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Mack KL, Talbott HE, Griffin MF, Parker JBL, Guardino NJ, Spielman AF, Davitt MF, Mascharak S, Downer M, Morgan A, Valencia C, Akras D, Berger MJ, Wan DC, Fraser HB, Longaker MT. Allele-specific expression reveals genetic drivers of tissue regeneration in mice. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1368-1381.e6. [PMID: 37714154 PMCID: PMC10592051 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
In adult mammals, skin wounds typically heal by scarring rather than through regeneration. In contrast, "super-healer" Murphy Roths Large (MRL) mice have the unusual ability to regenerate ear punch wounds; however, the molecular basis for this regeneration remains elusive. Here, in hybrid crosses between MRL and non-regenerating mice, we used allele-specific gene expression to identify cis-regulatory variation associated with ear regeneration. Analyzing three major cell populations (immune, fibroblast, and endothelial), we found that genes with cis-regulatory differences specifically in fibroblasts were associated with wound-healing pathways and also co-localized with quantitative trait loci for ear wound-healing. Ectopic treatment with one of these proteins, complement factor H (CFH), accelerated wound repair and induced regeneration in typically fibrotic wounds. Through single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we observed that CFH treatment dramatically reduced immune cell recruitment to wounds, suggesting a potential mechanism for CFH's effect. Overall, our results provide insights into the molecular drivers of regeneration with potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya L Mack
- Stanford University, Department of Biology, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heather E Talbott
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle F Griffin
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer B L Parker
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Guardino
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amanda F Spielman
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael F Davitt
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shamik Mascharak
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mauricio Downer
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Annah Morgan
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Caleb Valencia
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deena Akras
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Berger
- Stanford University, Department of Computer Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Derrick C Wan
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hunter B Fraser
- Stanford University, Department of Biology, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Evaluating the clinical utility of measuring levels of factor H and the related proteins. Mol Immunol 2022; 151:166-182. [PMID: 36162225 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After years of disappointing clinical results, the tide has finally changed and complement targeted-therapies have become a validated and accepted treatment option for several diseases. These accomplishments have revitalized the field and brought renewed attention to the prospects that complement therapeutics can offer. Streamlining diagnostics and therapeutics is imperative in this new era of clinical use of complement therapeutics. However, the incredible success in therapeutics has not been accompanied by the development of novel standardized tools for complement testing. Complement biomarkers can assist in the risk assessment and diagnosis of diseases as well as the prediction of disease progression and treatment response. Recently, a group of complement proteins has been suggested to be highly relevant in various complement-associated disorders, namely the human factor H (FH) protein family. This family of closely related proteins consists of FH, FH-like protein 1, and five factor H-related proteins, and they have been linked to eye, kidney, infectious, vascular, and autoimmune diseases as well as cancer. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the available data on circulating levels of FH and its related proteins in different pathologies. In addition, we examined the current literature to determine the clinical utility of measuring levels of the FH protein family in health and disease. Finally, we discuss future steps that are needed to make their clinical translation a reality.
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3
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Sun Y, Xu B, Zhuge X, Tang F, Wang X, Gong Q, Chen R, Xue F, Dai J. Factor H Is Bound by Outer Membrane-Displayed Carbohydrate Metabolism Enzymes of Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Contributes to Opsonophagocytosis Resistance in Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:592906. [PMID: 33569353 PMCID: PMC7868385 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.592906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) causes bloodstream infections in humans and animals. Complement escape is a prerequisite for bacteria to survive in the bloodstream. Factor H (FH) is an important regulatory protein of the complement system. In this study, ExPEC was found to bind FH from serum. However, the mechanisms of ExPEC binding to FH and then resistance to complement-mediated attacks remain unclear. Here, a method that combined desthiobiotin pull-down and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the FH-binding membrane proteins of ExPEC. Seven identified proteins, which all were carbohydrate metabolic enzymes (CMEs), including acetate kinase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit, L-lactate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate synthase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase, were verified to recruit FH from serum using GST pull-down and ELISA plate binding assay. The ELISA plate binding assay determined that these seven proteins bind to FH in a dose-dependent manner. Magnetic beads coupled with any one of seven proteins significantly reduced the FH recruitment of ExPEC (p < 0.05) Subsequently, immunofluorescence, colony blotting, and Western blotting targeting outer membrane proteins determined that these seven CMEs were located on the outer membrane of ExPEC. Furthermore, the FH recruitment levels and C3b deposition levels on bacteria were significantly increased and decreased in an FH-concentration-dependent manner, respectively (p < 0.05). The FH recruitment significantly enhanced the ability of ExPEC to resist the opsonophagocytosis of human macrophage THP-1 in an FH-concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05), which revealed a new mechanism for ExPEC to escape complement-mediated killing. The identification of novel outer membrane-displayed CMEs which played a role in the FH recruitment contributes to the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of ExPEC pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,National Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangkai Zhuge
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianwen Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Kasanmoentalib ES, Valls Serón M, Engelen-Lee JY, Tanck MW, Pouw RB, van Mierlo G, Wouters D, Pickering MC, van der Ende A, Kuijpers TW, Brouwer MC, van de Beek D. Complement factor H contributes to mortality in humans and mice with bacterial meningitis. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:279. [PMID: 31883521 PMCID: PMC6935240 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The complement system is a vital component of the inflammatory response occurring during bacterial meningitis. Blocking the complement system was shown to improve the outcome of experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Complement factor H (FH) is a complement regulatory protein inhibiting alternative pathway activation but is also exploited by the pneumococcus to prevent complement activation on its surface conferring serum resistance. Methods In a nationwide prospective cohort study of 1009 episodes with community-acquired bacterial meningitis, we analyzed whether genetic variations in CFH influenced FH cerebrospinal fluid levels and/or disease severity. Subsequently, we analyzed the role of FH in our pneumococcal meningitis mouse model using FH knock-out (Cfh−/−) mice and wild-type (wt) mice. Finally, we tested whether adjuvant treatment with human FH (hFH) improved outcome in a randomized investigator blinded trial in a pneumococcal meningitis mouse model. Results We found the major allele (G) of single nucleotide polymorphism in CFH (rs6677604) to be associated with low FH cerebrospinal fluid concentration and increased mortality. In patients and mice with bacterial meningitis, FH concentrations were elevated during disease and Cfh−/− mice with pneumococcal meningitis had increased mortality compared to wild-type mice due to C3 depletion. Adjuvant treatment of wild-type mice with purified human FH led to complement inhibition but also increased bacterial outgrowth which resulted in similar disease outcomes. Conclusion Low FH levels contribute to mortality in pneumococcal meningitis but adjuvant treatment with FH at a clinically relevant time point is not beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Soemirien Kasanmoentalib
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Valls Serón
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joo Yeon Engelen-Lee
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael W Tanck
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard B Pouw
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Mierlo
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana Wouters
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew C Pickering
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Arie van der Ende
- Department of Medical Microbiology and The Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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5
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Li J, Long D, Wu S, Wu X, Wei B, Chen D, Shao Y, Wang H, Cui L, Chen X, Yu L. Association of CFH polymorphism with susceptibility to sepsis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Chinese Han populations: A multi-center study. Gene 2019; 722:144127. [PMID: 31525397 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Complement factor H (CFH) serves as a major down-regulator in the complement system, often utilized by bacterial pathogens to evade complement attack. Yet, little is currently known about the genetic correlation of CFH polymorphisms with sepsis due to various microbial infections. A case-control method (488 septic patients and 527 healthy individuals) was carried out in this study to investigate the genetic relationship between CFH polymorphisms (rs3753394 C/T, rs1065489 G/T and rs1061170 C/T) and susceptibility to sepsis caused by bacterial infections in Chinese Han populations. Our findings indicated that the frequency of rs3753394 CT/TT genotype in the septic patients with P. aeruginosa was significantly higher than that in the control individuals (P = 0.033, OR = 2.668, 95%CI = 1.072-6.334). The rs3753394 T allele frequency in the P. aeruginosa-infected patients was significantly increased, compared to that in the healthy controls (P = 0.014, OR = 1.68, 95%CI = 1.118-2.538). Moreover, these significant differences of rs3753394 genotype and allele frequencies remained after multiple testing corrections [P (corr.) = 0.033 for genotype; P (corr.) = 0.033 for allele]. The current study highlighted the significance of CFH polymorphism rs3753394 as a potential biomarker for targeting P. aeruginosa infection in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Ding Long
- Intensive Care Units, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sisi Wu
- Intensive Care Units, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Intensive Care Units, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bohua Wei
- Intensive Care Units, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Intensive Care Units, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- Intensive Care Units, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangyan Chen
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Li Yu
- Intensive Care Units, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Ali YM, Sim RB, Schwaeble W, Shaaban MI. Enterococcus faecalis Escapes Complement-Mediated Killing via Recruitment of Complement Factor H. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:1061-1070. [PMID: 31058287 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecalis is considered to be the most important species of enterococci responsible for blood stream infections in critically ill patients. In blood, the complement system is activated via the classical pathway (CP), the lectin pathway (LP), or the alternative pathway (AP), and it plays a critical role in opsonophagocytosis of bacteria including E faecalis. METHODS In a mouse model of enterococcus peritonitis, BALB-C mice were challenged with a high dose of E faecalis 12 hours after intraperitoneal administration of anti-Factor H (FH) antibodies or isotype control. Four hours later, control mice developed higher bacterial burden in blood and organs compared with mice treated with anti-FH antibodies. RESULTS We demonstrate that complement recognition molecules C1q, CL-11, and murine ficolin-A bind the enterococcus and drive the CP and the LP in human and mouse. We further describe that E faecalis evades the AP by recruitment of FH on its surface. Our results show a strong C3b deposition on E faecalis via both the CP and the LP but not through the AP. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that E faecalis avoids the complement phagocytosis by the AP via sequestering complement FH from the host blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssif M Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert B Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelm Schwaeble
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mona I Shaaban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
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7
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van den Broek B, van der Flier M, de Groot R, de Jonge MI, Langereis JD. Common Genetic Variants in the Complement System and their Potential Link with Disease Susceptibility and Outcome of Invasive Bacterial Infection. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:131-141. [PMID: 31269507 DOI: 10.1159/000500545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are pathogens that frequently colonize the nasopharynx in an asymptomatic manner but are also a cause of invasive bacterial infections mainly in young children. The complement system plays a crucial role in humoral immunity, complementing the ability of antibodies to clear microbes, thereby protecting the host against bacterial infections, including S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis. While it is widely accepted that complement deficiencies due to rare genetic variants increase the risk for invasive bacterial infection, not much is known about the common genetic variants in the complement system in relation to disease susceptibility. In this review, we provide an overview of the effects of common genetic variants on complement activation and on complement-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan van den Broek
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center for Immunodeficiency and Auto inflammation (REIA), Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D Langereis
- Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, .,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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8
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Blood‒Brain Barrier Pathology and CNS Outcomes in Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113555. [PMID: 30423890 PMCID: PMC6275034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major meningitis-causing pathogen globally, bringing about significant morbidity and mortality, as well as long-term neurological sequelae in almost half of the survivors. Subsequent to nasopharyngeal colonisation and systemic invasion, translocation across the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) by S. pneumoniae is a crucial early step in the pathogenesis of meningitis. The BBB, which normally protects the central nervous system (CNS) from deleterious molecules within the circulation, becomes dysfunctional in S. pneumoniae invasion due to the effects of pneumococcal toxins and a heightened host inflammatory environment of cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species intracranially. The bacteria‒host interplay within the CNS likely determines not only the degree of BBB pathological changes, but also host survival and the extent of neurological damage. This review explores the relationship between S. pneumoniae bacteria and the host inflammatory response, with an emphasis on the BBB and its roles in CNS protection, as well as both the acute and long-term pathogenesis of meningitis.
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9
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Streptococcus pneumoniae PspC Subgroup Prevalence in Invasive Disease and Differences in Contribution to Complement Evasion. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00010-18. [PMID: 29378798 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00010-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The pneumococcal capsular serotype is an important determinant of complement resistance and invasive disease potential, but other virulence factors have also been found to contribute. Pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC), a highly variable virulence protein that binds complement factor H to evade C3 opsonization, is divided into two subgroups: choline-bound subgroup I and LPxTG-anchored subgroup II. The prevalence of different PspC subgroups in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and functional differences in complement evasion are unknown. The prevalence of PspC subgroups in IPD isolates was determined in a collection of 349 sequenced strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from adult patients. pspC deletion mutants and isogenic pspC switch mutants were constructed to study differences in factor H binding and complement evasion in relation to capsule thickness. Subgroup I pspC was far more prevalent in IPD isolates than subgroup II pspC The presence of capsule was associated with a greater ability of bound factor H to reduce complement opsonization. Pneumococcal subgroup I PspC bound significantly more factor H and showed more effective complement evasion than subgroup II PspC in isogenic encapsulated pneumococci. We conclude that variation in the PspC subgroups, independent of capsule serotypes, affects pneumococcal factor H binding and its ability to evade complement deposition.
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10
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Antigenic Variation in Streptococcus pneumoniae PspC Promotes Immune Escape in the Presence of Variant-Specific Immunity. mBio 2018. [PMID: 29535198 PMCID: PMC5850329 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00264-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic analysis reveals extensive sequence variation and hot spots of recombination in surface proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae. While this phenomenon is commonly attributed to diversifying selection by host immune responses, there is little mechanistic evidence for the hypothesis that diversification of surface protein antigens produces an immune escape benefit during infection with S. pneumoniae. Here, we investigate the biological significance of sequence variation within the S. pneumoniae cell wall-associated pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) protein antigen. Using pspC allelic diversity observed in a large pneumococcal collection, we produced variant-specific protein constructs that span the sequence variability within the pspC locus. We show that antibodies raised against these PspC constructs are variant specific and prevent association between PspC and the complement pathway mediator, human factor H. We found that PspC variants differ in their capacity to bind factor H, suggesting that sequence variation within pspC reflects differences in biological function. Finally, in an antibody-dependent opsonophagocytic assay, S. pneumoniae expressing a PspC variant matching the antibody specificity was killed efficiently. In contrast, killing efficacy was not evident against S. pneumoniae expressing mismatched PspC variants. Our data suggest that antigenic variation within the PspC antigen promotes immune evasion and could confer a fitness benefit during infection. Loci encoding surface protein antigens in Streptococcus pneumoniae are highly polymorphic. It has become a truism that these polymorphisms are the outcome of selective pressure on S. pneumoniae to escape host immunity. However, there is little mechanistic evidence to support the hypothesis that diversifying protein antigens produces a benefit for the bacteria. Using the highly diverse pspC locus, we have now characterized the functional and immune implications of sequence diversity within the PspC protein. We have characterized the spectrum of biological function among diverse PspC variants and show that pspC sequence diversity reflects functional differences. Further, we show that sequence variation in PspC confers an immune escape benefit in the presence of anti-PspC variant-specific immunity. Overall, the results of our studies provide insights into the functional implications of protein sequence diversity and the role of variant-specific immunity in its maintenance.
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11
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Cheng ZX, Gong QY, Wang Z, Chen ZG, Ye JZ, Li J, Wang J, Yang MJ, Ling XP, Peng B. Edwardsiella tarda Tunes Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle to Evade Complement-Mediated Killing. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1706. [PMID: 29270172 PMCID: PMC5725468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Evasion of complement-mediated killing is a common phenotype for many different types of pathogens, but the mechanism is still poorly understood. Most of the clinic isolates of Edwardsiella tarda, an important pathogen infecting both of human and fish, are commonly found serum-resistant. To explore the potential mechanisms, we applied gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics approaches to profile the metabolomes of E. tarda EIB202 in the presence or absence of serum stress. We found that tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was greatly enhanced in the presence of serum. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and enzyme activity assays validated this result. Furthermore, exogenous succinate that promotes the TCA cycle increased serum resistance, while TCA cycle inhibitors (bromopyruvate and propanedioic acid) that inhibit TCA cycle, attenuated serum resistance. Moreover, the enhanced TCA cycle increased membrane potential, thus decreased the formation of membrane attack complex at cell surface, resulting serum resistance. These evidences suggested a previously unknown membrane potential-dependent mechanism of serum resistance. Therefore, our findings reveal that pathogen mounts a metabolic trick to cope with the serum complement-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xue Cheng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Yang Gong
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang-Gui Chen
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Zhou Ye
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man-Jun Yang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Ling
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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12
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Genetic background impacts vaccine-induced reduction of pneumococcal colonization. Vaccine 2017; 35:5235-5241. [PMID: 28822643 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination has been one of the most successful strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by respiratory infections. Recent evidence suggests that differences in the host genetic background and environmental factors may contribute to heterogeneity in the immune response to vaccination. During pre-clinical testing, vaccines are often evaluated in a single mouse inbred strain, which may not translate well to the heterogeneous human population. Here, we examined the influence of host genetic background on vaccine-induced protection against pneumococcal colonization in two commonly used inbred mouse strains, i.e. C57BL/6 and BALB/cas well as the F1 cross of these two strains. Groups of mice were vaccinated intranasally with a vaccine formulation containing a model pneumococcal antigen, i.e. pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), adjuvanted with cholera toxin subunit B (CTB). Even in the absence of vaccination, differences in colonization density were observed between mouse strains. Although vaccination significantly reduced pneumococcal density in all mouse strains, differences were observed in the magnitude of protection. We therefore examined immunological parameters known to be involved in vaccine-induced mucosal clearance of S. pneumoniae. We found that PspA-specific IgG levels in nasal tissue differed between mouse strains, but in all cases it correlated significantly with a reduction in colonization. Furthermore, increased mucosal IL17A, but not IFNγ, IL10, or IL4, was found to be mouse strain specific. This suggests that the reduction of bacterial load may be accompanied by a Th17 response in all genetic backgrounds, although the cytokine dynamics may differ. Increased insight into the different immune mechanisms that affect pneumococcal carriage will contribute to development of future vaccines against S. pneumoniae.
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13
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A versatile assay to determine bacterial and host factors contributing to opsonophagocytotic killing in hirudin-anticoagulated whole blood. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42137. [PMID: 28176849 PMCID: PMC5296863 DOI: 10.1038/srep42137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most bacteria entering the bloodstream will be eliminated through complement activation on the bacterial surface and opsonophagocytosis. However, when these protective innate immune systems do not work optimally, or when bacteria are equipped with immune evasion mechanisms that prevent killing, this can lead to serious infections such as bacteremia and meningitis, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In order to study the complement evasion mechanisms of bacteria and the capacity of human blood to opsonize and kill bacteria, we developed a versatile whole blood killing assay wherein both phagocyte function and complement activity can easily be monitored and modulated. In this assay we use a selective thrombin inhibitor hirudin to fully preserve complement activity of whole blood. This assay allows controlled analysis of the requirements for active complement by replacing or heat-inactivating plasma, phagocyte function and bacterial immune evasion mechanisms that contribute to survival in human blood.
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14
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Abstract
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is defined by the simultaneous occurrence of nonimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. This leads to the pathological lesion termed thrombotic microangiopathy, which mainly affects the kidney, as well as other organs. HUS is associated with endothelial cell injury and platelet activation, although the underlying cause may differ. Most cases of HUS are associated with gastrointestinal infection with Shiga toxin-producing enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains. Atypical HUS (aHUS) is associated with complement dysregulation due to mutations or autoantibodies. In this review, we will describe the causes of HUS. In addition, we will review the clinical, pathological, haematological and biochemical features, epidemiology and pathogenetic mechanisms as well as the biochemical, microbiological, immunological and genetic investigations leading to diagnosis. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of the different subtypes of HUS enables tailoring of appropriate treatment and management. To date, there is no specific treatment for EHEC-associated HUS but patients benefit from supportive care, whereas patients with aHUS are effectively treated with anti-C5 antibody to prevent recurrences, both before and after renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Loos
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ramesh Tati
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ida Arvidsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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15
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van der Maten E, de Bont CM, de Groot R, de Jonge MI, Langereis JD, van der Flier M. Alternative pathway regulation by factor H modulates Streptococcus pneumoniae induced proinflammatory cytokine responses by decreasing C5a receptor crosstalk. Cytokine 2016; 88:281-286. [PMID: 27721145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens not only stimulate innate immune receptors, but also activate the complement system. Crosstalk between complement C5a receptor (C5aR) and other innate immune receptors is known to enhance the proinflammatory cytokine response. An important determinant of the magnitude of complement activation is the activity of the alternative pathway, which serves as an amplification mechanism for complement activation. Both alternative pathway activity as well as plasma levels of factor H, a key inhibitor of the alternative pathway, show large variation within the human population. Here, we studied the effect of factor H-mediated regulation of the alternative pathway on bacterial-induced proinflammatory cytokine responses. We used the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae as a model stimulus to induce proinflammatory cytokine responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Serum containing active complement enhanced pneumococcal induced proinflammatory cytokine production through C5a release and C5aR crosstalk. We found that inhibition of the alternative pathway by factor H, with a concentration equivalent to a high physiological level, strongly reduced C5a levels and decreased proinflammatory cytokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This suggests that variation in alternative pathway activity due to variation in factor H plasma levels affects individual cytokine responses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika van der Maten
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia M de Bont
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D Langereis
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Zou J, Duan X, Zheng G, Zhao Z, Chen S, Dai P, Zheng H. A novel PIK3CD C896T mutation detected in bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss using next generation sequencing: An indication of primary immunodeficiency. J Otol 2016; 11:78-83. [PMID: 29937814 PMCID: PMC6002587 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate immune-related genetic background in bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). Case report and methods The case is a 45-year-old man presenting with a 7-year history of bilateral profound SSNHL. Blood biochemical testing demonstrated increased levels of total cholesterol (5.88 mmol/L). Tests for hepatitis B showed a positive antibody against the hepatitis B core antigen. Complement C3 was below the normal value, and complement C4 and IgG were in the lower range of normal values. CT images showed a normal inner ear and vestibular aqueduct but round window membranous ossification on both sides. A total number of 232 immune-associated genes were sequenced using the next generation sequencing technique. Results Mutations were detected in 5 genes, including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta (PIK3CD), caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9), complement factor H-related (CFHR2), immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 Protein (IGLL1), and transmembrane channel-like gene family 8 (TMC8). In the PIK3CD gene, a C896T substitute in exon 7 was detected. This mutation causes primary immunodeficiency and is an autosomal dominant disease. Conclusion The PIK3CD C896T mutation responsible for primary immunodeficiency may contribute to the onset of bilateral SSNHL with subsequent rapid progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery of Chinese PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Changhai Road #168, Shanghai 200433, China. Tel.: +86 21 311 62021.
| | - Xiangqiang Duan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery of Chinese PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiliang Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery of Chinese PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery of Chinese PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyue Chen
- Department of Radiology, National Key Discipline, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pu Dai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery of Chinese PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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