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Monroy-Pérez E, Hernández-Jaimes T, Morales-Espinosa R, Delgado G, Martínez-Gregorio H, García-Cortés LR, Herrera-Gabriel JP, De Lira-Silva A, Vaca-Paniagua F, Paniagua-Contreras GL. Analysis of in vitro expression of virulence genes related to antibiotic and disinfectant resistance in Escherichia coli as an emerging periodontal pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1412007. [PMID: 39211796 PMCID: PMC11358117 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1412007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The collective involvement of virulence markers of Escherichia coli as an emerging pathogen associated with periodontitis remains unexplained. This study aimed to implement an in vitro model of infection using a human epithelial cell line to determine the virulome expression related to the antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genotype and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) type in E. coli strains isolated from patients with periodontal diseases. We studied 100 strains of E. coli isolated from patients with gingivitis (n = 12), moderate periodontitis (n = 59), and chronic periodontitis (n = 29). The identification of E. coli and antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes was performed through PCR. To promote the expression of virulence genes in the strains, an in vitro infection model was used in the human epithelial cell line A549. RNA was extracted using the QIAcube robotic equipment and reverse transcription to cDNA was performed using the QuantiTect reverse transcription kit (Qiagen). The determination of virulence gene expression was performed through real-time PCR. Overall, the most frequently expressed adhesion genes among the isolated strains of gingivitis, moderate periodontitis, and chronic periodontitis were fimH (48%), iha (37%), and papA (18%); those for toxins were usp (33%); those for iron acquisition were feoB (84%), fyuA (62%), irp-2 (61%), and iroN (35%); those for protectins were traT (50%), KpsMT (35%), and ompT (28%); and those for pathogenicity islands were malX (45%). The most common antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes among gingivitis, moderate periodontitis, and chronic periodontitis strains were sul-2 (43%), blaSHV (47%), blaTEM (45%), tet(A) (41%), dfrA1 (32%), marR-marO (57%), and qacEA1 (79%). The findings revealed the existence of a wide distribution of virulome expression profiles related to the antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genotype and PFGE type in periodontal strains of E. coli. These findings may contribute toward improving the prevention and treatment measures for periodontal diseases associated with E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Monroy-Pérez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Tania Hernández-Jaimes
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Rosario Morales-Espinosa
- Departamento de Microbiología and Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Delgado
- Departamento de Microbiología and Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Héctor Martínez-Gregorio
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Luis Rey García-Cortés
- Coordinación de Investigación del Estado de México oriente, Insitituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | | | - Andrea De Lira-Silva
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Felipe Vaca-Paniagua
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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2
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Magaña-Lizárraga JA, Gómez-Gil B, Enciso-Ibarra J, Sánchez-Lugo Y, Parra-Unda JR, Rodríguez-Atondo JT, Beltrán-Fernández S, Báez-Flores ME. Draft genome sequence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli U13824, a multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing UPEC strain isolated from an adult woman with urinary tract infection. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0002724. [PMID: 38771045 PMCID: PMC11237699 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00027-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli are a worldwide concern. We report the draft genome of E. coli U13824 isolated from a female outpatient with UTI. This genome's availability strengthens the genomic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and the spreading of these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Magaña-Lizárraga
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Salud Pública “Dra. Kaethe Willms,” Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Bruno Gómez-Gil
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Unidad Mazatlán en Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Julisa Enciso-Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Unidad Mazatlán en Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Yesenia Sánchez-Lugo
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Salud Pública “Dra. Kaethe Willms,” Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Unidad de Farmacovigilancia y Tecnovigilancia, Hospital General de Culiacán “Bernardo J. Gastélum,” Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Jesús Ricardo Parra-Unda
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Salud Pública “Dra. Kaethe Willms,” Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Saúl Beltrán-Fernández
- Centro de Investigación Epidemiológica de Sinaloa, Hospital General de Culiacán “Bernardo J. Gastélum,” Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - María Elena Báez-Flores
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Salud Pública “Dra. Kaethe Willms,” Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
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3
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Kubiak-Szeligowska AB, Majchrzak M, Parniewski P. TRS-PCR profiles correlate with polymorphisms of the genomic o454-nlpD region, virulence factors repertoire, and phylogenetic groups among uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients from Lodz region, Poland. Gut Pathog 2024; 16:11. [PMID: 38395935 PMCID: PMC10885528 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-024-00603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal urinary tract infections are mainly caused by uropathogenic strains of E. coli. UPECs are a heterogeneous group of strains possessing various genes associated with virulence traits. It was demonstrated that changes in the composition of the o454-nlpD region and genetic variation in the mutS-rpoS chromosomal region in ExPEC strains are correlated with their virulence, particularly in those with the pattern III o454-nlpD region and belonging to phylogenetic group B2. In this study, we investigated the presence and distribution of the o454-nlpD genomic polymorphism in our collection of 124 uropathogenic E. coli strains, examining the correlation of o454-nlpD region types with the virulence factors studied. Our findings revealed a positive association between certain virulence factors in UPEC strains and the presence of pattern III in the o454-nlpD region. Additionally, all these strains were classified under phylogenetic group B2. We also showed that the highly pathogenic group of E. coli identified by examining the polymorphism of the o454-nlpD region coincides with the highly pathogenic group of uropathogens we identified in the averaged TRS-PCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Majchrzak
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Pawel Parniewski
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232, Lodz, Poland.
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Poor AP, Moreno LZ, Monteiro MS, Matajira CEC, Dutra MC, Leal DF, Silva APS, Gomes VTM, de Souza IO, Araújo KM, Sato MIZ, Moreno AM. Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolated from Sows Presenting Purulent Vulvar Discharge. Microorganisms 2024; 12:123. [PMID: 38257950 PMCID: PMC10820650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Purulent vulvar discharge is a clinical sign of genitourinary tract infections, which are a significant concern in swine facilities, leading to sow culling and mortality. Escherichia coli is one of the main agents involved in these diseases. This study aimed to characterize the virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles as well as the phylotype of Escherichia coli strains isolated from sows with purulent vulvar discharge. The results showed that at least 2 of the 29 tested virulence genes related to extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli were present in all strains tested. The most frequent gene was iutA, present in all strains, followed by the genes iucD, csgA, iss2, and irp2. Associations between iron uptake genes, genes related to adhesion, attachment, and serum resistance, as well as genes related to toxin release and bacteriocin, were frequent. The most prevalent phylotype was B1 (40.0%), followed by A (18.5%), D (11.9%), C (9.6%), B2 (7.4%), E (4.4%), F (1.5%), and Clade I (0.7%), with B2 being related to highly virulent traits. The strains presented elevated resistance to antimicrobials such as ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, cephalexin, florfenicol, and ampicillin. More than 90% of the strains were identified as multidrug-resistant, indicating the selection that is induced by the high use of antimicrobials in swine farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- André P. Poor
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (L.Z.M.); (M.S.M.); (C.E.C.M.); (M.C.D.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (I.O.d.S.); (K.M.A.)
| | - Luisa Z. Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (L.Z.M.); (M.S.M.); (C.E.C.M.); (M.C.D.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (I.O.d.S.); (K.M.A.)
| | - Matheus S. Monteiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (L.Z.M.); (M.S.M.); (C.E.C.M.); (M.C.D.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (I.O.d.S.); (K.M.A.)
| | - Carlos E. C. Matajira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (L.Z.M.); (M.S.M.); (C.E.C.M.); (M.C.D.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (I.O.d.S.); (K.M.A.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Calle 5 #62-00, Cali 760035, Colombia
| | - Maurício C. Dutra
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (L.Z.M.); (M.S.M.); (C.E.C.M.); (M.C.D.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (I.O.d.S.); (K.M.A.)
| | - Diego F. Leal
- Department of Animal Production and Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Ana Paula S. Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (L.Z.M.); (M.S.M.); (C.E.C.M.); (M.C.D.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (I.O.d.S.); (K.M.A.)
| | - Vasco T. M. Gomes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (L.Z.M.); (M.S.M.); (C.E.C.M.); (M.C.D.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (I.O.d.S.); (K.M.A.)
| | - Ivan O. de Souza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (L.Z.M.); (M.S.M.); (C.E.C.M.); (M.C.D.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (I.O.d.S.); (K.M.A.)
| | - Kawany M. Araújo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (L.Z.M.); (M.S.M.); (C.E.C.M.); (M.C.D.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (I.O.d.S.); (K.M.A.)
| | - Maria Inês Z. Sato
- Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Júnior 345, São Paulo 05459-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Andrea M. Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (L.Z.M.); (M.S.M.); (C.E.C.M.); (M.C.D.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (I.O.d.S.); (K.M.A.)
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5
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Hong L, Huang Y, Han J, Li S, Zhang L, Zhou Q, Cao X, Yu W, Guo X, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Yan W, Hong S, Jiang S, Cao Y. Pathogen-specific alterations in intestinal microbiota precede urinary tract infections in preterm infants: a longitudinal case-control study. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2333413. [PMID: 38561312 PMCID: PMC10986765 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2333413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common late-onset infections in preterm infants, characterized by nonspecific symptoms and a pathogenic spectrum that diverges from that of term infants and older children, which present unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Existing data on the role of gut microbiota in UTI pathogenesis in this demographic are limited. This study aims to investigate alterations in gut microbiota and fecal calprotectin levels and their association with the development of UTIs in hospitalized preterm infants. A longitudinal case-control study was conducted involving preterm infants admitted between January 2018 and October 2020. Fecal samples were collected weekly and analyzed for microbial profiles and calprotectin levels. Propensity score matching, accounting for key perinatal factors including age and antibiotic use, was utilized to match samples from UTI-diagnosed infants to those from non-UTI counterparts. Among the 151 preterm infants studied, 53 were diagnosed with a UTI, predominantly caused by Enterobacteriaceae (79.3%) and Enterococcaceae (19.0%). Infants with UTIs showed a significantly higher abundance of these families compared to non-UTI infants, for both Gram-negative and positive pathogens, respectively. Notably, there was a significant pre-UTI increase in the abundance of pathogen-specific taxa in infants later diagnosed with UTIs, offering high predictive value for early detection. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing further confirmed the dominance of specific pathogenic species pre-UTI and revealed altered virulence factor profiles associated with Klebsiella aerogenes and Escherichia coli infections. Additionally, a decline in fecal calprotectin levels was observed preceding UTI onset, particularly in cases involving Enterobacteriaceae. The observed pathogen-specific alterations in the gut microbiota preceding UTI onset offer novel insight into the UTI pathogenesis and promising early biomarkers for UTIs in preterm infants, potentially enhancing the timely management of this common infection. However, further validation in larger cohorts is essential to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Hong
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihuang Huang
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyan Han
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujuan Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xincheng Cao
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyin Yu
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhui Guo
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weili Yan
- National Children’s Medical Center, Department of Clinical Epidemiology of Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangyu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Jiang
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Cao
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Mulder M, Notermans DW, Wielders CCH, Bos J, Witteveen S, Ganesh VA, Landman F, de Haan A, Schneeberger-van der Linden C, Hendrickx APA. OXA-48-Producing Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Sequence Type 127, the Netherlands, 2015-2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2563-2565. [PMID: 37987600 PMCID: PMC10683799 DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.231114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During 2015-2022, a genetic cluster of OXA-48-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli sequence type 127 spread throughout the Netherlands. The 20 isolates we investigated originated mainly from urine, belonged to Clermont phylotype B2, and carried 18 genes encoding putative uropathogenicity factors. The isolates were susceptible to first-choice antimicrobial drugs for urinary tract infections.
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Balbuena-Alonso MG, Camps M, Cortés-Cortés G, Carreón-León EA, Lozano-Zarain P, Rocha-Gracia RDC. Strain belonging to an emerging, virulent sublineage of ST131 Escherichia coli isolated in fresh spinach, suggesting that ST131 may be transmissible through agricultural products. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1237725. [PMID: 37876872 PMCID: PMC10591226 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1237725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Food contamination with pathogenic Escherichia coli can cause severe disease. Here, we report the isolation of a multidrug resistant strain (A23EC) from fresh spinach. A23EC belongs to subclade C2 of ST131, a virulent clone of Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Most A23EC virulence factors are concentrated in three pathogenicity islands. These include PapGII, a fimbrial tip adhesin linked to increased virulence, and CsgA and CsgB, two adhesins known to facilitate spinach leaf colonization. A23EC also bears TnMB1860, a chromosomally-integrated transposon with the demonstrated potential to facilitate the evolution of carbapenem resistance among non-carbapenemase-producing enterobacterales. This transposon consists of two IS26-bound modular translocatable units (TUs). The first TU carries aac(6')-lb-cr, bla OXA-1, ΔcatB3, aac(3)-lle, and tmrB, and the second one harbors bla CXT-M-15. A23EC also bears a self-transmissible plasmid that can mediate conjugation at 20°C and that has a mosaic IncF [F(31,36):A(4,20):B1] and Col156 origin of replication. Comparing A23EC to 86 additional complete ST131 sequences, A23EC forms a monophyletic cluster with 17 other strains that share the following four genomic traits: (1) virotype E (papGII+); (2) presence of a PAI II536-like pathogenicity island with an additional cnf1 gene; (3) presence of chromosomal TnMB1860; and (4) frequent presence of an F(31,36):A(4,20):B1 plasmid. Sequences belonging to this cluster (which we named "C2b sublineage") are highly enriched in septicemia samples and their associated genetic markers align with recent reports of an emerging, virulent sublineage of the C2 subclade, suggesting significant pathogenic potential. This is the first report of a ST131 strain belonging to subclade C2 contaminating green leafy vegetables. The detection of this uropathogenic clone in fresh food is alarming. This work suggests that ST131 continues to evolve, gaining selective advantages and new routes of transmission. This highlights the pressing need for rigorous epidemiological surveillance of ExPEC in vegetables with One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Balbuena-Alonso
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Manel Camps
- Departament of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Gerardo Cortés-Cortés
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
- Departament of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Eder A. Carreón-León
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Patricia Lozano-Zarain
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Rosa del Carmen Rocha-Gracia
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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Brumwell A, Sutton G, Lantos PM, Hoffman K, Ruffin F, Brinkac L, Clarke TH, Adams MD, Fowler VG, Fouts DE, Thaden JT. Escherichia coli ST131 Associated with Increased Mortality in Bloodstream Infections from Urinary Tract Source. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0019923. [PMID: 37338371 PMCID: PMC10358158 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00199-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) is a globally dominant multidrug-resistant clone, although its clinical impact on patients with bloodstream infection (BSI) is incompletely understood. This study aims to further define the risk factors, clinical outcomes, and bacterial genetics associated with ST131 BSI. A prospectively enrolled cohort study of adult inpatients with E. coli BSI was conducted from 2002 to 2015. Whole-genome sequencing was performed with the E. coli isolates. Of the 227 patients with E. coli BSI in this study, 88 (39%) were infected with ST131. Patients with E. coli ST131 BSI and those with non-ST131 BSI did not differ with respect to in-hospital mortality (17/82 [20%] versus 26/145 [18%]; P = 0.73). However, in patients with BSI from a urinary tract source, ST131 was associated with a numerically higher in-hospital mortality than patients with non-ST131 BSI (8/42 [19%] versus 4/63 [6%]; P = 0.06) and increased mortality in an adjusted analysis (odds ratio of 5.85; 95% confidence interval of 1.44 to 29.49; P = 0.02). Genomic analyses showed that ST131 isolates primarily had an H4:O25 serotype, had a higher number of prophages, and were associated with 11 flexible genomic islands as well as virulence genes involved in adhesion (papA, kpsM, yfcV, and iha), iron acquisition (iucC and iutA), and toxin production (usp and sat). In patients with E. coli BSI from a urinary tract source, ST131 was associated with increased mortality in an adjusted analysis and contained a distinct repertoire of genes influencing pathogenesis. These genes could contribute to the higher mortality observed in patients with ST131 BSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Brumwell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Granger Sutton
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Noblis, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul M. Lantos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Felicia Ruffin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Mark D. Adams
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Vance G. Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Joshua T. Thaden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Delago J, Miller EA, Flores-Figueroa C, Munoz-Aguayo J, Cardona C, Smith AH, Johnson TJ. Survey of clinical and commensal Escherichia coli from commercial broilers and turkeys, with emphasis on high-risk clones using APECTyper. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102712. [PMID: 37156077 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is challenging due to the complex nature of its associated disease, colibacillosis, in poultry. Numerous efforts have been made toward defining APEC, and it is becoming clear that certain clonal backgrounds are predictive of an avian E. coli isolate's virulence potential. Thus, APEC can be further differentiated as high-risk APEC based upon their clonal background's virulence potential. However, less clear is the degree of overlap between clinical isolates of differing bird type, and between clinical and gastrointestinal isolates. This study aimed to determine genomic similarities and differences between such populations, comparing commercial broiler vs. turkey isolates, and clinical vs. gastrointestinal isolates. Differences were observed in Clermont phylogenetic groups between isolate populations, with B2 as the dominant group in turkey clinical isolates and G as the dominant group in broiler clinical isolates. Nearly all clinical isolates were classified as APEC using a traditional gene-based typing scheme, whereas 53.4% and 44.1% of broiler and turkey gastrointestinal isolates were classified as APEC, respectively. High-risk APEC were identified among 31.0% and 46.9% of broiler and turkey clinical isolates, compared with 5.7% and 2.9% of broiler and turkey gastrointestinal isolates. As found in previous studies, no specific known virulence or fitness gene sets were identified which universally differentiate between clinical and gastrointestinal isolates. This study further demonstrates the utility of a hybrid APEC typing approach, considering both plasmid content and clonal background, for the identification of dominant and highly virulent APEC clones in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Delago
- Arm and Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI, 53186, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Miller
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Carol Cardona
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA; Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Willmar, MN, USA.
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10
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Zou Z, Potter RF, McCoy WH, Wildenthal JA, Katumba GL, Mucha PJ, Dantas G, Henderson JP. E. coli catheter-associated urinary tract infections are associated with distinctive virulence and biofilm gene determinants. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e161461. [PMID: 36512427 PMCID: PMC9977300 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary catheterization facilitates urinary tract colonization by E. coli and increases infection risk. Here, we aimed to identify strain-specific characteristics associated with the transition from colonization to infection in catheterized patients. In a single-site study population, we compared E. coli isolates from patients with catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria (CAASB) to those with catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI). CAUTI isolates were dominated by a phylotype B2 subclade containing the multidrug-resistant ST131 lineage relative to CAASB isolates, which were phylogenetically more diverse. A distinctive combination of virulence-associated genes was present in the CAUTI-associated B2 subclade. Catheter-associated biofilm formation was widespread among isolates and did not distinguish CAUTI from CAASB strains. Preincubation with CAASB strains could inhibit catheter colonization by multiple ST131 CAUTI isolates. Comparative genomic analysis identified a group of variable genes associated with high catheter biofilm formation present in both CAUTI and CAASB strains. Among these, ferric citrate transport (Fec) system genes were experimentally associated with enhanced catheter biofilm formation using reporter and fecA deletion strains. These results are consistent with a variable role for catheter biofilm formation in promoting CAUTI by ST131-like strains or resisting CAUTI by lower-risk strains that engage in niche exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsen Zou
- Center for Women’s Infectious Diseases Research
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Robert F. Potter
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, and
| | - William H. McCoy
- Center for Women’s Infectious Diseases Research
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John A. Wildenthal
- Center for Women’s Infectious Diseases Research
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - George L. Katumba
- Center for Women’s Infectious Diseases Research
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Peter J. Mucha
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, and
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Henderson
- Center for Women’s Infectious Diseases Research
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
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11
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Hespanhol JT, Karman L, Sanchez-Limache DE, Bayer-Santos E. Intercepting biological messages: Antibacterial molecules targeting nucleic acids during interbacterial conflicts. Genet Mol Biol 2023; 46:e20220266. [PMID: 36880694 PMCID: PMC9990079 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria live in polymicrobial communities and constantly compete for resources. These organisms have evolved an array of antibacterial weapons to inhibit the growth or kill competitors. The arsenal comprises antibiotics, bacteriocins, and contact-dependent effectors that are either secreted in the medium or directly translocated into target cells. During bacterial antagonistic encounters, several cellular components important for life become a weak spot prone to an attack. Nucleic acids and the machinery responsible for their synthesis are well conserved across the tree of life. These molecules are part of the information flow in the central dogma of molecular biology and mediate long- and short-term storage for genetic information. The aim of this review is to summarize the diversity of antibacterial molecules that target nucleic acids during antagonistic interbacterial encounters and discuss their potential to promote the emergence antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Takuno Hespanhol
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lior Karman
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ethel Bayer-Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Bosák J, Kohoutová D, Hrala M, Křenová J, Morávková P, Rejchrt S, Bureš J, Šmajs D. Escherichia coli from biopsies differ in virulence genes between patients with colorectal neoplasia and healthy controls. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1141619. [PMID: 37125208 PMCID: PMC10133476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1141619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli have been clearly identified as the causative agents of extraintestinal and diarrheal infections; however, the etiopathogenic role of E. coli in other conditions, including colorectal cancer, remains unclear. Methods This study aimed to characterize mucosal E. coli isolates (n = 246) from 61 neoplasia patients and 20 healthy controls for the presence of 35 genetic determinants encoding known virulence factors. Results Virulence determinants encoding invasin (ibeA), siderophore receptor (iroN), S-fimbriae (sfa), and genotoxin (usp) were more prevalent among E. coli isolated from patients with neoplasia compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, the prevalence of these virulence determinants was increased in more advanced neoplasia stages (p adj < 0.0125). Compared to patients with advanced colorectal adenoma and carcinoma, the ibeA gene was rarely found in the control group and among patients with non-advanced adenoma (p < 0.05), indicating its potential as the advanced-neoplasia biomarker. Patients with neoplasia frequently had E. coli strains with at least one of the abovementioned virulence factors, whereby specific combinations of these virulence factors were found. Discussion These findings suggest that E. coli strains isolated from patients with colorectal neoplasia possess several virulence factors, which could contribute to the development of neoplastic processes in the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Bosák
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Darina Kohoutová
- Center of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matěj Hrala
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jitka Křenová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Paula Morávková
- Second Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Stanislav Rejchrt
- Center of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Jan Bureš
- Center of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - David Šmajs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: David Šmajs,
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13
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Abstract
Bacterial genotoxins are peptide or protein virulence factors produced by several pathogens, which make single-strand breaks (SSBs) and/or double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) in the target host cells. If host DNA inflictions are not resolved on time, host cell apoptosis, cell senescence, and/or even bacterial pathogen-related cancer may occur. Two multi-protein AB toxins, cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) produced by over 30 bacterial pathogens and typhoid toxin from Salmonella Typhi, as well as small polyketide-peptides named colibactin that causes the DNA interstrand cross-linking and subsequent DSBs is the most well-characterized bacterial genotoxins. Using these three examples, this review discusses the mechanisms by which these toxins deliver themselves into the nucleus of the target host cells and exert their genotoxic functions at the structural and functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaoqi Du
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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14
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Maniam L, Vellasamy KM, Jindal HM, Narayanan V, Danaee M, Vadivelu J, Pallath V. Demonstrating the utility of Escherichia coli asymptomatic bacteriuria isolates’ virulence profile towards diagnosis and management—A preliminary analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267296. [PMID: 35522610 PMCID: PMC9075641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a significant condition associated with pregnancy and is considered as prognostic for the development of symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI). However, treating all ASB increases the use of antibiotics and leads to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). Therefore, this study aimed to identify the distribution of UPEC associated virulence genes and antibiotic susceptibility among phylogroups of E. coli isolated from ASB in pregnancy. Moreover, the gene expression of selected virulence genes was also compared among two E. coli isolates (with different pathogenic potential) to determine its pathogenicity. One hundred and sixty E. coli isolates from midstream urine samples of pregnant women with ASB were subjected to PCR-based detection for its phylogroups and virulence genes. The antibiotic susceptibility of isolated strains was determined by the disc diffusion method. Expression of the virulence genes were determined through microarray analysis and quantitative Real-Time PCR. The prevalence of ASB in this study was 16.1%. Within ASB isolates, the occurrence of phylogroup B2 was the highest, and isolates from this group harboured most of the virulence genes studied. Overall, the most identified virulence genes among all phylogroups in descending order were fimH, chuA, kpsMTII, usp, fyuA, hlyA, iroN, cnf, papC, sfa, ompT, and sat. In this study, higher resistance to antibiotics was observed for ampicillin (77.5%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (54.4%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (46.9%) and amikacin (43.8%) compared to the other tested antibiotics and 51.9% of the tested isolates were MDR. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering and gene expression analysis demonstrated extreme polarization of pathogenic potential of E. coli causing ASB in pregnancy necessitating the need for bacterial isolate focused approach towards treatment of ASB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Maniam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Mahmood Jindal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vallikannu Narayanan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahmoud Danaee
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vinod Pallath
- Medical Education Research and Development Unit (MERDU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Atanaskovic I, Sharp C, Press C, Kaminska R, Kleanthous C. Bacterial Competition Systems Share a Domain Required for Inner Membrane Transport of the Bacteriocin Pyocin G from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. mBio 2022; 13:e0339621. [PMID: 35343790 PMCID: PMC9040868 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03396-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria exploit a variety of attack strategies to gain dominance within ecological niches. Prominent among these are contact-dependent inhibition (CDI), type VI secretion (T6SS), and bacteriocins. The cytotoxic endpoint of these systems is often the delivery of a nuclease to the cytosol. How such nucleases translocate across the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is unknown. Here, we identify a small, conserved, 15-kDa domain, which we refer to as the inner membrane translocation (IMT) domain, that is common to T6SS and bacteriocins and linked to nuclease effector domains. Through fluorescence microscopy assays using intact and spheroplasted cells, we demonstrate that the IMT domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-specific bacteriocin pyocin G (PyoG) is required for import of the toxin nuclease domain to the cytoplasm. We also show that translocation of PyoG into the cytosol is dependent on inner membrane proteins FtsH, a AAA+ATPase/protease, and TonB1, the latter more typically associated with transport of bacteriocins across the outer membrane. Our study reveals that the IMT domain directs the cytotoxic nuclease of PyoG to cross the cytoplasmic membrane and, more broadly, has been adapted for the transport of other toxic nucleases delivered into Gram-negative bacteria by both contact-dependent and contact-independent means. IMPORTANCE Nuclease bacteriocins are potential antimicrobials for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. While the mechanism of outer membrane translocation is beginning to be understood, the mechanism of inner membrane transport is not known. This study uses PyoG as a model nuclease bacteriocin and defines a conserved domain that is essential for inner membrane translocation and is widespread in other bacterial competition systems. Additionally, the presented data link two membrane proteins, FtsH and TonB1, with inner membrane translocation of PyoG. These findings point to the general importance of this domain to the cellular uptake mechanisms of nucleases delivered by otherwise diverse and distinct bacterial competition systems. The work is also of importance for the design of new protein antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Atanaskovic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Connor Sharp
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cara Press
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Renata Kaminska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Kleanthous
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Belas A, Marques C, Menezes J, da Gama LT, Cavaco-Silva P, Pomba C. ESBL/ pAmpC-Producing Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Non-Related Companion Animals and Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050559. [PMID: 35625203 PMCID: PMC9137695 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli are frequently diagnosed in humans and companion animals. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and cephalosporinase (pAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli are worldwide-disseminated and frequently multidrug-resistant, hence leading to treatment failure and public health concerns. This study aimed to characterize and compare ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli strains causing community-acquired UTI in companion animals and non-related humans. Third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant E. coli (companion animals n = 35; humans n = 85) isolated from patients with UTI were tested against 14 antimicrobials following CLSI guidelines. PCR-based assays were used to detect the major E. coli phylogenetic groups, pathogenicity associated-islands (PAIs), virulence genes, and ESBLs/pAmpC resistance genes. ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates were typed by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and PCR. E. coli strains from companion animals and humans shared two MDR high-risk clonal lineages: ST131 and ST648. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the first description of E. coli ST131 clade C1-M27 and the clonal lineage ST131 clade A in humans with community-acquired UTI in Portugal. Considering that companion animals with UTI are generally treated at home by the owners, measures should be implemented to avoid the spread of multidrug-resistant high-risk clones to humans and their household environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Belas
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal or (A.B.); or (C.M.); (J.M.); (L.T.d.G.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cátia Marques
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal or (A.B.); or (C.M.); (J.M.); (L.T.d.G.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Juliana Menezes
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal or (A.B.); or (C.M.); (J.M.); (L.T.d.G.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Telo da Gama
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal or (A.B.); or (C.M.); (J.M.); (L.T.d.G.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Cavaco-Silva
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal;
- Technophage, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Constança Pomba
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal or (A.B.); or (C.M.); (J.M.); (L.T.d.G.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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17
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Lou YC, Olm MR, Diamond S, Crits-Christoph A, Firek BA, Baker R, Morowitz MJ, Banfield JF. Infant gut strain persistence is associated with maternal origin, phylogeny, and traits including surface adhesion and iron acquisition. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100393. [PMID: 34622230 PMCID: PMC8484513 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiome succession affects infant development. However, it remains unclear what factors promote persistence of initial bacterial colonizers in the developing gut. Here, we perform strain-resolved analyses to compare gut colonization of preterm and full-term infants throughout the first year of life and evaluate associations between strain persistence and strain origin as well as genetic potential. Analysis of fecal metagenomes collected from 13 full-term and 9 preterm infants reveals that infants' initially distinct microbiomes converge by age 1 year. Approximately 11% of early colonizers, primarily Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, persist during the first year of life, and those are more prevalent in full-term, compared with preterm infants. Examination of 17 mother-infant pairs reveals maternal gut strains are significantly more likely to persist in the infant gut than other strains. Enrichment in genes for surface adhesion, iron acquisition, and carbohydrate degradation may explain persistence of some strains through the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Clare Lou
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew R. Olm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Spencer Diamond
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Alexander Crits-Christoph
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brian A. Firek
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robyn Baker
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael J. Morowitz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jillian F. Banfield
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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18
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An Update on Wastewater Multi-Resistant Bacteria: Identification of Clinical Pathogens Such as Escherichia coli O25b:H4-B2-ST131-Producing CTX-M-15 ESBL and KPC-3 Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella oxytoca. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030576. [PMID: 33799747 PMCID: PMC8001128 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are significant reservoirs of bacterial resistance. This work aims to identify the determinants of resistance produced by Gram-negative bacteria in the influent and effluent of two WWTPs in Portugal. A total of 96 wastewater samples were obtained between 2016 and 2019. The numbers of total aerobic and fecal contamination bacteria were evaluated, and genomic features were searched by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Enterobacteriaceae corresponded to 78.6% (n = 161) of the 205 isolates identified by 16sRNA. The most frequent isolates were Escherichia spp. (57.1%, n = 117), followed by Aeromonas spp. (16.1%, n = 33) and Klebsiella spp. (12.7%, n = 26). The remaining 29 isolates (14.1%) were distributed across 10 different genera. Among the 183 resistant genes detected, 54 isolates produced extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), of which blaCTX-M-15 was predominant (37 isolates; 68.5%). A KPC-3 carbapenemase-producing K. oxytoca was identified (n = 1), with blaKPC-3 included in a transposon Tn4401 isoform b. A higher number of virulence genes (VG) (19 genes) was found in the E. coli 5301 (O25b-ST131-B2) isolate compared with a commensal E. coli 5281 (O25b-ST410-A) (six genes). Both shared five VG [Enterobactin; Aerobactin, CFA/1 (clade α); Type1 (clade γ1); Type IV]. In conclusion, this work highlights the role of relevant clinical bacteria in WWTPs, such as KPC-3-producing K. oxytoca, and, for the first time, a CTX-M-15-producing Ochromobactrum intermedium, a human opportunistic pathogen, and a SED-1-producing Citrobacter farmeri, an uncommon CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.
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19
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Jurėnas D, Journet L. Activity, delivery, and diversity of Type VI secretion effectors. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:383-394. [PMID: 33217073 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) system is a contractile secretion apparatus that delivers proteins to neighboring bacterial or eukaryotic cells. Antibacterial effectors are mostly toxins that inhibit the growth of other species and help to dominate the niche. A broad variety of these toxins cause cell lysis of the prey cell by disrupting the cell envelope. Other effectors are delivered into the cytoplasm where they affect DNA integrity, cell division or exhaust energy resources. The modular nature of T6SS machinery allows different means of recruitment of toxic effectors to secreted inner tube and spike components that act as carriers. Toxic effectors can be translationally fused to the secreted components or interact with them through specialized structural domains. These interactions can also be assisted by dedicated chaperone proteins. Moreover, conserved sequence motifs in effector-associated domains are subject to genetic rearrangements and therefore engage in the diversification of the arsenal of toxic effectors. This review discusses the diversity of T6SS secreted toxins and presents current knowledge about their loading on the T6SS machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dukas Jurėnas
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, UMR 7255, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Journet
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, UMR 7255, Marseille, France
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20
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Adamus-Białek W, Wawszczak M, Arabski M, Majchrzak M, Gulba M, Jarych D, Parniewski P, Głuszek S. Ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, and aminoglycosides stimulate genetic and phenotypic changes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Virulence 2020; 10:260-276. [PMID: 30938219 PMCID: PMC6527016 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1596507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic therapy and its consequences in bacterial and human aspects are widely investigated. Despite this, the emergence of new multidrug resistant bacteria is still a current problem. The scope of our work included the observation of changes among uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains after the treatment with a subinhibitory concentration of different antibiotics. The sensitive strains with or without virulence factors were incubated with amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, or tobramycin. After each passage, the E. coli derivatives were compared to their wild types based on their susceptibility profiles, virulence genes, biofilm formations and the fingerprint profiles of PCR products amplified with using the (N)(6)(CGG)(4) primer. It turned out that antibiotics caused significant changes in the repertoire of bacterial virulence and biofilm formation, corresponding to acquired cross-resistance. The genomic changes among the studied bacteria were reflected in the changed profiles of the CGG-PCR products. In conclusion, the inappropriate application of antibiotics may cause a rapid rise of Multidrug Resistant (MDR) strains and give bacteria a chance to modulate their own pathogenicity. This phenomenon has been easily observed among uropathogenic E. coli strains and it is one of the main reasons for recurrent infections of the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Adamus-Białek
- a Department of Surgery and Surgical Nursery with Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Jan Kochanowski University , Kielce , Poland
| | - Monika Wawszczak
- a Department of Surgery and Surgical Nursery with Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Jan Kochanowski University , Kielce , Poland
| | - Michał Arabski
- b Department of Biochemistry & Genetics , Jan Kochanowski University , Kielce , Poland
| | - Michał Majchrzak
- a Department of Surgery and Surgical Nursery with Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Jan Kochanowski University , Kielce , Poland
| | - Martyna Gulba
- a Department of Surgery and Surgical Nursery with Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Jan Kochanowski University , Kielce , Poland
| | - Dariusz Jarych
- c Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Łódź , Poland
| | - Paweł Parniewski
- c Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Łódź , Poland
| | - Stanisław Głuszek
- a Department of Surgery and Surgical Nursery with Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Jan Kochanowski University , Kielce , Poland
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21
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Rihtar E, Žgur Bertok D, Podlesek Z. The Uropathogenic Specific Protein Gene usp from Escherichia coli and Salmonella bongori is a Novel Member of the TyrR and H-NS Regulons. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E330. [PMID: 32111072 PMCID: PMC7142922 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli PAIusp is a small pathogenicity island encoding usp, for the uropathogenic specific protein (Usp), a genotoxin and three associated downstream imu1-3 genes that protect the producer against its own toxin. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the presence of the PAIusp also in publically available Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica subps. salamae genome sequences. PAIusp is in all examined sequences integrated within the aroP-pdhR chromosomal intergenic region. The focus of this work was identification of the usp promoter and regulatory elements controlling its activity. We show that, in both E. coli and S. bongori, the divergent TyrR regulated P3 promoter of the aroP gene, encoding an aromatic amino acid membrane transporter, drives usp transcription while H-NS acts antagonistically repressing expression. Our results show that the horizontally acquired PAIusp has integrated into the TyrR regulatory network and that environmental factors such as aromatic amino acids, temperature and urea induce usp expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Rihtar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.R.); (Z.P.)
- National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Žgur Bertok
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.R.); (Z.P.)
| | - Zdravko Podlesek
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.R.); (Z.P.)
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22
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Reid CJ, McKinnon J, Djordjevic SP. Clonal ST131- H22 Escherichia coli strains from a healthy pig and a human urinary tract infection carry highly similar resistance and virulence plasmids. Microb Genom 2019; 5. [PMID: 31526455 PMCID: PMC6807379 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between food production animals, humans and the environment with respect to the transmission of drug-resistant pathogens is widely debated and poorly understood. Pandemic uropathogenic Escherichia coli ST131-H30Rx, with conserved fluoroquinolone and cephalosporin resistance, are not frequently identified in animals. However, the phylogenetic precursor lineage ST131-H22 in animals and associated meat products is being reported with increasing frequency. Here we characterized two highly related ST131-H22 strains, one from a healthy pig and the other from a human infection (in 2007 and 2009, respectively). We used both long and short genome sequencing and compared them to ST131-H22 genome sequences available in public repositories. Even within the context of H22 strains, the two strains in question were highly related, separated by only 20 core SNPs. Furthermore, they were closely related to a faecal strain isolated in 2010 from a geographically distinct, healthy human in New South Wales, Australia. The porcine and hospital strains carried highly similar HI2-ST3 multidrug resistant plasmids with differences in the hospital strain arising due to IS-mediated insertions and rearrangements. Near identical ColV plasmids were also present in both strains, further supporting their shared evolutionary history. This work highlights the importance of adopting a One Health approach to genomic surveillance to gain insights into pathogen evolution and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Reid
- The i3 institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jessica McKinnon
- The i3 institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The i3 institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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23
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Gómez-Moreno R, Martínez-Ramírez R, Roche-Lima A, Carrasquillo-Carrión K, Pérez-Santiago J, Baerga-Ortiz A. Hotspots of Sequence Variability in Gut Microbial Genes Encoding Pro-Inflammatory Factors Revealed by Oligotyping. Front Genet 2019; 10:631. [PMID: 31354787 PMCID: PMC6629961 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been implicated in a number of normal and disease biological processes. Recent studies have identified a subset of gut bacterial genes as potentially involved in inflammatory processes. In this work, we explore the sequence variability for some of these bacterial genes using a combination of deep sequencing and oligotyping, a data analysis application that identifies mutational hotspots in short stretches of DNA. The genes for pks island, tcpC and usp, all harbored by certain strains of E. coli and all implicated in inflammation, were amplified by PCR directly from stool samples and subjected to deep amplicon sequencing. For comparison, the same genes were amplified from individual bacterial clones. The amplicons for pks island and tcpC from stool samples showed minimal levels of heterogeneity comparable with the individual clones. The amplicons for usp from stool samples, by contrast, revealed the presence of five distinct oligotypes in two different regions. Of these, the oligotype GT was found to be present in the control uropathogenic clinical isolate and also detected in stool samples from individuals with colorectal cancer (CRC). Mutational hotspots were mapped onto the USP protein, revealing possible substitutions around Leu110, Glu114, and Arg115 in the middle of the pyocin domain (Gln110, Gln114, and Thr115 in most healthy samples), and also Arg218 in the middle of the nuclease domain (His218 in the uropathogenic strain). All of these results suggest that a level of variability within bacterial pro-inflammatory genes could explain differences in bacterial virulence and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Gómez-Moreno
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.,Molecular Sciences Research Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Rachell Martínez-Ramírez
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.,Molecular Sciences Research Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Abiel Roche-Lima
- CCRHD-RCMI Program University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | - Abel Baerga-Ortiz
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.,Molecular Sciences Research Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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24
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Molan K, Podlesek Z, Hodnik V, Butala M, Oswald E, Žgur Bertok D. The Escherichia coli colibactin resistance protein ClbS is a novel DNA binding protein that protects DNA from nucleolytic degradation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 79:50-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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25
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The Presence of Gut Microbial Genes Encoding Bacterial Genotoxins or Pro-Inflammatory Factors in Stool Samples from Individuals with Colorectal Neoplasia. Diseases 2019; 7:diseases7010016. [PMID: 30717148 PMCID: PMC6473706 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut bacterial toxins are thought to contribute to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study examines the presence of specific gut bacterial toxin genes in stool samples from individuals with colorectal neoplasia (adenomas and/or CRC). The presence of bacterial genes encoding genotoxic or pro-inflammatory factors (pks, tcpC, gelE, cnf-1, AMmurB, and usp) was established by PCR of stool samples from individuals from mainland US (n = 30; controls = 10, adenoma = 10, CRC = 10) and from Puerto Rico (PR) (n = 33; controls = 13; adenomas = 8; CRC = 12). Logistic regression models and multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the magnitude of association. Distinct bacterial gene profiles were observed in each sample cohort. In individuals with CRC, AMmurB was detected more frequently in samples from the US and gelE in samples from PR. In samples from PR, individuals with ≥2 gut bacterial toxin genes in stool had higher odds of having colorectal neoplasia (OR = 11.0, 95%: CI 1.0–637.1): however, no significant association between bacterial genes and colorectal neoplasia was observed in the US cohort. Further analyses are warranted in a larger cohort to validate these preliminary findings, but these encouraging results highlight the importance of developing bacterial markers as tools for CRC diagnosis or risk stratification.
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26
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The Pseudomonas aeruginosa T6SS-VgrG1b spike is topped by a PAAR protein eliciting DNA damage to bacterial competitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12519-12524. [PMID: 30455305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814181115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a supramolecular complex involved in the delivery of potent toxins during bacterial competition. Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses three T6SS gene clusters and several hcp and vgrG gene islands, the latter encoding the spike at the T6SS tip. The vgrG1b cluster encompasses seven genes whose organization and sequences are highly conserved in P. aeruginosa genomes, except for two genes that we called tse7 and tsi7 We show that Tse7 is a Tox-GHH2 domain nuclease which is distinct from other T6SS nucleases identified thus far. Expression of this toxin induces the SOS response, causes growth arrest and ultimately results in DNA degradation. The cytotoxic domain of Tse7 lies at its C terminus, while the N terminus is a predicted PAAR domain. We find that Tse7 sits on the tip of the VgrG1b spike and that specific residues at the PAAR-VgrG1b interface are essential for VgrG1b-dependent delivery of Tse7 into bacterial prey. We also show that the delivery of Tse7 is dependent on the H1-T6SS cluster, and injection of the nuclease into bacterial competitors is deployed for interbacterial competition. Tsi7, the cognate immunity protein, protects the producer from the deleterious effect of Tse7 through a direct protein-protein interaction so specific that toxin/immunity pairs are effective only if they originate from the same P. aeruginosa isolate. Overall, our study highlights the diversity of T6SS effectors, the exquisite fitting of toxins on the tip of the T6SS, and the specificity in Tsi7-dependent protection, suggesting a role in interstrain competition.
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27
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Roche-Lima A, Carrasquillo-Carrión K, Gómez-Moreno R, Cruz JM, Velázquez-Morales DM, Rogozin IB, Baerga-Ortiz A. The Presence of Genotoxic and/or Pro-inflammatory Bacterial Genes in Gut Metagenomic Databases and Their Possible Link With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Genet 2018; 9:116. [PMID: 29692798 PMCID: PMC5902703 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The human gut microbiota is a dynamic community of microorganisms that mediate important biochemical processes. Differences in the gut microbial composition have been associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and other intestinal disorders. In this study, we quantified and compared the frequencies of eight genotoxic and/or pro-inflammatory bacterial genes found in metagenomic Whole Genome Sequences (mWGSs) of samples from individuals with IBD vs. a cohort of healthy human subjects. Methods: The eight selected gene sequences were clbN, clbB, cif, cnf-1, usp, tcpC from Escherichia coli, gelE from Enterococcus faecalis and murB from Akkermansia muciniphila. We also included the sequences for the conserved murB genes from E. coli and E. faecalis as markers for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae or Enterococci in the samples. The gene sequences were chosen based on their previously reported ability to disrupt normal cellular processes to either promote inflammation or to cause DNA damage in cultured cells or animal models, which could be linked to a role in IBD. The selected sequences were searched in three different mWGS datasets accessed through the Human Microbiome Project (HMP): a healthy cohort (N = 251), a Crohn's disease cohort (N = 60) and an ulcerative colitis cohort (N = 17). Results: Firstly, the sequences for the murB housekeeping genes from Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci were more frequently found in the IBD cohorts (32% E. coli in IBD vs. 12% in healthy; 13% E. faecalis in IBD vs. 3% in healthy) than in the healthy cohort, confirming earlier reports of a higher presence of both of these taxa in IBD. For some of the sequences in our study, especially usp and gelE, their frequency was even more sharply increased in the IBD cohorts than in the healthy cohort, suggesting an association with IBD that is not easily explained by the increased presence of E. coli or E. faecalis in those samples. Conclusion: Our results suggest a significant association between the presence of some of these genotoxic or pro-inflammatory gene sequences and IBDs. In addition, these results illustrate the power and limitations of the HMP database in the detection of possible clinical correlations for individual bacterial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiel Roche-Lima
- Center for Collaborative Research in Health Disparities - RCMI Program, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Kelvin Carrasquillo-Carrión
- Center for Collaborative Research in Health Disparities - RCMI Program, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Ramón Gómez-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.,Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Juan M Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Dayanara M Velázquez-Morales
- Center for Collaborative Research in Health Disparities - RCMI Program, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Igor B Rogozin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Abel Baerga-Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.,Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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28
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Context-Dependent Requirements for FimH and Other Canonical Virulence Factors in Gut Colonization by Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00746-17. [PMID: 29311232 PMCID: PMC5820936 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00746-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) acts as a commensal within the mammalian gut but can induce pathology upon dissemination to other host environments such as the urinary tract and bloodstream. ExPEC genomes are likely shaped by evolutionary forces encountered within the gut, where the bacteria spend much of their time, provoking the question of how their extraintestinal virulence traits arose. The principle of coincidental evolution, in which a gene that evolved in one niche happens to be advantageous in another, has been used to argue that ExPEC virulence factors originated in response to selective pressures within the gut ecosystem. As a test of this hypothesis, the fitness of ExPEC mutants lacking canonical virulence factors was assessed within the intact murine gut in the absence of antibiotic treatment. We found that most of the tested factors, including cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1), Usp, colibactin, flagella, and plasmid pUTI89, were dispensable for gut colonization. The deletion of genes encoding the adhesin PapG or the toxin HlyA had transient effects but did not interfere with longer-term persistence. In contrast, a mutant missing the type 1 pilus-associated adhesin FimH displayed somewhat reduced persistence within the gut. However, this phenotype varied dependent on the presence of specific competing strains and was partially attributable to aberrant flagellin expression in the absence of fimH These data indicate that FimH and other key ExPEC-associated factors are not strictly required for gut colonization, suggesting that the development of extraintestinal virulence traits is not driven solely by selective pressures within the gut.
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29
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Espinoza JL, Minami M. Sensing Bacterial-Induced DNA Damaging Effects via Natural Killer Group 2 Member D Immune Receptor: From Dysbiosis to Autoimmunity and Carcinogenesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:52. [PMID: 29422899 PMCID: PMC5788971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome is constantly exposed to exogenous and endogenous DNA damaging factors that frequently cause DNA damages. Unless repaired, damaged DNA can result in deleterious mutations capable of causing malignant transformation. Accordingly, cells have developed an advanced and effective surveillance system, the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, which maintains genetic integrity. In addition to well-defined outcomes, such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence, another consequence of DDR activation is the induction of natural killer group 2 member D ligands (NKG2D-Ls) on the surface of stressed cells. Consequently, NKG2D-Ls-expressing cells are recognized and eliminated by NKG2D receptor-expressing immune cells, including NK cells, and various subsets of T-cells. Recent pieces of evidence indicate that commensal microbial imbalance (known as dysbiosis) can trigger DDR activation in host cells, which may result in sustained inflammatory responses. Therefore, dysbiosis can be seen as an important source of DNA damage agents that may be partially responsible for the overexpression of NKG2D-Ls on intestinal epithelial cells that is frequently observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and other disorders associated with altered human microbiota, including the development of colorectal cancer. In this article, we discuss recent evidence that appears to link an altered human microbiota with autoimmunity and carcinogenesis via the activation of DDR signals and the induction of NKG2D-Ls in stressed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luis Espinoza
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Mika Minami
- Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka, Japan
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30
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Diversity and distribution of nuclease bacteriocins in bacterial genomes revealed using Hidden Markov Models. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005652. [PMID: 28715501 PMCID: PMC5536347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria exploit an arsenal of antimicrobial peptides and proteins to compete with each other. Three main competition systems have been described: type six secretion systems (T6SS); contact dependent inhibition (CDI); and bacteriocins. Unlike T6SS and CDI systems, bacteriocins do not require contact between bacteria but are diffusible toxins released into the environment. Identified almost a century ago, our understanding of bacteriocin distribution and prevalence in bacterial populations remains poor. In the case of protein bacteriocins, this is because of high levels of sequence diversity and difficulties in distinguishing their killing domains from those of other competition systems. Here, we develop a robust bioinformatics pipeline exploiting Hidden Markov Models for the identification of nuclease bacteriocins (NBs) in bacteria of which, to-date, only a handful are known. NBs are large (>60 kDa) toxins that target nucleic acids (DNA, tRNA or rRNA) in the cytoplasm of susceptible bacteria, usually closely related to the producing organism. We identified >3000 NB genes located on plasmids or on the chromosome from 53 bacterial species distributed across different ecological niches, including human, animals, plants, and the environment. A newly identified NB predicted to be specific for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (pyocin Sn) was produced and shown to kill P. aeruginosa thereby validating our pipeline. Intriguingly, while the genes encoding the machinery needed for NB translocation across the cell envelope are widespread in Gram-negative bacteria, NBs are found exclusively in γ-proteobacteria. Similarity network analysis demonstrated that NBs fall into eight groups each with a distinct arrangement of protein domains involved in import. The only structural feature conserved across all groups was a sequence motif critical for cell-killing that is generally not found in bacteriocins targeting the periplasm, implying a specific role in translocating the nuclease to the cytoplasm. Finally, we demonstrate a significant association between nuclease colicins, NBs specific for Escherichia coli, and virulence factors, suggesting NBs play a role in infection processes, most likely by enabling pathogens to outcompete commensal bacteria. Bacteria deploy a variety of antimicrobials to kill competing bacteria. Nuclease bacteriocins are a miscellaneous group of protein toxins that target closely related species, cleaving nucleic acids in the cytoplasm. It has proved difficult to establish how widespread bacteriocins are in bacterial populations due to the high diversity of bacteriocin-encoding genes. Here, we describe an in silico approach to identify nuclease bacteriocin genes in bacterial genomes and to distinguish them from other competition toxins. Bacteria that contain nuclease bacteriocin genes are found in many different types of environment but are prevalent in niches where interbacterial competition is likely to be high. Nuclease bacteriocins are found exclusively in γ-proteobacteria and are particularly abundant in the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae families. Although the sequences we identify are indeed diverse (<20% sequence identity between protein families) we show that all nuclease bacteriocins contain an invariant motif, usually within a common structural scaffold, that is implicated in translocating the cytotoxic nuclease to the cytoplasm. Finally, we show that nuclease bacteriocins in pathogenic E. coli are strongly associated with virulence factors suggesting they play a role in pathogenicity mechanisms.
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31
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Mac Aogáin M, Miajlovic H, Moloney G, Chotirmall SH, Rogers TR, Smith SGJ. Identification of a novel sequence type of Escherichia coli as the causative agent of pyelonephritis and bloodstream infection. JMM Case Rep 2017; 3:e005061. [PMID: 28348784 PMCID: PMC5343142 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli are one of the predominant causative agents of bacteraemia. CASE PRESENTATION This case report outlines a presentation of community-acquired pyelonephritis and secondary bloodstream infection in an 81-year-old man. Laboratory investigations revealed that the causative isolate was a multi-drug-resistant E. coli of a novel multi-locus sequence type. This sequence type (ST) was designated ST-458 and was most closely related to the globally prevalent ST-131 lineage. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a novel E. coli ST, ST-458, which caused pyelonephritis and bacteraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheál Mac Aogáin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Trinity College , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Helen Miajlovic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Trinity College , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Geraldine Moloney
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Trinity College , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Thomas R Rogers
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Trinity College , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stephen G J Smith
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Trinity College , Dublin , Ireland
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32
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Gagnaire A, Nadel B, Raoult D, Neefjes J, Gorvel JP. Collateral damage: insights into bacterial mechanisms that predispose host cells to cancer. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:109-128. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Miajlovic H, Mac Aogáin M, Collins CJ, Rogers TR, Smith SGJ. Characterization of Escherichia coli bloodstream isolates associated with mortality. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:71-79. [PMID: 26518234 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) are the predominant cause of Gramnegative bloodstream infections. In this study, 20 E. coli isolates that were the causative agents of bacteraemia and subsequent mortality were characterized. Whole-genome sequencing was used to define the predominant sequence types (ST) among the isolates and to identify virulence factors associated with pathogenicity of ExPEC. The ability of the isolates to resist killing by both serum and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) was also assessed. In line with global trends, ST131 occurred most frequently among the bloodstream isolates and all isolates of this sequence type were multidrug resistant. Other common STs included ST73 and ST69. All isolates encoded multiple virulence factors across a range of categories, including factors involved in adhesion, immune evasion, iron acquisition and synthesis of toxins. None of these factors could be associated with serum and neutrophil resistance. The majority of isolates were resistant to the bactericidal action of serum and PMNLs, and most of those that were sensitive were isolated from patients with compromised immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Miajlovic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Micheál Mac Aogáin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Cathal J Collins
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Thomas R Rogers
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Microbiology Department, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Stephen G J Smith
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Taieb F, Petit C, Nougayrède JP, Oswald E. The Enterobacterial Genotoxins: Cytolethal Distending Toxin and Colibactin. EcoSal Plus 2016; 7. [PMID: 27419387 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0008-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While the DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation and by many chemical compounds and drugs is well characterized, the genotoxic insults inflicted by bacteria are only scarcely documented. However, accumulating evidence indicates that we are exposed to bacterial genotoxins. The prototypes of such bacterial genotoxins are the Cytolethal Distending Toxins (CDTs) produced by Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. CDTs display the DNase structure fold and activity, and induce DNA strand breaks in the intoxicated host cell nuclei. E. coli and certain other Enterobacteriaceae species synthesize another genotoxin, colibactin. Colibactin is a secondary metabolite, a hybrid polyketide/nonribosomal peptide compound synthesized by a complex biosynthetic machinery. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on CDT and colibactin produced by E. coli and/or Salmonella Typhi. We describe their prevalence, genetic determinants, modes of action, and impact in infectious diseases or gut colonization, and discuss the possible involvement of these genotoxigenic bacteria in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Taieb
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), INRA UMR1416, INSERM U1220, Université de Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, FRANCE
| | - Claude Petit
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), INRA UMR1416, INSERM U1220, Université de Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, FRANCE
| | - Jean-Philippe Nougayrède
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), INRA UMR1416, INSERM U1220, Université de Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, FRANCE
| | - Eric Oswald
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), INRA UMR1416, INSERM U1220, Université de Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, FRANCE
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Bacterial Genotoxins: Merging the DNA Damage Response into Infection Biology. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1762-82. [PMID: 26270677 PMCID: PMC4598774 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial genotoxins are unique among bacterial toxins as their molecular target is DNA. The consequence of intoxication or infection is induction of DNA breaks that, if not properly repaired, results in irreversible cell cycle arrest (senescence) or death of the target cells. At present, only three bacterial genotoxins have been identified. Two are protein toxins: the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) family produced by a number of Gram-negative bacteria and the typhoid toxin produced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The third member, colibactin, is a peptide-polyketide genotoxin, produced by strains belonging to the phylogenetic group B2 of Escherichia coli. This review will present the cellular effects of acute and chronic intoxication or infection with the genotoxins-producing bacteria. The carcinogenic properties and the role of these effectors in the context of the host-microbe interaction will be discussed. We will further highlight the open questions that remain to be solved regarding the biology of this unusual family of bacterial toxins.
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Abstract
Bacteria have evolved numerous strategies to increase their competitiveness and fight against each other. Indeed, a large arsenal of antibacterial weapons is available in order to inhibit the proliferation of competitor cells. Polymorphic toxin systems (PTS), recently identified by bioinformatics in all major bacterial lineages, correspond to such a system primarily involved in conflict between related bacterial strains. They are typically composed of a secreted multidomain toxin, a protective immunity protein, and multiple cassettes encoding alternative toxic domains. The C-terminal domains of polymorphic toxins carry the toxic activity, whereas the N-terminal domains are related to the trafficking mode. In silico analysis of PTS identified over 150 distinct toxin domains, including putative nuclease, deaminase, or peptidase domains. Immunity genes found immediately downstream of the toxin genes encode small proteins that protect bacteria against their own toxins or against toxins secreted by neighboring cells. PTS encompass well-known colicins and pyocins, contact-dependent growth inhibition systems which include CdiA and Rhs toxins and some effectors of type VI secretion systems. We have recently characterized the MafB toxins, a new family of PTS deployed by pathogenic Neisseria spp. Many other putative PTS have been identified by in silico predictions but have yet to be characterized experimentally. However, the high number of these systems suggests that PTS have a fundamental role in bacterial biology that is likely to extend beyond interbacterial competition.
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Bezine E, Vignard J, Mirey G. The cytolethal distending toxin effects on Mammalian cells: a DNA damage perspective. Cells 2014; 3:592-615. [PMID: 24921185 PMCID: PMC4092857 DOI: 10.3390/cells3020592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is produced by many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and is considered as a virulence factor. In human cells, CDT exposure leads to a unique cytotoxicity associated with a characteristic cell distension and induces a cell cycle arrest dependent on the DNA damage response (DDR) triggered by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). CDT has thus been classified as a cyclomodulin and a genotoxin. Whereas unrepaired damage can lead to cell death, effective, but improper repair may be detrimental. Indeed, improper repair of DNA damage may allow cells to resume the cell cycle and induce genetic instability, a hallmark in cancer. In vivo, CDT has been shown to induce the development of dysplastic nodules and to lead to genetic instability, defining CDT as a potential carcinogen. It is therefore important to characterize the outcome of the CDT-induced DNA damage and the consequences for intoxicated cells and organisms. Here, we review the latest results regarding the host cell response to CDT intoxication and focus on DNA damage characteristics, cell cycle modulation and cell outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Bezine
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France.
| | - Julien Vignard
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France.
| | - Gladys Mirey
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France.
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Crnigoj M, Podlesek Z, Budič M, Zgur-Bertok D. The Escherichia coli uropathogenic-specific-protein-associated immunity protein 3 (Imu3) has nucleic acid -binding activity. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:16. [PMID: 24472116 PMCID: PMC3917654 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Escherichia coli uropathogenic-specific protein (Usp) is a bacteriocin-like genotoxin, active against mammalian cells and associated with E. coli strains that provoke pyelonephritis, prostatitis and bacteraemia. Usp is encoded by a small pathogenicity island with three downstream small open reading frames (Imu1-3) that are believed to provide immunity to the producer. To prevent host suicide, colicins, bacteriocins of E. coli, form tight complexes with their cognate immunity proteins. Colicin – immunity protein complexes are among the strongest protein complexes known. Here, the Usp associated immunity protein 3 (Imu3) was partially characterized to gain insight into its role and mechanism of activity. Results Isolation and partial characterisation of the Usp-associated immunity protein-3 (Imu3) revealed that, while Usp and Imu3 do not form a high affinity complex, Imu3 exhibits DNA and RNA binding activity. Imu3 was also shown to protect DNA against degradation by colicin E7. Conclusions Our data infer that nonspecific DNA binding of the Imu3 immunity protein, prevents suicide of E. coli producing the genotoxin Usp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Darja Zgur-Bertok
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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