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Rimal Y, Gochhait S, Bisht A. Data interpretation and visualization of COVID-19 cases using R programming. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021; 26:100705. [PMID: 34485681 PMCID: PMC8404394 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data analysis and visualization are essential for exploring and communicating medical research findings, especially when working with COVID records. RESULTS Data on COVID-19 diagnosed cases and deaths from December 2019 is collected automatically from www.statista.com, datahub.io, and the Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). We have developed an application for data visualization and analysis of several indicators to follow the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic using Statista, Data Hub, and MDPI data from densely populated countries like the United States, Japan, and India using R programming. CONCLUSIONS The COVID19-World online web application systematically produces daily updated country-specific data visualization and analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic worldwide. The application will help with a better understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saikat Gochhait
- Symbiosis Institute of Digital and Telecom Managment, constituent of Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
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Guid M, Bruno A, Tagliaferro L, Aprile V, Tinelli A, Fedele A, Lobreglio G, Menegazzi P, Pasanisi G, Tassi V, Forcina B, Fortunato F, Lupo LI, Zizza A. Universal Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and its Impact on the Southern Italian Region. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:343-357. [PMID: 32048956 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200212115840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
HPV is still the most common sexually transmitted infection, leading to the onset of many disorders while causing an increase in direct and indirect health costs. High Risk (HR) HPV is the primary cause of invasive cervical cancer and contributes significantly to the development of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. The introduction of universal HPV vaccination has led to a significant reduction in vaccine-targeted HPV infections, cross-protective genotypes, precancerous lesions and anogenital warts. Despite the several limitations of HPV vaccination programs, including vaccine type specificity, different schedules, target age-groups and poor communication, the impact has become increasingly evident, especially in countries with high vaccine uptake. We carried out a review of the most recent literature to evaluate the effects of HPV vaccination on vaccinetargeted HPV genotypes and to assess the level of cross-protection provided against non-vaccine HPV types. Subsequently, to assess the rates of HPV infection in a southeast Italian region, we performed an epidemiological investigation on the impact of vaccination on genotypes and on the prevalence and distribution of HPV infection during the twelve-year period 2006-2017 in the Local Health Unit (LHU) of Lecce. The vaccination coverage of about 70% among girls in the LHU led to an initial reduction in vaccine-targeted HPV types and cross-protective genotypes. However, the results on this population should be interpreted cautiously because the period since the start of vaccination is too short and the coverage rate is not yet optimal to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination in lowering the prevalence of non-vaccine HR HPV types in the vaccinated cohort and in older subjects. Nevertheless, it is expected that direct effects will increase further and that herd immunity will begin to emerge as vaccination coverage increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Guid
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.,Inter-University Centre of Research on Influenza and other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Annarita Bruno
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, "S. Caterina Novella" Hospital, Galatina, Italy
| | - Luigi Tagliaferro
- Anatomical Pathology Unit, "Sacro cuore di Gesù" Hospital, Gallipoli, Italy
| | - Valerio Aprile
- Prevention Dept, Hygiene and Public Health Service, Local Health Agency, Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Tinelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Veris delli Ponti" Hospital, Scorrano, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alberto Fedele
- Prevention Dept, Hygiene and Public Health Service, Local Health Agency, Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Vittorio Tassi
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Fortunato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Laura Isabella Lupo
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonella Zizza
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
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Duan R, Qiao Y, Clifford G, Zhao F. Cancer burden attributable to human papillomavirus infection by sex, cancer site, age, and geographical area in China. Cancer Med 2020; 9:374-384. [PMID: 31714036 PMCID: PMC6943148 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) attributable cancer burden is currently unknown in China, which is essential to evaluate the potential benefit of existing HPV vaccines and to inform cancer control policy. METHODS We extracted data of cancer incidence and mortality in 2014 from Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report, and data of national population from National Bureau of Statistics. HPV-attributable cancer burden was estimated by incorporating cancer rates and population forecasts by sex, cancer site, age and geographical area, and then combined to corresponding population attributable fractions. RESULTS We estimated that there were 110 894 HPV-attributable new cancer cases in China in 2014, including 99 253 cervical cancers, 4449 noncervical cancers in females and 7192 cancers in males. The age-standardized incidence of HPV-attributable cancers in China was 5.69 per 100 000 persons, being slightly higher in rural than urban areas. Specifically, 51.1% of HPV-attributable cervical cancers were diagnosed in women aged 40-54 years, while 75.8% of noncervical cancers were diagnosed at 45-79 years of age. Among males, 53.4% of cancers were diagnosed at 55-74 years of age. Thirty five thousand six hundred and eighty three HPV-attributable cancer deaths were estimated, including 29 683 due to cervical cancer, and 2307 and 3693 due to noncervical cancer in females and males, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The cancer burden attributable to HPV in China is substantial. HPV vaccination and cervical screening should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufei Duan
- National Cancer CenterNational Clinical Research Center for CancerCancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Youlin Qiao
- National Cancer CenterNational Clinical Research Center for CancerCancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Gary Clifford
- International Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Fanghui Zhao
- National Cancer CenterNational Clinical Research Center for CancerCancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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