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Xavier A, Bonfim C, Barbosa Júnior W, Bezerra G, Oliveira C, Uchikawa R, da Silva F, Aguiar-Santos A, Medeiros Z. Influence of social and environmental factors for Culex quinquefasciatus distribution in Northeastern Brazil: a risk index. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:1580-1590. [PMID: 35951738 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis. One important component in planning filariasis control activities is the mapping of vector distribution. A tool that involves socio-environmental factors and Cx. quinquefasciatus density can contribute to the identification of areas that should be prioritized in surveillance actions. This is an ecological study based on the construction and validation of a risk score of urban areas according to social and environmental variables extracted from a national database. Based on this stratification, female Cx. quinquefasciatus were captured. In total, 30,635 Cx. quinquefasciatus were captured, of which 17,161 (56%) were females. The highest vector density index of mosquitoes were captured in households located in the high-risk stratum and the indicator proved to be a tool that identified an association between social and environmental conditions and areas with the highest vector density index of females Cx. quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Xavier
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | - Cristine Bonfim
- Diretoria de Pesquisas Sociais, Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Ministério da Educação, Recife, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Walter Barbosa Júnior
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Bezerra
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Claudia Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Uchikawa
- Assessoria Especial de Análise de Projetos, Prefeitura Municipal de Igarassu, Igarassu, Brazil
- Direção Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | - Filipe da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Aguiar-Santos
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
| | - Zulma Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
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Peniche T, Duarte JL, Ferreira RMA, Sidônio IAP, Sarquis RSFR, Sarquis ÍR, Oliveira AEMFM, Cruz RAS, Ferreira IM, Florentino AC, Carvalho JCT, Souto RNP, Fernandes CP. Larvicidal Effect of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Essential Oil Nanoemulsion on Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238433. [PMID: 36500534 PMCID: PMC9738304 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes can be vectors of pathogens and transmit diseases to both animals and humans. Species of the genus Culex are part of the cycle of neglected diseases, especially Culex quinquefasciatus, which is an anthropophilic vector of lymphatic filariasis. Natural products can be an alternative to synthetic insecticides for vector control; however, the main issue is the poor water availability of some compounds from plant origin. In this context, nanoemulsions are kinetic stable delivery systems of great interest for lipophilic substances. The objective of this study was to investigate the larvicidal activity of the Hyptis suaveolens essential oil nanoemulsion on Cx. quinquefasciatus. The essential oil showed a predominance of monoterpenes with retention time (RT) lower than 15 min. The average size diameter of the emulsions (sorbitan monooleate/polysorbate 20) was ≤ 200 nm. The nanoemulsion showed high larvicidal activity in concentrations of 250 and 125 ppm. CL50 values were 102.41 (77.5253−149.14) ppm and 70.8105 (44.5282−109.811) ppm after 24 and 48 h, respectively. The mortality rate in the surfactant control was lower than 9%. Scanning micrograph images showed changes in the larvae’s integument. This study achieved an active nanoemulsion on Cx. quinquefasciatus through a low-energy-input technique and without using potentially toxic organic solvents. Therefore, it expands the scope of possible applications of H. suaveolens essential oil in the production of high-added-value nanosystems for tropical disease vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taires Peniche
- Post-Graduate Program in Tropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
- Laboratory of Arthropoda, Collegiate of Biology, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Jonatas L. Duarte
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M. A. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Arthropoda, Collegiate of Biology, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Igor A. P. Sidônio
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Rosângela S. F. R. Sarquis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Ícaro R. Sarquis
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Anna E. M. F. M. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. S. Cruz
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Irlon M. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Chemical Biotransformation, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Alexandro C. Florentino
- Graduate Program in Envirionmental Sciences (PPGCA), Laboratory of Ichthyology and Genotoxicity (LIGEN), Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - José C. T. Carvalho
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Raimundo N. P. Souto
- Laboratory of Arthropoda, Collegiate of Biology, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Caio P. Fernandes
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Collegiate of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá CEP 68903-419, Amapá, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Xavier A, Oliveira H, Aguiar-Santos A, Barbosa Júnior W, da Silva E, Braga C, Bonfim C, Medeiros Z. Assessment of transmission in areas of uncertain endemicity for lymphatic filariasis in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007836. [PMID: 31765388 PMCID: PMC6917295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is to phase out this endemic disease as a public health problem by 2020. Validation of elimination is obtained from the World Health Organization through evidence of non-transmission in countries that have already been subjected to mass drug administration (MDA) and in places adjoining these endemic areas. While three municipalities in Brazil have completed MDA, the epidemiological situation remains uncertain in nine adjoining municipalities. To determine the epidemiological status, this study was to perform a review of the literature and a school-based survey to describe the past and recent endemicity of lymphatic filariasis (LF) theses nine municipalities in Brazil. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS For review of the literature, both formal and informal literature sources were accessed since the first reports of filariasis in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Brazil. We conducted a school-based survey in 2016 using immunochromatographic card tests (ICTs) among schoolchildren aged 6-10 years living in nine municipalities contiguous with the endemic areas in which MDA was conducted. Our review of the literature identified eight studies involving surveys demonstrating that microfilariae had been circulating in eight of the municipalities since 1967, with a low prevalence of microfilaremia, isolated autochthonous cases, and treatment of individual cases. The school-based survey included 17,222 children in 185 urban schools in the nine areas of Brazil with uncertain endemicity. One child affected by allochthonous transmission was antigen positive based on ICT and lived in a municipality adjacent to Recife; this child's family came from Recife, but no other case was diagnosed within the family. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The study results suggest that there is no transmission of LF in the municipalities investigated. However, these areas have population migration and socioenvironmental conditions favorable to mosquito breeding grounds; therefore, surveillance is strongly recommended in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Xavier
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Heloize Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Agência Pernambucana de Vigilância Sanitária, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana Aguiar-Santos
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Walter Barbosa Júnior
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ellyda da Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Braga
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Cristine Bonfim
- Diretoria de Pesquisas Sociais, Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Ministério da Educação, Recife, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Zulma Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
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Srividya A, Subramanian S, Jambulingam P, Vijayakumar B, Dinesh Raja J. Mapping and monitoring for a lymphatic filariasis elimination program: a systematic review. Res Rep Trop Med 2019; 10:43-90. [PMID: 31239804 PMCID: PMC6554002 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s134186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is targeted for elimination by the year 2020. The Global Programme for Elimination of LF (GPELF) aims to achieve elimination by interrupting transmission through annual mass drug administration (MDA) of albendazole with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. The program has successfully eliminated the disease in 11 of the 72 endemic countries, putting in enormous efforts on systematic planning and implementation of the strategy. Mapping areas endemic for LF is a pre-requisite for implementing MDA, monitoring and evaluation are the components of programme implementation. This review was undertaken to assess how the mapping and impact monitoring activities have evolved to become more robust over the years and steered the LF elimination programme towards its goal. The findings showed that the WHO recommended mapping strategy aided 17 countries to delimit, plan and implement MDA in only those areas endemic for LF thereby saving resources. Availability of serological tools for detecting infection in humans (antigen/antibody assays) and molecular xenomonitoring (MX) in vectors greatly facilitated programme monitoring and evaluation in endemic countries. Results of this review are discussed on how these existing mapping and monitoring procedures can be used for re-mapping of unsurveyed and uncertain areas to ensure there is no resurgence during post-MDA surveillance. Further the appropriateness of the tests (Microfilaria (Mf)/antigenemia (Ag)/antibody(Ab) surveys in humans or MX of vectors for infection) used currently for post-MDA surveillance and their role in the development of a monitoring and evaluation strategy for the recently WHO recommended triple drug regimen in MDA for accelerated LF elimination are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adinarayanan Srividya
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Swaminathan Subramanian
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Purushothaman Jambulingam
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Balakrishnan Vijayakumar
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Jeyapal Dinesh Raja
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Operations Research, ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
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