00020-17. [PMID: 28533246 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00020-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CpCDPK1) is a promising target for drug development against cryptosporidiosis. We report a series of low-nanomolar CpCDPK1 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide (AC) scaffold inhibitors that also potently inhibit C. parvum growth in vitro Correlation between anti-CpCDPK1 and C. parvum growth inhibition, as previously reported for pyrazolopyrimidines, was not apparent. Nonetheless, lead AC compounds exhibited a substantial reduction of parasite burden in the neonatal mouse cryptosporidiosis model when dosed at 25 mg/kg.
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Paredes JL, Sparks H, White AC, Martinez-Traverso G, Ochoa T, Castellanos-González A. Killing of Cryptosporidium sporozoites by Lactoferrin. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:774-776. [PMID: 28722573 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal infection caused by Cryptosporidium is a major contributor to diarrhea morbidity and mortality in young children around the world. Current treatments for children suffering from cryptosporidiosis are suboptimal. Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein found in breast milk. It has showed bacteriostatic and antimicrobial activity in the intestine. However, the effects of lactoferrin on the intestinal parasite Cryptosporidium have not been reported. In this study, we investigated the anticryptosporidial activity of human lactoferrin on different stages of Cryptosporidium. Physiologic concentrations of lactoferrin killed Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites, but had no significant effect on oocysts viability or parasite intracellular development. Since sporozoites are essential for the infection process, our data reinforce the importance of breastfeeding and point to the potential of lactoferrin as a novel therapeutic agent for cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley Sparks
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - A Clinton White
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Griselle Martinez-Traverso
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Hulverson MA, Vinayak S, Choi R, Schaefer DA, Castellanos-Gonzalez A, Vidadala RSR, Brooks CF, Herbert GT, Betzer DP, Whitman GR, Sparks HN, Arnold SLM, Rivas KL, Barrett LK, White AC, Maly DJ, Riggs MW, Striepen B, Van Voorhis WC, Ojo KK. Bumped-Kinase Inhibitors for Cryptosporidiosis Therapy. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1275-1284. [PMID: 28329187 PMCID: PMC5853794 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) of Cryptosporidium parvum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CpCDPK1) are leading candidates for treatment of cryptosporidiosis-associated diarrhea. Potential cardiotoxicity related to anti-human ether-à-go-go potassium channel (hERG) activity of the first-generation anti-Cryptosporidium BKIs triggered further testing for efficacy. A luminescence assay adapted for high-throughput screening was used to measure inhibitory activities of BKIs against C. parvum in vitro. Furthermore, neonatal and interferon γ knockout mouse models of C. parvum infection identified BKIs with in vivo activity. Additional iterative experiments for optimum dosing and selecting BKIs with minimum levels of hERG activity and frequencies of other safety liabilities included those that investigated mammalian cell cytotoxicity, C. parvum proliferation inhibition in vitro, anti-human Src inhibition, hERG activity, in vivo pharmacokinetic data, and efficacy in other mouse models. Findings of this study suggest that fecal concentrations greater than parasite inhibitory concentrations correlate best with effective therapy in the mouse model of cryptosporidiosis, but a more refined model for efficacy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hulverson
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Sumiti Vinayak
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Deborah A Schaefer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | | | | | - Carrie F Brooks
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Gillian T Herbert
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Dana P Betzer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - A Clinton White
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Boris Striepen
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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Two Novel Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 Inhibitors Interfere with Vertical Transmission in Mice Infected with Neospora caninum Tachyzoites. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02324-16. [PMID: 28137808 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02324-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the effects of two novel bumped kinase inhibitors, BKI-1517 and BKI-1553, against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in vitro and in experimentally infected pregnant mice. These compounds inhibited tachyzoite proliferation of a transgenic beta-galactosidase reporter strain cultured in human foreskin fibroblasts with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 0.05 ± 0.03 and 0.18 ± 0.03 μM, respectively. As assessed by an alamarBlue assay, fibroblast IC50s were above 20 μM; however, morphological changes occurred in cultures treated with >5 μM BKI-1517 after prolonged exposure (>6 days). Treatment of intracellular tachyzoites with 5 μM BKI-1553 for 6 days inhibited endodyogeny by interfering with the separation of newly formed zoites from a larger multinucleated parasite mass. In contrast, parasites treated with 5 μM BKI-1517 did not form large complexes and showed much more evidence of cell death. However, after a treatment duration of 10 days in vitro, both compounds failed to completely prevent the regrowth of parasites from culture. BALB/c mice experimentally infected with N. caninum Spain7 (Nc-Spain7) and then treated during 6 days with BKI-1517 or BKI-1553 at different dosages showed a significant reduction of the cerebral parasite load. However, fertility was impaired by BKI-1517 when applied at 50 mg/kg of body weight/day. At 20 mg/kg/day, BKI-1517 significantly inhibited the vertical transmission of N. caninum to pups and increased the rate of survival of offspring. BKI-1553 was less detrimental to fertility and also provided significant but clearly less pronounced protection of dams and offspring. These results demonstrate that, when judiciously applied, this compound class protects offspring from vertical transmission and disease.
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Osman KT, Ye J, Shi Z, Toker C, Lovato D, Jumani RS, Zuercher W, Huston CD, Edwards AM, Lautens M, Santhakumar V, Hui R. Discovery and structure activity relationship of the first potent cryptosporidium FIKK kinase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1672-1680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Love MS, Beasley FC, Jumani RS, Wright TM, Chatterjee AK, Huston CD, Schultz PG, McNamara CW. A high-throughput phenotypic screen identifies clofazimine as a potential treatment for cryptosporidiosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005373. [PMID: 28158186 PMCID: PMC5310922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis has emerged as a leading cause of non-viral diarrhea in children under five years of age in the developing world, yet the current standard of care to treat Cryptosporidium infections, nitazoxanide, demonstrates limited and immune-dependent efficacy. Given the lack of treatments with universal efficacy, drug discovery efforts against cryptosporidiosis are necessary to find therapeutics more efficacious than the standard of care. To date, cryptosporidiosis drug discovery efforts have been limited to a few targeted mechanisms in the parasite and whole cell phenotypic screens against small, focused collections of compounds. Using a previous screen as a basis, we initiated the largest known drug discovery effort to identify novel anticryptosporidial agents. A high-content imaging assay for inhibitors of Cryptosporidium parvum proliferation within a human intestinal epithelial cell line was miniaturized and automated to enable high-throughput phenotypic screening against a large, diverse library of small molecules. A screen of 78,942 compounds identified 12 anticryptosporidial hits with sub-micromolar activity, including clofazimine, an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of leprosy, which demonstrated potent and selective in vitro activity (EC50 = 15 nM) against C. parvum. Clofazimine also displayed activity against C. hominis-the other most clinically-relevant species of Cryptosporidium. Importantly, clofazimine is known to accumulate within epithelial cells of the small intestine, the primary site of Cryptosporidium infection. In a mouse model of acute cryptosporidiosis, a once daily dosage regimen for three consecutive days or a single high dose resulted in reduction of oocyst shedding below the limit detectable by flow cytometry. Recently, a target product profile (TPP) for an anticryptosporidial compound was proposed by Huston et al. and highlights the need for a short dosing regimen (< 7 days) and formulations for children < 2 years. Clofazimine has a long history of use and has demonstrated a good safety profile for a disease that requires chronic dosing for a period of time ranging 3-36 months. These results, taken with clofazimine's status as an FDA-approved drug with over four decades of use for the treatment of leprosy, support the continued investigation of clofazimine both as a new chemical tool for understanding cryptosporidium biology and a potential new treatment of cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S. Love
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Federico C. Beasley
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rajiv S. Jumani
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Wright
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Arnab K. Chatterjee
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Huston
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Case W. McNamara
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Golkowski M, Vidadala RSR, Lombard CK, Suh HW, Maly DJ, Ong SE. Kinobead and Single-Shot LC-MS Profiling Identifies Selective PKD Inhibitors. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1216-1227. [PMID: 28102076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ATP-competitive protein kinase inhibitors are important research tools and therapeutic agents. Because there are >500 human kinases that contain highly conserved active sites, the development of selective inhibitors is extremely challenging. Methods to rapidly and efficiently profile kinase inhibitor targets in cell lysates are urgently needed to discover selective compounds and to elucidate the mechanisms of action for polypharmacological inhibitors. Here, we describe a protocol for microgram-scale chemoproteomic profiling of ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors using kinobeads. We employed a gel-free in situ digestion protocol coupled to nanoflow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to profile ∼200 kinases in single analytical runs using as little as 5 μL of kinobeads and 300 μg of protein. With our kinobead reagents, we obtained broad coverage of the kinome, monitoring the relative expression levels of 312 kinases in a diverse panel of 11 cancer cell lines. Further, we profiled a set of pyrrolopyrimidine- and pyrazolopyrimidine-based kinase inhibitors in competition-binding experiments with label-free quantification, leading to the discovery of a novel selective and potent inhibitor of protein kinase D (PKD) 1, 2, and 3. Our protocol is useful for rapid and sensitive profiling of kinase expression levels and ATP-competitive kinase inhibitor selectivity in native proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Golkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rama Subba Rao Vidadala
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Chloe K Lombard
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hyong Won Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shao-En Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Chellan P, Sadler PJ, Land KM. Recent developments in drug discovery against the protozoal parasites Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1491-1501. [PMID: 28242275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites cause some of the most devastating human diseases, including malaria, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. New drug discovery is imperative in light of increased resistance. In this digest article, we briefly explore some of the recent and promising developments in new drug discovery against two apicomplexan parasites, Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinessa Chellan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Warwickshire CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Warwickshire CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States.
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Van Voorhis WC, Doggett JS, Parsons M, Hulverson MA, Choi R, Arnold SLM, Riggs MW, Hemphill A, Howe DK, Mealey RH, Lau AOT, Merritt EA, Maly DJ, Fan E, Ojo KK. Extended-spectrum antiprotozoal bumped kinase inhibitors: A review. Exp Parasitol 2017; 180:71-83. [PMID: 28065755 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many life-cycle processes in parasites are regulated by protein phosphorylation. Hence, disruption of essential protein kinase function has been explored for therapy of parasitic diseases. However, the difficulty of inhibiting parasite protein kinases to the exclusion of host orthologues poses a practical challenge. A possible path around this difficulty is the use of bumped kinase inhibitors for targeting calcium-dependent protein kinases that contain atypically small gatekeeper residues and are crucial for pathogenic apicomplexan parasites' survival and proliferation. In this article, we review efficacy against the kinase target, parasite growth in vitro, and in animal infection models, as well as the relevant pharmacokinetic and safety parameters of bumped kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | - Marilyn Parsons
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel K Howe
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Robert H Mealey
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Audrey O T Lau
- The National Institutes of Health, NIAID, DEA, 5601 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ethan A Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Review of Experimental Compounds Demonstrating Anti-Toxoplasma Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:7017-7034. [PMID: 27600037 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01176-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous apicomplexan parasite capable of infecting humans and other animals. Current treatment options for T. gondii infection are limited and most have drawbacks, including high toxicity and low tolerability. Additionally, no FDA-approved treatments are available for pregnant women, a high-risk population due to transplacental infection. Therefore, the development of novel treatment options is needed. To aid this effort, this review highlights experimental compounds that, at a minimum, demonstrate inhibition of in vitro growth of T. gondii When available, host cell toxicity and in vivo data are also discussed. The purpose of this review is to facilitate additional development of anti-Toxoplasma compounds and potentially to extend our knowledge of the parasite.
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Hennessey KM, Smith TR, Xu JW, Alas GCM, Ojo KK, Merritt EA, Paredez AR. Identification and Validation of Small-Gatekeeper Kinases as Drug Targets in Giardia lamblia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005107. [PMID: 27806042 PMCID: PMC5091913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is widely acknowledged to be a neglected disease in need of new therapeutics to address toxicity and resistance issues associated with the limited available treatment options. We examined seven protein kinases in the Giardia lamblia genome that are predicted to share an unusual structural feature in their active site. This feature, an expanded active site pocket resulting from an atypically small gatekeeper residue, confers sensitivity to "bumped" kinase inhibitors (BKIs), a class of compounds that has previously shown good pharmacological properties and minimal toxicity. An initial phenotypic screen for biological activity using a subset of an in-house BKI library found that 5 of the 36 compounds tested reduced trophozoite growth by at least 50% at a concentration of 5 μM. The cellular localization and the relative expression levels of the seven protein kinases of interest were determined after endogenously tagging the kinases. Essentiality of these kinases for parasite growth and infectivity were evaluated genetically using morpholino knockdown of protein expression to establish those that could be attractive targets for drug design. Two of the kinases were critical for trophozoite growth and attachment. Therefore, recombinant enzymes were expressed, purified and screened against a BKI library of >400 compounds in thermal stability assays in order to identify high affinity compounds. Compounds with substantial thermal stabilization effects on recombinant protein were shown to have good inhibition of cell growth in wild-type G. lamblia and metronidazole-resistant strains of G. lamblia. Our data suggest that BKIs are a promising starting point for the development of new anti-giardiasis therapeutics that do not overlap in mechanism with current drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Hennessey
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tess R. Smith
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer W. Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Germain C. M. Alas
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ethan A. Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ARP); (EAM)
| | - Alexander R. Paredez
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ARP); (EAM)
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42
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Schaefer DA, Betzer DP, Smith KD, Millman ZG, Michalski HC, Menchaca SE, Zambriski JA, Ojo KK, Hulverson MA, Arnold SLM, Rivas KL, Vidadala RSR, Huang W, Barrett LK, Maly DJ, Fan E, Van Voorhis WC, Riggs MW. Novel Bumped Kinase Inhibitors Are Safe and Effective Therapeutics in the Calf Clinical Model for Cryptosporidiosis. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1856-1864. [PMID: 27923949 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum, is a diarrheal disease that has produced a large global burden in mortality and morbidity in humans and livestock. There are currently no consistently effective parasite-specific pharmaceuticals available for this disease. Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) specific for parasite calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) have been shown to reduce infection in several parasites having medical and veterinary importance, including Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, and C. parvum In the present study, BKIs were screened for efficacy against C. parvum infection in the neonatal mouse model. Three BKIs were then selected for safety and clinical efficacy evaluation in the calf model for cryptosporidiosis. Significant BKI treatment effects were observed for virtually all clinical and parasitological scoring parameters, including diarrhea severity, oocyst shedding, and overall health. These results provide proof of concept for BKIs as therapeutic drug leads in an animal model for human cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Schaefer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Dana P Betzer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Kylie D Smith
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Zachary G Millman
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Hannah C Michalski
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Sarah E Menchaca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Jennifer A Zambriski
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | | | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
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43
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Castellanos-Gonzalez A, Sparks H, Nava S, Huang W, Zhang Z, Rivas K, Hulverson MA, Barrett LK, Ojo KK, Fan E, Van Voorhis WC, White AC. A Novel Calcium-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor, Bumped Kinase Inhibitor 1517, Cures Cryptosporidiosis in Immunosuppressed Mice. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1850-1855. [PMID: 27738055 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is recognized as one of the main causes of childhood diarrhea worldwide. However, the current treatment for cryptosporidiosis is suboptimal. Calcium flux is essential for entry in apicomplexan parasites. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are distinct from protein kinases of mammals, and the CDPK1 of the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium lack side chains that typically block a hydrophobic pocket in protein kinases. We exploited this to develop bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) that selectively target CDPK1. We have shown that several BKIs of Cryptosporidium CDPK1 potently reduce enzymatic activity and decrease parasite numbers when tested in vitro. In the present work, we studied the anticryptosporidial activity of BKI-1517, a novel BKI. The half maximal effective concentration for Cryptosporidium parvum in HCT-8 cells was determined to be approximately 50 nM. Silencing experiments of CDPK1 suggest that BKI-1517 acts on CDPK1 as its primary target. In a mouse model of chronic infection, 5 of 6 SCID/beige mice (83.3%) were cured after treatment with a single daily dose of 120 mg/kg BKI-1517. No side effects were observed. These data support advancing BKI-1517 as a lead compound for drug development for cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley Sparks
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Samantha Nava
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Zhongsheng Zhang
- Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Kasey Rivas
- Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Erkang Fan
- Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Arthur Clinton White
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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Ojo KK, Dangoudoubiyam S, Verma SK, Scheele S, DeRocher AE, Yeargan M, Choi R, Smith TR, Rivas KL, Hulverson MA, Barrett LK, Fan E, Maly DJ, Parsons M, Dubey JP, Howe DK, Van Voorhis WC. Selective inhibition of Sarcocystis neurona calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis therapy. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:871-880. [PMID: 27729271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sarcocystis neurona is the most frequent cause of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, a debilitating neurological disease of horses that can be difficult to treat. We identified SnCDPK1, the S. neurona homologue of calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1), a validated drug target in Toxoplasma gondii. SnCDPK1 shares the glycine "gatekeeper" residue of the well-characterized T. gondii enzyme, which allows the latter to be targeted by bumped kinase inhibitors. This study presents detailed molecular and phenotypic evidence that SnCDPK1 can be targeted for rational drug development. Recombinant SnCDPK1 was tested against four bumped kinase inhibitors shown to potently inhibit both T. gondii (Tg) CDPK1 and T. gondii tachyzoite growth. SnCDPK1 was inhibited by low nanomolar concentrations of these BKIs and S. neurona growth was inhibited at 40-120nM concentrations. Thermal shift assays confirmed these bumped kinase inhibitors bind CDPK1 in S. neurona cell lysates. Treatment with bumped kinase inhibitors before or after invasion suggests that bumped kinase inhibitors interfere with S. neurona mammalian host cell invasion in the 0.5-2.5μM range but interfere with intracellular division at 2.5μM. In vivo proof-of-concept experiments were performed in a murine model of S. neurona infection. The experimental infected groups treated for 30days with compound BKI-1553 (n=10 mice) had no signs of disease, while the infected control group had severe signs and symptoms of infection. Elevated antibody responses were found in 100% of control infected animals, but only 20% of BKI-1553 treated infected animals. Parasites were found in brain tissues of 100% of the control infected animals, but only in 10% of the BKI-1553 treated animals. The bumped kinase inhibitors used in these assays have been chemically optimized for potency, selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties, and hence are good candidates for treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Sriveny Dangoudoubiyam
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shiv K Verma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Suzanne Scheele
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Amy E DeRocher
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michelle Yeargan
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tess R Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marilyn Parsons
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Daniel K Howe
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the fact that diseases caused by protozoan parasites represent serious challenges for public health, animal production and welfare, only a limited panel of drugs has been marketed for clinical applications. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors investigate two strategies, namely whole organism screening and target-based drug design. The present pharmacopoeia has resulted from whole organism screening, and the mode of action and targets of selected drugs are discussed. However, the more recent extensive genome sequencing efforts and the development of dry and wet lab genomics and proteomics that allow high-throughput screening of interactions between micromolecules and recombinant proteins has resulted in target-based drug design as the predominant focus in anti-parasitic drug development. Selected examples of target-based drug design studies are presented, and calcium-dependent protein kinases, important drug targets in apicomplexan parasites, are discussed in more detail. EXPERT OPINION Despite the enormous efforts in target-based drug development, this approach has not yet generated market-ready antiprotozoal drugs. However, whole-organism screening approaches, comprising of both in vitro and in vivo investigations, should not be disregarded. The repurposing of already approved and marketed drugs could be a suitable strategy to avoid fastidious approval procedures, especially in the case of neglected or veterinary parasitoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Müller
- a Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- a Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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Reina FTR, Ribeiro CA, Araújo RSD, Matté MH, Castanho REP, Tanaka II, Viggiani AMFS, Martins LPA. INTESTINAL AND PULMONARY INFECTION BY Cryptosporidium parvum IN TWO PATIENTS WITH HIV/AIDS. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:21. [PMID: 27007564 PMCID: PMC4804558 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe two patients with HIV/AIDS who presented pulmonary and intestinal
infection caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, with a fatal outcome.
The lack of available description of changes in clinical signs and radiographic
characteristics of this disease when it is located in the extra-intestinal region
causes low prevalence of early diagnosis and a subsequent lack of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronalda Silva de Araújo
- Departamento de Prática de Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, ,
| | - Maria Helena Matté
- Departamento de Prática de Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, ,
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47
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Shoultz DA, de Hostos EL, Choy RKM. Addressing Cryptosporidium Infection among Young Children in Low-Income Settings: The Crucial Role of New and Existing Drugs for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004242. [PMID: 26820408 PMCID: PMC4731073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Miyamoto Y, Eckmann L. Drug Development Against the Major Diarrhea-Causing Parasites of the Small Intestine, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1208. [PMID: 26635732 PMCID: PMC4652082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, particularly among young children. A limited number of infectious agents account for most of these illnesses, raising the hope that advances in the treatment and prevention of these infections can have global health impact. The two most important parasitic causes of diarrheal disease are Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Both parasites infect predominantly the small intestine and colonize the lumen and epithelial surface, but do not invade deeper mucosal layers. This review discusses the therapeutic challenges, current treatment options, and drug development efforts against cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis. The goals of drug development against Cryptosporidium and Giardia are different. For Cryptosporidium, only one moderately effective drug (nitazoxanide) is available, so novel classes of more effective drugs are a high priority. Furthermore, new genetic technology to identify potential drug targets and better assays for functional evaluation of these targets throughout the parasite life cycle are needed for advancing anticryptosporidial drug design. By comparison, for Giardia, several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance begins to threaten clinical utility. Consequently, improvements in potency and dosing, and the ability to overcome existing and prevent new forms of drug resistance are priorities in antigiardial drug development. Current work on new drugs against both infections has revealed promising strategies and new drug leads. However, the primary challenge for further drug development is the underlying economics, as both parasitic infections are considered Neglected Diseases with low funding priority and limited commercial interest. If a new urgency in medical progress against these infections can be raised at national funding agencies or philanthropic organizations, meaningful and timely progress is possible in treating and possibly preventing cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
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Inhibition of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 (CDPK1) In Vitro by Pyrazolopyrimidine Derivatives Does Not Correlate with Sensitivity of Cryptosporidium parvum Growth in Cell Culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:570-9. [PMID: 26552986 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01915-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a serious diarrheal disease in immunocompromised patients and malnourished children, and treatment is complicated by a lack of adequate drugs. Recent studies suggest that the natural occurrence of a small gatekeeper residue in serine threonine calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) of Cryptosporidium parvum might be exploited to target this enzyme and block parasite growth. Here were explored the potency with which a series of pyrazolopyrimidine analogs, which are selective for small gatekeeper kinases, inhibit C. parvum CDPK1 and block C. parvum growth in tissue culture in vitro. Although these compounds potently inhibited kinase activity in vitro, most had no effect on parasite growth. Moreover, among those that were active against parasite growth, there was a very poor correlation with their 50% inhibitory concentrations against the enzyme. Active compounds also had no effect on cell invasion, unlike the situation in Toxoplasma gondii, where these compounds block CDPK1, prevent microneme secretion, and disrupt cell invasion. These findings suggest that CPDK1 is not essential for C. parvum host cell invasion or growth and therefore that it is not the optimal target for therapeutic intervention. Nonetheless, several inhibitors with low micromolar 50% effective concentrations were identified, and these may affect other essential targets in C. parvum that are worthy of further exploration.
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50
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Huston CD, Spangenberg T, Burrows J, Willis P, Wells TNC, van Voorhis W. A Proposed Target Product Profile and Developmental Cascade for New Cryptosporidiosis Treatments. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003987. [PMID: 26447884 PMCID: PMC4598153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Huston
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Paul Willis
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Wesley van Voorhis
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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