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Notch Signaling in Acute Inflammation and Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043458. [PMID: 36834869 PMCID: PMC9967996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling, a highly conserved pathway in mammals, is crucial for differentiation and homeostasis of immune cells. Besides, this pathway is also directly involved in the transmission of immune signals. Notch signaling per se does not have a clear pro- or anti-inflammatory effect, but rather its impact is highly dependent on the immune cell type and the cellular environment, modulating several inflammatory conditions including sepsis, and therefore significantly impacts the course of disease. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of Notch signaling on the clinical picture of systemic inflammatory diseases, especially sepsis. Specifically, we will review its role during immune cell development and its contribution to the modulation of organ-specific immune responses. Finally, we will evaluate to what extent manipulation of the Notch signaling pathway could be a future therapeutic strategy.
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Shin B, Rothenberg EV. Multi-modular structure of the gene regulatory network for specification and commitment of murine T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1108368. [PMID: 36817475 PMCID: PMC9928580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells develop from multipotent progenitors by a gradual process dependent on intrathymic Notch signaling and coupled with extensive proliferation. The stages leading them to T-cell lineage commitment are well characterized by single-cell and bulk RNA analyses of sorted populations and by direct measurements of precursor-product relationships. This process depends not only on Notch signaling but also on multiple transcription factors, some associated with stemness and multipotency, some with alternative lineages, and others associated with T-cell fate. These factors interact in opposing or semi-independent T cell gene regulatory network (GRN) subcircuits that are increasingly well defined. A newly comprehensive picture of this network has emerged. Importantly, because key factors in the GRN can bind to markedly different genomic sites at one stage than they do at other stages, the genes they significantly regulate are also stage-specific. Global transcriptome analyses of perturbations have revealed an underlying modular structure to the T-cell commitment GRN, separating decisions to lose "stem-ness" from decisions to block alternative fates. Finally, the updated network sheds light on the intimate relationship between the T-cell program, which depends on the thymus, and the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) program, which does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Shin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Ellen V. Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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3
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Toribio ML, González-García S. Notch Partners in the Long Journey of T-ALL Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021383. [PMID: 36674902 PMCID: PMC9866461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological disease that arises from the oncogenic transformation of developing T cells during T-lymphopoiesis. Although T-ALL prognosis has improved markedly in recent years, relapsing and refractory patients with dismal outcomes still represent a major clinical issue. Consequently, understanding the pathological mechanisms that lead to the appearance of this malignancy and developing novel and more effective targeted therapies is an urgent need. Since the discovery in 2004 that a major proportion of T-ALL patients carry activating mutations that turn NOTCH1 into an oncogene, great efforts have been made to decipher the mechanisms underlying constitutive NOTCH1 activation, with the aim of understanding how NOTCH1 dysregulation converts the physiological NOTCH1-dependent T-cell developmental program into a pathological T-cell transformation process. Several molecular players have so far been shown to cooperate with NOTCH1 in this oncogenic process, and different therapeutic strategies have been developed to specifically target NOTCH1-dependent T-ALLs. Here, we comprehensively analyze the molecular bases of the cross-talk between NOTCH1 and cooperating partners critically involved in the generation and/or maintenance and progression of T-ALL and discuss novel opportunities and therapeutic approaches that current knowledge may open for future treatment of T-ALL patients.
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4
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Stanley P, Tanwar A. Regulation of myeloid and lymphoid cell development by O-glycans on Notch. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:979724. [PMID: 36406268 PMCID: PMC9672378 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.979724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling via NOTCH1 stimulated by Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) is required for the development of T cells in thymus, and NOTCH2 stimulated by Notch ligand DLL1 is required for the development of marginal zone (MZ) B cells in spleen. Notch signaling also regulates myeloid cell production in bone marrow and is an essential contributor to the generation of early hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). The differentiation program in each of these cellular contexts is optimized by the regulation of Notch signaling strength by O-glycans attached to epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats in the extracellular domain of Notch receptors. There are three major types of O-glycan on NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 - O-fucose, O-glucose and O-GlcNAc. The initiating sugar of each O-glycan is added in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by glycosyltransferases POFUT1 (fucose), POGLUT1/2/3 (glucose) or EOGT (GlcNAc), respectively. Additional sugars are added in the Golgi compartment during passage through the secretory pathway to the plasma membrane. Of particular significance for Notch signaling is the addition of GlcNAc to O-fucose on an EGF repeat by the Fringe GlcNAc-transferases LFNG, MFNG or RFNG. Canonical Notch ligands (DLL1, DLL4, JAG1, JAG2) expressed in stromal cells bind to the extracellular domain of Notch receptors expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid and lymphoid progenitors to activate Notch signaling. Ligand-receptor binding is differentially regulated by the O-glycans on Notch. This review will summarize our understanding of the regulation of Notch signaling in myeloid and lymphoid cell development by specific O-glycans in mice with dysregulated expression of a particular glycosyltransferase and discuss how this may impact immune system development and malignancy in general, and in individuals with a congenital defect in the synthesis of the O-glycans attached to EGF repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Multiple Mechanisms of NOTCH1 Activation in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: NOTCH1 Mutations and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122997. [PMID: 35740661 PMCID: PMC9221163 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mutations of the NOTCH1 gene are a validated prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and a potential predictive marker for anti-CD20-based therapies. At present, the most frequent pathological alteration of the NOTCH1 gene is due to somatic genetic mutations, which have a multifaceted functional impact. However, beside NOTCH1 mutations, other factors may lead to activation of the NOTCH1 pathway, and these include mutations of FBXW7, MED12, SPEN, SF3B1 as well as other B-cell pathways. Understanding the preferential strategies though which CLL cells hijack NOTCH1 signaling may present important clues for designing targeted treatment strategies for the management of CLL. Abstract The Notch signaling pathway plays a fundamental role for the terminal differentiation of multiple cell types, including B and T lymphocytes. The Notch receptors are transmembrane proteins that, upon ligand engagement, undergo multiple processing steps that ultimately release their intracytoplasmic portion. The activated protein ultimately operates as a nuclear transcriptional co-factor, whose stability is finely regulated. The Notch pathway has gained growing attention in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) because of the high rate of somatic mutations of the NOTCH1 gene. In CLL, NOTCH1 mutations represent a validated prognostic marker and a potential predictive marker for anti-CD20-based therapies, as pathological alterations of the Notch pathway can provide significant growth and survival advantage to neoplastic clone. However, beside NOTCH1 mutation, other events have been demonstrated to perturb the Notch pathway, namely somatic mutations of upstream, or even apparently unrelated, proteins such as FBXW7, MED12, SPEN, SF3B1, as well as physiological signals from other pathways such as the B-cell receptor. Here we review these mechanisms of activation of the NOTCH1 pathway in the context of CLL; the resulting picture highlights how multiple different mechanisms, that might occur under specific genomic, phenotypic and microenvironmental contexts, ultimately result in the same search for proliferative and survival advantages (through activation of MYC), as well as immune escape and therapy evasion (from anti-CD20 biological therapies). Understanding the preferential strategies through which CLL cells hijack NOTCH1 signaling may present important clues for designing targeted treatment strategies for the management of CLL.
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MicroRNAs as Modulators of the Immune Response in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020829. [PMID: 35055013 PMCID: PMC8776227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is an aggressive haematological tumour driven by the malignant transformation and expansion of B-cell (B-ALL) or T-cell (T-ALL) progenitors. The evolution of T-ALL pathogenesis encompasses different master developmental pathways, including the main role played by Notch in cell fate choices during tissue differentiation. Recently, a growing body of evidence has highlighted epigenetic changes, particularly the altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), as a critical molecular mechanism to sustain T-ALL. The immune response is emerging as key factor in the complex multistep process of cancer but the role of miRNAs in anti-leukaemia response remains elusive. In this review we analyse the available literature on miRNAs as tuners of the immune response in T-ALL, focusing on their role in Natural Killer, T, T-regulatory and Myeloid-derived suppressor cells. A better understanding of this molecular crosstalk may provide the basis for the development of potential immunotherapeutic strategies in the leukemia field.
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Martinez-Ruíz GU, Morales-Sánchez A, Bhandoola A. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in thymic epithelial cells. Immunol Rev 2022; 305:43-58. [PMID: 34750841 PMCID: PMC8766885 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is required for the development of both adaptive and innate-like T cell subsets. There is keen interest in manipulating thymic function for therapeutic purposes in circumstances of autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, and for purposes of immunotherapy. Within the thymus, thymic epithelial cells play essential roles in directing T cell development. Several transcription factors are known to be essential for thymic epithelial cell development and function, and a few transcription factors have been studied in considerable detail. However, the role of many other transcription factors is less well understood. Further, it is likely that roles exist for other transcription factors not yet known to be important in thymic epithelial cells. Recent progress in understanding of thymic epithelial cell heterogeneity has provided some new insight into transcriptional requirements in subtypes of thymic epithelial cells. However, it is unknown whether progenitors of thymic epithelial cells exist in the adult thymus, and consequently, developmental relationships linking putative precursors with differentiated cell types are poorly understood. While we do not presently possess a clear understanding of stage-specific requirements for transcription factors in thymic epithelial cells, new single-cell transcriptomic and epigenomic technologies should enable rapid progress in this field. Here, we review our current knowledge of transcription factors involved in the development, maintenance, and function of thymic epithelial cells, and the mechanisms by which they act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ulises Martinez-Ruíz
- T Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abigail Morales-Sánchez
- T Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- T Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Wu H, Li X, Zhou C, Yu Q, Ge S, Pan Z, Zhao Y, Xia S, Zhou X, Liu X, Wang H, Shao Q. Circulating mature dendritic cells homing to the thymus promote thymic epithelial cells involution via the Jagged1/Notch3 axis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:225. [PMID: 34462426 PMCID: PMC8404188 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple proinflammatory conditions, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, transplant rejection, and microbial infections, have been identified to induce involution of the thymus. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of these inflammatory conditions inducing apoptosis of thymic epithelial cells (TECs), the main components of the thymus, remain largely unknown. In the circulation, mature dendritic cells (mDCs), the predominant initiator of innate and adaptive immune response, can migrate into the thymus. Herein, we demonstrated that mDCs were able to directly inhibit TECs proliferation and induce their apoptosis by activating the Jagged1/Notch3 signaling pathway. Intrathymic injection of either mDCs or recombinant mouse Jagged1-human Fc fusion protein (rmJagged1-hFc) into mice resulted in acute atrophy of the thymus. Furthermore, DAPT, a γ-secretase inhibitor, reversed the effects induced by mDC or rmJagged1-hFc. These findings suggest that acute or aging-related thymus degeneration can be induced either by mass migration of circulating mDCs in a short period of time or by a few but constantly homing mDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Wu
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qihong Yu
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shiyao Ge
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zihui Pan
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yangjing Zhao
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Xia
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xia Liu
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Qixiang Shao
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Reproductive Immunity, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai'an, 223002, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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Takam Kamga P, Bazzoni R, Dal Collo G, Cassaro A, Tanasi I, Russignan A, Tecchio C, Krampera M. The Role of Notch and Wnt Signaling in MSC Communication in Normal and Leukemic Bone Marrow Niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:599276. [PMID: 33490067 PMCID: PMC7820188 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.599276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch and Wnt signaling are highly conserved intercellular communication pathways involved in developmental processes, such as hematopoiesis. Even though data from literature support a role for these two pathways in both physiological hematopoiesis and leukemia, there are still many controversies concerning the nature of their contribution. Early studies, strengthened by findings from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), have focused their investigation on the mutations in genes encoding for components of the pathways, with limited results except for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in because in other leukemia the two pathways could be hyper-expressed without genetic abnormalities. As normal and malignant hematopoiesis require close and complex interactions between hematopoietic cells and specialized bone marrow (BM) niche cells, recent studies have focused on the role of Notch and Wnt signaling in the context of normal crosstalk between hematopoietic/leukemia cells and stromal components. Amongst the latter, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) play a pivotal role as multipotent non-hematopoietic cells capable of giving rise to most of the BM niche stromal cells, including fibroblasts, adipocytes, and osteocytes. Indeed, MSCs express and secrete a broad pattern of bioactive molecules, including Notch and Wnt molecules, that support all the phases of the hematopoiesis, including self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation. Herein, we provide an overview on recent advances on the contribution of MSC-derived Notch and Wnt signaling to hematopoiesis and leukemia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Takam Kamga
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- EA4340-BCOH, Biomarker in Cancerology and Onco-Haematology, UVSQ, Université Paris Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Riccardo Bazzoni
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giada Dal Collo
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adriana Cassaro
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tanasi
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Russignan
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Tecchio
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Krampera
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Golub R. The Notch signaling pathway involvement in innate lymphoid cell biology. Biomed J 2020; 44:133-143. [PMID: 33863682 PMCID: PMC8178581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Notch in the immune system was first described in the late 90s. Reports revealed that Notch is one of the most conserved developmental pathways involved in diverse biological processes such as the development, differentiation, survival and functions of many immune populations. Here, we provide an extended view of the pleiotropic effects of the Notch signaling on the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) biology. We review the current knowledge on Notch signaling in the regulation of ILC differentiation, plasticity and functions in diverse tissue types and at both the fetal and adult developmental stages. ILCs are early responder cells that secrete a large panel of cytokines after stimulation. By controlling the abundance of ILCs and the specificity of their release, the Notch pathway is also implicated in the regulation of their functions. The Notch pathway is therefore an important player in both ILC cell fate decision and ILC immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Golub
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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11
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Role of Notch Receptors in Hematologic Malignancies. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010016. [PMID: 33374160 PMCID: PMC7823720 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch receptors are single-pass transmembrane proteins that play a critical role in cell fate decisions and have been implicated in the regulation of many developmental processes. The human Notch family comprises of four receptors (Notch 1 to 4) and five ligands. Their signaling can regulate extremely basic cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation and death. Notch is also involved in hematopoiesis and angiogenesis, and increasing evidence suggests that these genes are involved and frequently deregulated in several human malignancies, contributing to cell autonomous activities that may be either oncogenic or tumor suppressive. It was recently proposed that Notch signaling could play an active role in promoting and sustaining a broad spectrum of lymphoid malignancies as well as mutations in Notch family members that are present in several disorders of T- and B-cells, which could be responsible for altering the related signaling. Therefore, different Notch pathway molecules could be considered as potential therapeutic targets for hematological cancers. In this review, we will summarize and discuss compelling evidence pointing to Notch receptors as pleiotropic regulators of hematologic malignancies biology, first describing the physiological role of their signaling in T- and B-cell development and homeostasis, in order to fully understand the pathological alterations reported.
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12
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López-López S, Monsalve EM, Romero de Ávila MJ, González-Gómez J, Hernández de León N, Ruiz-Marcos F, Baladrón V, Nueda ML, García-León MJ, Screpanti I, Felli MP, Laborda J, García-Ramírez JJ, Díaz-Guerra MJM. NOTCH3 signaling is essential for NF-κB activation in TLR-activated macrophages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14839. [PMID: 32908186 PMCID: PMC7481794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation by Toll receptors is an essential event in the development of the response against pathogens. NOTCH signaling pathway is involved in the control of macrophage activation and the inflammatory processes. In this work, we have characterized NOTCH signaling in macrophages activated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering and determined that DLL1 and DLL4 are the main ligands responsible for NOTCH signaling. We have identified ADAM10 as the main protease implicated in NOTCH processing and activation. We have also observed that furin, which processes NOTCH receptors, is induced by TLR signaling in a NOTCH-dependent manner. NOTCH3 is the only NOTCH receptor expressed in resting macrophages. Its expression increased rapidly in the first hours after TLR4 activation, followed by a gradual decrease, which was coincident with an elevation of the expression of the other NOTCH receptors. All NOTCH1, 2 and 3 contribute to the increased NOTCH signaling detected in activated macrophages. We also observed a crosstalk between NOTCH3 and NOTCH1 during macrophage activation. Finally, our results highlight the relevance of NOTCH3 in the activation of NF-κB, increasing p65 phosphorylation by p38 MAP kinase. Our data identify, for the first time, NOTCH3 as a relevant player in the control of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana López-López
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Medical School/CRIB, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLM, C/Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain.,Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada CSIC, Albacete, Spain
| | - Eva María Monsalve
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Medical School/CRIB, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLM, C/Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain.,Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada CSIC, Albacete, Spain
| | - María José Romero de Ávila
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Medical School/CRIB, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLM, C/Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain.,Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada CSIC, Albacete, Spain
| | - Julia González-Gómez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, CRIB/Biomedicine Unit, Pharmacy School, UCLM/CSIC, C/Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | | | | | - Victoriano Baladrón
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Medical School/CRIB, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLM, C/Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain.,Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada CSIC, Albacete, Spain
| | - María Luisa Nueda
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, CRIB/Biomedicine Unit, Pharmacy School, UCLM/CSIC, C/Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - María Jesús García-León
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - María Pía Felli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Jorge Laborda
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, CRIB/Biomedicine Unit, Pharmacy School, UCLM/CSIC, C/Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - José Javier García-Ramírez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Medical School/CRIB, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLM, C/Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain. .,Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada CSIC, Albacete, Spain.
| | - María José M Díaz-Guerra
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Medical School/CRIB, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLM, C/Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain. .,Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada CSIC, Albacete, Spain.
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Tsaouli G, Barbarulo A, Vacca A, Screpanti I, Felli MP. Molecular Mechanisms of Notch Signaling in Lymphoid Cell Lineages Development: NF-κB and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1227:145-164. [PMID: 32072504 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36422-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Notch is a ligand-receptor interaction-triggered signaling cascade highly conserved, that influences multiple lineage decisions within the hematopoietic and the immune system. It is a recognized model of intercellular communication that plays an essential role in embryonic as well as in adult immune cell development and homeostasis. Four members belong to the family of Notch receptors (Notch1-4), and each of them plays nonredundant functions at several developmental stages. Canonical and noncanonical pathways of Notch signaling are multifaceted drivers of immune cells biology. In fact, increasing evidence highlighted Notch as an important modulator of immune responses, also in cancer microenvironment. In these contexts, multiple transduction signals, including canonical and alternative NF-κB pathways, play a relevant role. In this chapter, we will first describe the critical role of Notch and NF-κB signals in lymphoid lineages developing in thymus: natural killer T cells, thymocytes, and thymic T regulatory cells. We will address also the role played by ligand expressing cells. Given the importance of Notch/NF-κB cross talk, its role in T-cell leukemia development and progression will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tsaouli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Barbarulo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - I Screpanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - M P Felli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Cuoco JA, Klein BJ, Busch CM, Gosnell HL, Kar A, Marvin EA, Apfel LS. Neurosurgical Management of Lateral Meningocele Syndrome: A Clinical Update for the Pediatric Neurosurgeon. Pediatr Neurosurg 2020; 55:2-11. [PMID: 31838470 DOI: 10.1159/000504060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lateral meningocele syndrome (LMS) is an exceedingly rare connective tissue disease with phenotypic anomalies similar to those seen in Marfan syndrome, Ehler-Danlos syndrome, and Loeys-Dietz syndrome. However, this syndrome is invariably associated with the presence of multiple lateral thoracolumbar spinal meningoceles: a distinct point of phenotypic divergence from other connective tissue disorders. The etiopathogenesis of this syndrome has recently been linked to truncating mutations within exon 33 of NOTCH3. Despite numerous reports, neurosurgical management of multiple spinal meningoceles remains poorly defined in the literature. We conducted a literature review to provide insight into the nosology, clinical significance, and neurosurgical management strategies of this distinct connective tissue disorder. SUMMARY Our literature search revealed 11 articles (16 cases) of LMS, which included 9 males and 7 females, belonging to 14 different families. Half of these cases underwent genetic screening: all of which were discovered to exhibit a truncating mutation within exon 33 of NOTCH3. All patients exhibited multiple lateral thoracolumbar spinal meningoceles with craniofacial dysmorphisms. Other clinical characteristics included pathologic changes in spine morphology, Chiari I malformation, syringomyelia, hydrocephalus, and tethered cord. Operative management of multiple spinal meningoceles in LMS is complicated by the presence of such coexisting structural neurologic pathologies, which may alter cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics and, ultimately, impact operative intervention. Key Messages: LMS is an exceedingly rare connective tissue disorder with severe spinal dural involvement. Neurosurgical management of multiple spinal meningoceles is complex, which is further complicated by the presence of coexisting neuropathology, such as pathologic transformation of spine morphology and Chiari I malformation. Patients with a connective tissue disorder phenotype found to have multiple spinal meningoceles on imaging studies may benefit from evaluation by a medical geneticist and a pediatric neurosurgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Cuoco
- Carilion Clinic, Section of Neurosurgery, Roanoke, Virginia, USA, .,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA, .,Virginia Tech School of Neuroscience, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA, .,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA,
| | - Brendan J Klein
- Carilion Clinic, Section of Neurosurgery, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Virginia Tech School of Neuroscience, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher M Busch
- Carilion Clinic, Section of Neurosurgery, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Virginia Tech School of Neuroscience, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Hailey L Gosnell
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Ayesha Kar
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Eric A Marvin
- Carilion Clinic, Section of Neurosurgery, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Virginia Tech School of Neuroscience, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Lisa S Apfel
- Carilion Clinic, Section of Neurosurgery, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Virginia Tech School of Neuroscience, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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15
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Pelullo M, Zema S, Nardozza F, Checquolo S, Screpanti I, Bellavia D. Wnt, Notch, and TGF-β Pathways Impinge on Hedgehog Signaling Complexity: An Open Window on Cancer. Front Genet 2019; 10:711. [PMID: 31552081 PMCID: PMC6736567 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is associated with increased risk of developing several malignancies. The biological and pathogenic importance of Hh signaling emphasizes the need to control its action tightly, both physiologically and therapeutically. Evidence of crosstalk between Hh and other signaling pathways is reported in many tumor types. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the communication between Hh and major signaling pathways, such as Notch, Wnt, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which play critical roles in both embryonic and adult life. When these pathways are unbalanced, impaired crosstalk contributes to disease development. It is reported that more than one of these pathways are active in different type of tumors, at the same time. Therefore, starting from a plethora of stimuli that activate multiple signaling pathways, we describe the signals that preferentially converge on the Hh signaling cascade that influence its activity. Moreover, we highlight several connection points between Hh and Notch, Wnt, or TGF-β pathways, showing a reciprocal synergism that contributes to tumorigenesis, supporting a more malignant behavior by tumor cells, such as in leukemia and brain tumors. Understanding the importance of these molecular interlinking networks will provide a rational basis for combined anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pelullo
- Center of Life Nano Science Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Zema
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Saula Checquolo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Diana Bellavia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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16
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Notch/CXCR4 Partnership in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Progression. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:5601396. [PMID: 31346528 PMCID: PMC6620846 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5601396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer among children. Recent advances in chemotherapy have made ALL a curable hematological malignancy. In children, there is 25% chance of disease relapse, typically in the central nervous system. While in adults, there is a higher chance of relapse. ALL may affect B-cell or T-cell lineages. Different genetic alterations characterize the two ALL forms. Deregulated Notch, either Notch1 or Notch3, and CXCR4 receptor signaling are involved in ALL disease development and progression. By analyzing their relevant roles in the pathogenesis of the two ALL forms, new molecular mechanisms able to modulate cancer cell invasion may be visualized. Notably, the partnership between Notch and CXCR4 may have considerable implications in understanding the complexity of T- and B-ALL. These two receptor pathways intersect other critical signals in the proliferative, differentiation, and metabolic programs of lymphocyte transformation. Also, the identification of the crosstalks in leukemia-stroma interaction within the tumor microenvironment may unveil new targetable mechanisms in disease relapse. Further studies are required to identify new challenges and opportunities to develop more selective and safer therapeutic strategies in ALL progression, possibly contributing to improve conventional hematological cancer therapy.
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17
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The global clonal complexity of the murine blood system declines throughout life and after serial transplantation. Blood 2019; 133:1927-1942. [PMID: 30782612 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-09-873059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many recent studies describe the emergence and prevalence of "clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential" in aged human populations, a systematic analysis of the numbers of clones supporting steady-state hematopoiesis throughout mammalian life is lacking. Previous efforts relied on transplantation of "barcoded" hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to track the contribution of HSC clones to reconstituted blood. However, ex vivo manipulation and transplantation alter HSC function and thus may not reflect the biology of steady-state hematopoiesis. Using a noninvasive in vivo color-labeling system, we report the first comprehensive analysis of the changing global clonal complexity of steady-state hematopoiesis during the natural murine lifespan. We observed that the number of clones (ie, clonal complexity) supporting the major blood and bone marrow hematopoietic compartments decline with age by ∼30% and ∼60%, respectively. Aging dramatically reduced HSC in vivo-repopulating activity and lymphoid potential while increasing functional heterogeneity. Continuous challenge of the hematopoietic system by serial transplantation provoked the clonal collapse of both young and aged hematopoietic systems. Whole-exome sequencing of serially transplanted aged and young hematopoietic clones confirmed oligoclonal hematopoiesis and revealed mutations in at least 27 genes, including nonsense, missense, and deletion mutations in Bcl11b, Hist1h2ac, Npy2r, Notch3, Ptprr, and Top2b.
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18
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Ferrandino F, Grazioli P, Bellavia D, Campese AF, Screpanti I, Felli MP. Notch and NF-κB: Coach and Players of Regulatory T-Cell Response in Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2165. [PMID: 30364244 PMCID: PMC6193072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway plays multiple roles in driving T-cell fate decisions, proliferation, and aberrant growth. NF-κB is a cell-context key player interconnected with Notch signaling either in physiological or in pathological conditions. This review focuses on how the multilayered crosstalk between different Notches and NF-κB subunits may converge on Foxp3 gene regulation and orchestrate CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cell function, particularly in a tumor microenvironment. Notably, Treg cells may play a pivotal role in the inhibition of antitumor immune responses, possibly promoting tumor growth. A future challenge is represented by further dissection of both Notch and NF-κB pathways and consequences of their intersection in tumor-associated Treg biology. This may shed light on the molecular mechanisms regulating Treg cell expansion and migration to peripheral lymphoid organs thought to facilitate tumor development and still to be explored. In so doing, new opportunities for combined and/or more selective therapeutic approaches to improve anticancer immunity may be found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Grazioli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Diana Bellavia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Pia Felli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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19
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García-León MJ, Fuentes P, de la Pompa JL, Toribio ML. Dynamic regulation of NOTCH1 activation and Notch ligand expression in human thymus development. Development 2018; 145:dev.165597. [PMID: 30042180 DOI: 10.1242/dev.165597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T-cell development is a complex dynamic process that relies on ordered stromal signals delivered to thymus-seeding progenitors that migrate throughout different thymus microenvironments (TMEs). Particularly, Notch signaling provided by thymic epithelial cells (TECs) is crucial for T-cell fate specification and generation of mature T cells. Four canonical Notch ligands (Dll1, Dll4, Jag1 and Jag2) are expressed in the thymus, but their spatial distribution in functional TMEs is largely unknown, especially in humans, and their impact on Notch1 activation during T-lymphopoiesis remains undefined. Based on immunohistochemistry and quantitative confocal microscopy of fetal, postnatal and adult human and mouse thymus samples, we show that spatial regulation of Notch ligand expression defines discrete Notch signaling niches and dynamic species-specific TMEs. We further show that Notch ligand expression, particularly DLL4, is tightly regulated in cortical TECs during human thymus ontogeny and involution. Also, we provide the first evidence that NOTCH1 activation is induced in vivo in CD34+ progenitors and developing thymocytes at particular cortical niches of the human fetal and postnatal thymus. Collectively, our results show that human thymopoiesis involves complex spatiotemporal regulation of Notch ligand expression, which ensures the coordinated delivery of niche-specific NOTCH1 signals required for dynamic T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J García-León
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo de Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fuentes
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo de Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L Toribio
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo de Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Intrathymic Notch3 and CXCR4 combinatorial interplay facilitates T-cell leukemia propagation. Oncogene 2018; 37:6285-6298. [PMID: 30038265 PMCID: PMC6284016 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Notch hyperactivation dominates T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia development, but the mechanisms underlying “pre-leukemic” cell dissemination are still unclear. Here we describe how deregulated Notch3 signaling enhances CXCR4 cell-surface expression and migratory ability of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, possibly contributing to “pre-leukemic” cell propagation, early in disease progression. In transgenic mice overexpressing the constitutively active Notch3 intracellular domain, we detect the progressive increase in circulating blood and bone marrow of CD4+CD8+ cells, characterized by high and combined surface expression of Notch3 and CXCR4. We report for the first time that transplantation of such CD4+CD8+ cells reveals their competence in infiltrating spleen and bone marrow of immunocompromised recipient mice. We also show that CXCR4 surface expression is central to the migratory ability of CD4+CD8+ cells and such an expression is regulated by Notch3 through β-arrestin in human leukemia cells. De novo, we propose that hyperactive Notch3 signaling by boosting CXCR4-dependent migration promotes anomalous egression of CD4+CD8+ cells from the thymus in early leukemia stages. In fact, in vivo CXCR4 antagonism prevents bone marrow colonization by such CD4+CD8+ cells in young Notch3 transgenic mice. Therefore, our data suggest that combined therapies precociously counteracting intrathymic Notch3/CXCR4 crosstalk may prevent dissemination of “pre-leukemic” CD4+CD8+ cells, by a “thymus-autonomous” mechanism.
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21
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Steinbuck MP, Winandy S. A Review of Notch Processing With New Insights Into Ligand-Independent Notch Signaling in T-Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1230. [PMID: 29910816 PMCID: PMC5992298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch receptor is an evolutionarily highly conserved transmembrane protein essential to a wide spectrum of cellular systems, and its deregulation has been linked to a vast number of developmental disorders and malignancies. Regulated Notch function is critical for the generation of T-cells, in which abnormal Notch signaling results in leukemia. Notch activation through trans-activation of the receptor by one of its ligands expressed on adjacent cells has been well defined. In this canonical ligand-dependent pathway, Notch receptor undergoes conformational changes upon ligand engagement, stimulated by a pulling-force on the extracellular fragment of Notch that results from endocytosis of the receptor-bound ligand into the ligand-expressing cell. These conformational changes in the receptor allow for two consecutive proteolytic cleavage events to occur, which release the intracellular region of the receptor into the cytoplasm. It can then travel to the nucleus, where it induces gene transcription. However, there is accumulating evidence that other pathways may induce Notch signaling. A ligand-independent mechanism of Notch activation has been described in which receptor processing is initiated via cell-internal signals. These signals result in the internalization of Notch into endosomal compartments, where chemical changes existing in this microenvironment result in the conformational modifications required for receptor processing. This review will present mechanisms underlying both canonical ligand-dependent and non-canonical ligand-independent Notch activation pathways and discuss the latter in the context of Notch signaling in T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Peter Steinbuck
- Immunology Training Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Susan Winandy
- Immunology Training Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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Steinbuck MP, Arakcheeva K, Winandy S. Novel TCR-Mediated Mechanisms of Notch Activation and Signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:997-1007. [PMID: 29288204 PMCID: PMC5854196 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Notch receptor is an evolutionarily highly conserved transmembrane protein that is essential to a wide spectrum of cellular systems. Notch signaling is especially important to T cell development, and its deregulation leads to leukemia. Although not well characterized, it continues to play an integral role in peripheral T cells, in which a unique mode of Notch activation can occur. In contrast to canonical Notch activation initiated by adjacent ligand-expressing cells, TCR stimulation is sufficient to induce Notch signaling. However, the interactions between these two pathways have not been defined. In this article, we show that Notch activation occurs in peripheral T cells within a few hours post-TCR stimulation and is required for optimal T cell activation. Using a panel of inhibitors against components of the TCR signaling cascade, we demonstrate that Notch activation is facilitated through initiation of protein kinase C-induced ADAM activity. Moreover, our data suggest that internalization of Notch via endocytosis plays a role in this process. Although ligand-mediated Notch stimulation relies on mechanical pulling forces that disrupt the autoinhibitory domain of Notch, we hypothesized that, in T cells in the absence of ligands, these conformational changes are induced through chemical adjustments in the endosome, causing alleviation of autoinhibition and receptor activation. Thus, T cells may have evolved a unique method of Notch receptor activation, which is described for the first time, to our knowledge, in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Peter Steinbuck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Immunology Training Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Ksenia Arakcheeva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Immunology Training Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Susan Winandy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Immunology Training Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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23
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Bellavia D, Checquolo S, Palermo R, Screpanti I. The Notch3 Receptor and Its Intracellular Signaling-Dependent Oncogenic Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1066:205-222. [PMID: 30030828 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89512-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, gene duplication of the Notch receptor suggests a progressive functional diversification. The Notch3 receptor displays a number of structural differences with respect to Notch1 and Notch2, most of which have been reported in the transmembrane and in the intracellular regions, mainly localized in the negative regulatory region (NRR) and trans-activation domain (TAD). Targeted deletion of Notch3 does not result in embryonic lethality, which is in line with its highly restricted tissue expression pattern. Importantly, deregulated Notch3 expression and/or activation, often results in disrupted cell differentiation and/or pathological development, most notably in oncogenesis in different cell contexts. Mechanistically this is due to Notch3-related genetic alterations or epigenetic or posttranslational control mechanisms. In this chapter we discuss the possible relationships between the structural differences and the pathological role of Notch3 in the control of mouse and human cancers. In future, targeting the unique features of Notch3-oncogenic mechanisms could be exploited to develop anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bellavia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Saula Checquolo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Palermo
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Decline of FOXN1 gene expression in human thymus correlates with age: possible epigenetic regulation. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2015; 12:18. [PMID: 26516334 PMCID: PMC4625732 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-015-0045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic involution is thought to be an important factor of age related immunodeficiency. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of human thymic senescence may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches aimed at the reestablishment of central and peripheral T cell repertoire. RESULTS As an initial approach, here we report that the decline of human thymic FOXN1 transcription correlates with age, while other genes, DLL1, DLL4 and WNT4, essential for thymopoiesis, are constitutively transcribed. Using a human thymic epithelial cell line (hTEC), we show that FOXN1 expression is refractory to signals that induce FOXN1 transcription in primary 3D culture conditions and by stimulation of the canonical WNT signaling pathway. Blockage of FOXN1 induceability in the hTEC line may be mediated by an epigenetic mechanism, the CpG methylation of the FOXN1 gene. CONCLUSION We showed a suppression of FOXN1 transcription both in cultured human thymic epithelial cells and in the aging thymus. We hypothesize that the underlying mechanism may be associated with changes of the DNA methylation state of the FOXN1 gene.
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25
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Ungerbäck J, Åhsberg J, Strid T, Somasundaram R, Sigvardsson M. Combined heterozygous loss of Ebf1 and Pax5 allows for T-lineage conversion of B cell progenitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1109-23. [PMID: 26056231 PMCID: PMC4493409 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ungerbäck et al. show that transcription factors Ebf1 and Pax5 act in a coordinated, dose-dependent manner to preserve B-lineage cell fate. Combined heterozygous loss of both transcription factors results in increased T cell lineage skewing in B cell progenitors. To investigate how transcription factor levels impact B-lymphocyte development, we generated mice carrying transheterozygous mutations in the Pax5 and Ebf1 genes. Whereas combined reduction of Pax5 and Ebf1 had minimal impact on the development of the earliest CD19+ progenitors, these cells displayed an increased T cell potential in vivo and in vitro. The alteration in lineage fate depended on a Notch1-mediated conversion process, whereas no signs of de-differentiation could be detected. The differences in functional response to Notch signaling in Wt and Pax5+/−Ebf1+/− pro–B cells were reflected in the transcriptional response. Both genotypes responded by the generation of intracellular Notch1 and activation of a set of target genes, but only the Pax5+/−Ebf1+/− pro–B cells down-regulated genes central for the preservation of stable B cell identity. This report stresses the importance of the levels of transcription factor expression during lymphocyte development, and suggests that Pax5 and Ebf1 collaborate to modulate the transcriptional response to Notch signaling. This provides an insight on how transcription factors like Ebf1 and Pax5 preserve cellular identity during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ungerbäck
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Josefine Åhsberg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tobias Strid
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rajesh Somasundaram
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
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26
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Placing ion channels into a signaling network of T cells: from maturing thymocytes to healthy T lymphocytes or leukemic T lymphoblasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:750203. [PMID: 25866806 PMCID: PMC4383400 DOI: 10.1155/2015/750203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T leukemogenesis is a multistep process, where the genetic errors during T cell maturation cause the healthy progenitor to convert into the leukemic precursor that lost its ability to differentiate but possesses high potential for proliferation, self-renewal, and migration. A new misdirecting "leukemogenic" signaling network appears, composed by three types of participants which are encoded by (1) genes implicated in determined stages of T cell development but deregulated by translocations or mutations, (2) genes which normally do not participate in T cell development but are upregulated, and (3) nondifferentially expressed genes which become highly interconnected with genes expressed differentially. It appears that each of three groups may contain genes coding ion channels. In T cells, ion channels are implicated in regulation of cell cycle progression, differentiation, activation, migration, and cell death. In the present review we are going to reveal a relationship between different genetic defects, which drive the T cell neoplasias, with calcium signaling and ion channels. We suggest that changes in regulation of various ion channels in different types of the T leukemias may provide the intracellular ion microenvironment favorable to maintain self-renewal capacity, arrest differentiation, induce proliferation, and enhance motility.
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27
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Karnati HK, Raghuwanshi S, Sarvothaman S, Gutti U, Saladi RGV, Komati JK, Tummala PR, Gutti RK. microRNAs: Key Players in Hematopoiesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 887:171-211. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22380-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Thymic epithelial cell development and its dysfunction in human diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:206929. [PMID: 24672784 PMCID: PMC3929497 DOI: 10.1155/2014/206929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are the key components in thymic microenvironment for T cells development. TECs, composed of cortical and medullary TECs, are derived from a common bipotent progenitor and undergo a stepwise development controlled by multiple levels of signals to be functionally mature for supporting thymocyte development. Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family members including the receptor activator for NFκB (RANK), CD40, and lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) cooperatively control the thymic medullary microenvironment and self-tolerance establishment. In addition, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), Wnt, and Notch signals are essential for establishment of functional thymic microenvironment. Transcription factors Foxn1 and autoimmune regulator (Aire) are powerful modulators of TEC development, differentiation, and self-tolerance. Dysfunction in thymic microenvironment including defects of TEC and thymocyte development would cause physiological disorders such as tumor, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases. In the present review, we will summarize our current understanding on TEC development and the underlying molecular signals pathways and the involvement of thymus dysfunction in human diseases.
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Hes-1-targeting siRNA inhibits the maturation of murine myeloid-derived dendritic cells. Open Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-013-0231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractActivation of Notch by Jagged-1 may plays a pivotal role in maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), but the mechanism has not been completely defined. In the present study, Hes-1 (Hairy/enhancer-of-split)-targeting siRNA was used to confirm a role of Jagged-1-Notch signaling pathway activation in maturation of murine bone marrow-derived DCs and to search for a target that plays a critical role. The results showed that compared with the control, lipopolysaccharide or Zymosan A groups, Jagged-1 (a soluble Jagged 1/Fc chimera protein) effectively increased expression of Hes-1 and Deltex-1 mRNA, which could be reversed by DAPT (2, 4-diamino-5-phenylthiazole), a specific inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway. Hes-1-targeting siRNA could successfully down-regulate the endogenous Hes-1 expression in the DCs. Concurrently, a significant down-regulation of CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC-II expressions on the surface of the DCs was found with the reduction of IL-12 yielded by the DCs. Our results demonstrate that Hes-1-targeting siRNA can inhibit the maturation of the DCs induced by Jagged-1, indicating Hes-1 may be an important target of Notch signaling mediating the maturation of DCs.
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Sands WA, Copland M, Wheadon H. Targeting self-renewal pathways in myeloid malignancies. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:33. [PMID: 23675967 PMCID: PMC3665484 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental property of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is the ability to self-renew. This is a complex process involving multiple signal transduction cascades which control the fine balance between self-renewal and differentiation through transcriptional networks. Key activators/regulators of self-renewal include chemokines, cytokines and morphogens which are expressed in the bone marrow niche, either in a paracrine or autocrine fashion, and modulate stem cell behaviour. Increasing evidence suggests that the downstream signaling pathways induced by these ligands converge at multiple levels providing a degree of redundancy in steady state hematopoiesis. Here we will focus on how these pathways cross-talk to regulate HSC self-renewal highlighting potential therapeutic windows which could be targeted to prevent leukemic stem cell self-renewal in myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Sands
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel General Hospital, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Mhairi Copland
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel General Hospital, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Helen Wheadon
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel General Hospital, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK
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Unusual Clinical Presentations in Subjects Carrying Novel NOTCH3 Gene Mutations. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 22:539-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Stoyanova T, Goldstein AS, Cai H, Drake JM, Huang J, Witte ON. Regulated proteolysis of Trop2 drives epithelial hyperplasia and stem cell self-renewal via β-catenin signaling. Genes Dev 2012; 26:2271-85. [PMID: 23070813 DOI: 10.1101/gad.196451.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface protein Trop2 is expressed on immature stem/progenitor-like cells and is overexpressed in many epithelial cancers. However the biological function of Trop2 in tissue maintenance and tumorigenesis remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that Trop2 is a regulator of self-renewal, proliferation, and transformation. Trop2 controls these processes through a mechanism of regulated intramembrane proteolysis that leads to cleavage of Trop2, creating two products: the extracellular domain and the intracellular domain. The intracellular domain of Trop2 is released from the membrane and accumulates in the nucleus. Heightened expression of the Trop2 intracellular domain promotes stem/progenitor self-renewal through signaling via β-catenin and is sufficient to initiate precursor lesions to prostate cancer in vivo. Importantly, we demonstrate that loss of β-catenin or Trop2 loss-of-function cleavage mutants abrogates Trop2-driven self-renewal and hyperplasia in the prostate. These findings suggest that heightened expression of Trop2 is selected for in epithelial cancers to enhance the stem-like properties of self-renewal and proliferation. Defining the mechanism of Trop2 function in self-renewal and transformation is essential to identify new therapeutic strategies to block Trop2 activation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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33
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Notch1-mediated signaling regulates proliferation of porcine satellite cells (PSCs). Cell Signal 2012; 25:561-9. [PMID: 23160004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell-cell communication mechanism involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and fate decisions of mammalian cells. In the present study, we investigated the possible requirement for Notch signaling in the proliferation and differentiation of porcine satellite cells. We show that Notch1, 2 and 3 are expressed in cultured porcine satellite cells. Knock-down of NOTCH1, but not NOTCH2 and NOTCH3, decreases the proliferation of porcine satellite cells. In contrast, enhancement of NOTCH1 expression via treatment of porcine satellite cells with recombinant NF-κB increases the proliferation of porcine satellite cells. The alteration of porcine satellite cell proliferation is associated with significant changes in the expression of cell cycle related genes (cyclin B1, D1, D2, E1 and p21), myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD and myogenin) and the Notch effector Hes5. In addition, alteration of Notch1 expression in porcine satellite cells causes changes in the expression of GSK3β-3. Taken together, these findings suggest that of the four notch-related genes, Notch1is likely to be required for regulating the proliferation and therefore the maintenance of porcine satellite cells in vivo, and do so through activation of the Notch effector gene Hes5.
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Di Maio G, Formichi P, Radi E, Bianchi S, Onnis A, Tarquini E, Leoncini L, Federico A. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes and fibroblasts as Notch3 expression models. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1771-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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35
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Shah DK, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Notch receptor-ligand interactions during T cell development, a ligand endocytosis-driven mechanism. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 360:19-46. [PMID: 22581027 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays an important role during the development of different cell types and tissues. The role of Notch signaling in lymphocyte development, in particular in the development and commitment to the T cell lineage, has been the focus of research for many years. Notch signaling is absolutely required during the commitment and early stages of T cell development. Activation of the Notch signaling pathway is initiated by ligand-receptor interactions and appears to require active endocytosis of Notch ligands. Studies addressing the mechanism underlying endocytosis of Notch ligands have helped to identify the main players important and necessary for this process. Here, we review the Notch ligands, and the proposed models of Notch activation by Notch ligand endocytosis, highlighting key molecules involved. In particular, we discuss recent studies on Notch ligands involved in T cell development, current studies aimed at elucidating the relevance of Notch ligand endocytosis during T cell development and the identification of key players necessary for ligand endocytosis in the thymus and during T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya K Shah
- Department of Immunology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4 N 3M5, Canada.
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36
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Xing F, Okuda H, Watabe M, Kobayashi A, Pai SK, Liu W, Pandey PR, Fukuda K, Hirota S, Sugai T, Wakabayshi G, Koeda K, Kashiwaba M, Suzuki K, Chiba T, Endo M, Mo YY, Watabe K. Hypoxia-induced Jagged2 promotes breast cancer metastasis and self-renewal of cancer stem-like cells. Oncogene 2011; 30:4075-86. [PMID: 21499308 PMCID: PMC3145824 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling is often and aberrantly activated by hypoxia during tumor progression; however, the exact pathological role of hypoxia-induced Notch signaling in tumor metastasis is as yet poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to define the mechanism of Notch-ligand activation by hypoxia in both primary tumor and bone stromal cells in the metastatic niche and to clarify their roles in tumor progression. We have analyzed the expression profiles of various Notch ligands in 779 breast cancer patients in GEO database and found that the expression of Jagged2 among all five ligands is most significantly correlated with the overall- and metastasis-free survival of breast cancer patients. The results of our immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for Jagged2 in 61 clinical samples also revealed that both Jagged2 and Notch signaling were strongly upregulated at the hypoxic invasive front. Activation of Jagged2 by hypoxia in tumor cells induced EMT and also promoted cell survival in vitro. Notably, a γ-secretase inhibitor significantly blocked Notch-mediated invasion and survival under hypoxia by promoting expression of E-cadherin and inhibiting Akt phosphorylation. Importantly, Jagged2 was also found to be upregulated in bone marrow stroma under hypoxia and promoted the growth of cancer stem-like cells by activating their Notch signaling. Therefore, hypoxia-induced Jagged2 activation in both tumor invasive front and normal bone stroma has a critical role in tumor progression and metastasis, and Jagged2 is considered to be a valuable prognostic marker and may serve as a novel therapeutic target for metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Hiroshi Okuda
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Misako Watabe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Aya Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Sudha K. Pai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Puspa R. Pandey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Koji Fukuda
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Masaki Endo
- Iwate Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yin-Yuan Mo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Kounosuke Watabe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
- Corresponding author: Kounosuke Watabe, Ph.D., Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge St., P.O. Box 19626, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9626. Tel: (217) 545-3969, Fax: (217) 545-3227,
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Nonoverlapping functions for Notch1 and Notch3 during murine steady-state thymic lymphopoiesis. Blood 2011; 118:2511-9. [PMID: 21768299 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-04-346726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch1 signaling is absolutely essential for steady-state thymic lymphopoiesis, but the role of other Notch receptors, and their potential overlap with the function of Notch1, remains unclear. Here we show that like Notch1, Notch3 is differentially expressed by progenitor thymocytes, peaking at the DN3 progenitor stage. Using mice carrying a gene-trapped allele, we show that thymic cellularity is slightly reduced in the absence of Notch3, although progression through the defined sequence of TCR-αβ development is normal, as are NKT and TCRγδ cell production. The absence of a profound effect from Notch3 deletion is not explained by residual function of the gene-trapped allele because insertion mapping suggests that the targeted allele would not encode functional signaling domains. We also show that although Notch1 and Notch3 are coexpressed on some early intrathymic progenitors, the relatively mild phenotype seen after Notch3 deletion does not result from the compensatory function of Notch1, nor does Notch3 function explain the likewise mild phenotype seen after conditional (intrathymic) deletion of Notch1. Our studies indicate that Notch1 and Notch3 carry out nonoverlapping functions during thymocyte differentiation, and that while Notch1 is absolutely required early in the lymphopoietic process, neither receptor is essential at later stages.
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38
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Wiernik PH, Österborg A. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Survival of MM cells is dependent on Notch signaling. Med Oncol 2011; 28:1626. [PMID: 21359862 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Meek B, Van Elssen CHMJ, Huijskens MJAJ, van der Stegen SJC, Tonnaer S, Lumeij SBJ, Vanderlocht J, Kirkland MA, Hesselink R, Germeraad WTV, Bos GMJ. T cells fail to develop in the human skin-cell explants system; an inconvenient truth. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:17. [PMID: 21332988 PMCID: PMC3056828 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haplo-identical hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is very successful in eradicating haematological tumours, but the long post-transplant T-lymphopenic phase is responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates. Clark et al. have described a skin-explant system capable of producing host-tolerant donor-HSC derived T-cells. Because this T-cell production platform has the potential to replenish the T-cell levels following transplantation, we set out to validate the skin-explant system. RESULTS Following the published procedures, while using the same commercial components, it was impossible to reproduce the skin-explant conditions required for HSC differentiation towards mature T-cells. The keratinocyte maturation procedure resulted in fragile cells with minimum expression of delta-like ligand (DLL). In most experiments the generated cells failed to adhere to carriers or were quickly outcompeted by fibroblasts. Consequently it was not possible to reproduce cell-culture conditions required for HSC differentiation into functional T-cells. Using cell-lines over-expressing DLL, we showed that the antibodies used by Clark et al. were unable to detect native DLL, but instead stained 7AAD+ cells. Therefore, it is unlikely that the observed T-lineage commitment from HSC is mediated by DLL expressed on keratinocytes. In addition, we did confirm expression of the Notch-ligand Jagged-1 by keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS Currently, and unfortunately, it remains difficult to explain the development or growth of T-cells described by Clark et al., but for the fate of patients suffering from lymphopenia it is essential to both reproduce and understand how these co-cultures really "work". Fortunately, alternative procedures to speed-up T-cell reconstitution are being established and validated and may become available for patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Meek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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40
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Hoyne GF, Chapman G, Sontani Y, Pursglove SE, Dunwoodie SL. A cell autonomous role for the Notch ligand Delta-like 3 in αβ T-cell development. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:696-705. [PMID: 21151194 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Notch signalling is critical to help direct T-cell lineage commitment in early T-cell progenitors and in the development of αβ T-cells. Epithelial and stromal cell populations in the thymus express the Notch DSL (Delta, Serrate and Lag2)ligands Delta-like 1 (Dll1), Delta-like 4 (Dll4), Jagged 1 and Jagged 2, and induce Notch signalling in thymocytes that express the Notch receptor. At present there is nothing known about the role of the Delta-like 3 (Dll3) ligand in the immune system. Here we describe a novel cell autonomous role for Dll3 in αβ T-cell development. We show that Dll3 cannot activate Notch when expressed in trans but like other Notch ligands it can inhibit Notch signalling when expressed in cis with the receptor. The loss of Dll3 leads to an increase in Hes5 expression in double positive thymocytes and their increased production of mature CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Studies using competitive irradiation chimeras proved that Dll3 acts in a cell autonomous manner to regulate positive selection but not negative selection of autoreactive T cells. Our results indicate that Dll3 has a unique function during T-cell development that is distinct from the role played by the other DSL ligands of Notch and is in keeping with other recent studies indicating that Dll1 and Dll3 ligands have non-overlapping roles during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard F Hoyne
- The Laboratory of T Cell Development and Regulation, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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41
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Fayard E, Moncayo G, Hemmings BA, Holländer GA. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in thymocytes: the need for stringent control. Sci Signal 2010; 3:re5. [PMID: 20716765 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.3135re5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The thymus serves as the primary site for the lifelong formation of new T lymphocytes; hence, it is essential for the maintenance of an effective immune system. Although thymocyte development has been widely studied, the mechanisms involved are incompletely defined. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular events that control regular thymocyte development will not only shed light on the physiological control of T cell differentiation but also probably provide insight into the pathophysiology of T cell immunodeficiencies, the molecular basis that underpins autoimmunity, and the mechanisms that instigate the formation of T cell lymphomas. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) play a critical role in thymocyte development, although not all of their downstream mediators have yet been identified. Here, we discuss experimental evidence that argues for a critical role of the PI3K-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase (PDK1)-protein kinase B (PKB) signaling pathway in the development of both normal and malignant thymocytes, and we highlight molecules that can potentially be targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Fayard
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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42
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Yashiro-Ohtani Y, Ohtani T, Pear WS. Notch regulation of early thymocyte development. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:261-9. [PMID: 20630772 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays multiple roles in T cell development. Following thymic entry, Notch signals are required to specify the T cell fate from a multipotent hematopoietic progenitor. At subsequent steps in early T cell development, Notch provides important differentiation, survival, proliferation and metabolic signals. This review focuses on the multiple functions of Notch in early T cell development, from T cell specification in the thymus through beta selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Yashiro-Ohtani
- The Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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43
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Ma D, Zhu Y, Ji C, Hou M. Targeting the Notch signaling pathway in autoimmune diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:553-65. [DOI: 10.1517/14728221003752750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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44
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Fiorini E, Merck E, Wilson A, Ferrero I, Jiang W, Koch U, Auderset F, Laurenti E, Tacchini-Cottier F, Pierres M, Radtke F, Luther SA, MacDonald HR. Dynamic Regulation of Notch 1 and Notch 2 Surface Expression during T Cell Development and Activation Revealed by Novel Monoclonal Antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7212-22. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Laky K, Annaert W, Fowlkes BJ. Amyloid precursor family proteins are expressed by thymic and lymph node stromal cells but are not required for lymphocyte development. Int Immunol 2009; 21:1163-74. [PMID: 19710207 PMCID: PMC2750246 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibitors that block amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage and the formation of senile plaques are under development for the treatment of familial Alzheimer's disease. Unfortunately, many inhibitors that block γ-secretase-mediated cleavage of APP also have immunosuppressive side effects. In addition to APP, numerous other proteins undergo γ-secretase-mediated cleavage. In order to develop safer inhibitors, it is necessary to determine which of the γ-secretase substrates contribute to the immunosuppressive effects. Because APP family members are widely expressed and are reported to influence calcium flux, transcription and apoptosis, they could be important for normal lymphocyte maturation. We find that APP and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 are expressed by stromal cells of thymus and lymph nodes, but not by lymphocytes. Although signals provided by thymic stromal cells are critical for normal T cell differentiation, lymphocyte development proceeds unperturbed in mice deficient for these APP family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Laky
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, USA
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46
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Magri M, Yatim A, Benne C, Balbo M, Henry A, Serraf A, Sakano S, Gazzolo L, Lévy Y, Lelièvre JD. Notch ligands potentiate IL-7-driven proliferation and survival of human thymocyte precursors. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1231-40. [PMID: 19350552 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Notch and IL-7 are both well-characterized factors involved in T-cell development. In contrast to the mouse model, their precise requirements in the differentiation and/or proliferation of various stages of human thymic development have not been fully explored. Here, we demonstrate that IL-7 alone is sufficient to induce the differentiation of ex vivo purified CD34(+) triple negative (TN) surface (s) CD3(-) CD4(-)CD8(-) (CD3(-)CD4(-)CD8(-)), CD4 immature single positive (ISP) (sCD3(-)CD4(+)CD8(-)) and double positive (DP) (sCD3(-)CD4(+)CD8(+)) human thymic precursors to mature DP expressing sCD3 (sCD3(+)CD4(+)CD8(+)). We show that activation of Notch signaling by its ligands Delta-1 or Delta-4 potentiates IL-7-driven proliferation and survival of CD34(+) TN and to a lesser extent of CD4(+) ISP precursors. This effect of Notch is related to a sustained induction of IL-7 receptor alpha chain expression on thymocytes through a decreased methylation of its gene promoter. Thus, we show here that proliferation and differentiation of T-cell precursors are differentially modulated by IL-7 depending on the presence or absence of external signals. These results may have important implications for the clinical use of this cytokine as a strategy aimed at improving immune restoration.
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47
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Theodosiou A, Arhondakis S, Baumann M, Kossida S. Evolutionary Scenarios of Notch Proteins. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26:1631-40. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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48
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Sampath D, Gandhi V. Dialing resistance up a Notch. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 50:158-9. [PMID: 19235014 DOI: 10.1080/10428190802699381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Sampath
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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49
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Shakib S, Desanti GE, Jenkinson WE, Parnell SM, Jenkinson EJ, Anderson G. Checkpoints in the development of thymic cortical epithelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:130-7. [PMID: 19109143 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the thymus, interactions between immature thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells (TECs) regulate the development and selection of self-tolerant MHC-restricted T cells. Despite the importance of cortical (cTEC) and medullary (mTEC) thymic epithelial cells in fostering T cell production, events in TEC development are still unclear. Although precursor-product relationships during mTEC development have been reported, and some genetic regulators of mTEC development have been identified, stages in cTEC development occurring downstream of recently identified bipotent cTEC/mTEC progenitors remain poorly defined. In this study, we combine analysis of differentiation, proliferation, and gene expression of TECs in the murine thymus, that has enabled us to identify cTEC progenitors, define multiple stages in cTEC development, and identify novel checkpoints in development of the cTEC lineage. We show an essential requirement for FoxN1 in the initial development of cTEC from bipotent progenitors, and demonstrate a stage-specific requirement for CD4(-)8(-) thymocytes in later stages of cTEC development. Collectively, our data establish a program of cTEC development that should provide insight into the formation and function of the thymic cortex for T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Shakib
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Chari S, Winandy S. Ikaros regulates Notch target gene expression in developing thymocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:6265-74. [PMID: 18941217 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Both Ikaros and Notch are essential for normal T cell development. Collaborative mutations causing a reduction in Ikaros activity and an increase in Notch activation promote T cell leukemogenesis. Although the molecular mechanisms of this cooperation have been studied, its consequences in thymocyte development remain unexplored. In this study, we show that Ikaros regulates expression of a subset of Notch target genes, including Hes1, Deltex1, pTa, Gata3, and Runx1, in both Ikaros null T cell leukemia lines and Ikaros null primary thymocytes. In Ikaros null leukemia cells, Notch deregulation occurs at both the level of Notch receptor cleavage and expression of Notch target genes, because re-expression of Ikaros in these cells down-regulates Notch target gene expression without affecting levels of intracellular cleaved Notch. In addition, abnormal expression of Notch target genes is observed in Ikaros null double-positive thymocytes, in the absence of detectable intracellular cleaved Notch. Finally, we show that this role of Ikaros is specific to double-positive and single-positive thymocytes because derepression of Notch target gene expression is not observed in Ikaros null double-negative thymocytes or lineage-depleted bone marrow. Thus, in this study, we provide evidence that Ikaros and Notch play opposing roles in regulation of a subset of Notch target genes and that this role is restricted to developing thymocytes where Ikaros is required to appropriately regulate the Notch program as they progress through T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Chari
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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