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Chandiran K, Cauley LS. The diverse effects of transforming growth factor-β and SMAD signaling pathways during the CTL response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199671. [PMID: 37426662 PMCID: PMC10327426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in defense against infections with intracellular pathogens and anti-tumor immunity. Efficient migration is required to locate and destroy infected cells in different regions of the body. CTLs accomplish this task by differentiating into specialized subsets of effector and memory CD8 T cells that traffic to different tissues. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) belongs to a large family of growth factors that elicit diverse cellular responses via canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways. Canonical SMAD-dependent signaling pathways are required to coordinate changes in homing receptor expression as CTLs traffic between different tissues. In this review, we discuss the various ways that TGFβ and SMAD-dependent signaling pathways shape the cellular immune response and transcriptional programming of newly activated CTLs. As protective immunity requires access to the circulation, emphasis is placed on cellular processes that are required for cell-migration through the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Chandiran
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Linda S. Cauley
- Department of Immunology, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, United States
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2
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Transforming Growth Factor-beta signaling in αβ thymocytes promotes negative selection. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5690. [PMID: 31857584 PMCID: PMC6923358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the thymus, the T lymphocyte repertoire is purged of a substantial portion of highly self-reactive cells. This negative selection process relies on the strength of TCR-signaling in response to self-peptide-MHC complexes, both in the cortex and medulla regions. However, whether cytokine-signaling contributes to negative selection remains unclear. Here, we report that, in the absence of Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) signaling in thymocytes, negative selection is significantly impaired. Highly autoreactive thymocytes first escape cortical negative selection and acquire a Th1-like-phenotype. They express high levels of CXCR3, aberrantly accumulate at the cortico-medullary junction and subsequently fail to sustain AIRE expression in the medulla, escaping medullary negative selection. Highly autoreactive thymocytes undergo an atypical maturation program, substantially accumulate in the periphery and induce multiple organ-autoimmune-lesions. Thus, these findings reveal TGF-β in thymocytes as crucial for negative selection with implications for understanding T cell self-tolerance mechanisms.
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3
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DiToro D, Winstead CJ, Pham D, Witte S, Andargachew R, Singer JR, Wilson CG, Zindl CL, Luther RJ, Silberger DJ, Weaver BT, Kolawole EM, Martinez RJ, Turner H, Hatton RD, Moon JJ, Way SS, Evavold BD, Weaver CT. Differential IL-2 expression defines developmental fates of follicular versus nonfollicular helper T cells. Science 2018; 361:361/6407/eaao2933. [PMID: 30213884 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In response to infection, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into two subpopulations: T follicular helper (TFH) cells, which support B cell antibody production, and non-TFH cells, which enhance innate immune cell functions. Interleukin-2 (IL-2), the major cytokine produced by naïve T cells, plays an important role in the developmental divergence of these populations. However, the relationship between IL-2 production and fate determination remains unclear. Using reporter mice, we found that differential production of IL-2 by naïve CD4+ T cells defined precursors fated for different immune functions. IL-2 producers, which were fated to become TFH cells, delivered IL-2 to nonproducers destined to become non-TFH cells. Because IL-2 production was limited to cells receiving the strongest T cell receptor (TCR) signals, a direct link between TCR-signal strength, IL-2 production, and T cell fate determination has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DiToro
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA
| | - Colleen J Winstead
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA
| | - Duy Pham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA
| | - Steven Witte
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA
| | - Rakieb Andargachew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Singer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA
| | - C Garrett Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA
| | - Carlene L Zindl
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA
| | - Rita J Luther
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA
| | - Daniel J Silberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA
| | | | - E Motunrayo Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ryan J Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Henrietta Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA
| | - Robin D Hatton
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA.
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4
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TGFβ drives immune evasion in genetically reconstituted colon cancer metastasis. Nature 2018; 554:538-543. [DOI: 10.1038/nature25492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 964] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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T-cell TGF-β signaling abrogation restricts medulloblastoma progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3458-66. [PMID: 25082897 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412489111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell secretion of TGF-β is a potent mechanism for immune evasion. However, little is known about how central nervous system tumors guard against immune eradication. We sought to determine the impact of T-cell TGF-β signaling blockade on progression of medulloblastoma (MB), the most common pediatric brain tumor. Genetic abrogation of T-cell TGF-β signaling mitigated tumor progression in the smoothened A1 (SmoA1) transgenic MB mouse. T regulatory cells were nearly abolished and antitumor immunity was mediated by CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes. To define the CD8 T-cell subpopulation responsible, primed CD8 T cells were adoptively transferred into tumor-bearing immunocompromised SmoA1 recipients. This led to generation of CD8(+)/killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 high (KLRG1(hi))/IL-7R(lo) short-lived effector cells that expressed granzyme B at the tumor. These results identify a cellular immune mechanism whereby TGF-β signaling blockade licenses the T-cell repertoire to kill pediatric brain tumor cells.
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Biswas T, Gu X, Yang J, Ellies LG, Sun LZ. Attenuation of TGF-β signaling supports tumor progression of a mesenchymal-like mammary tumor cell line in a syngeneic murine model. Cancer Lett 2013; 346:129-38. [PMID: 24368187 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that TGF-β functions as a tumor promoter in metastatic, mesenchymal-like breast cancer cells and that TGF-β inhibitors can effectively abrogate tumor progression in several of these models. Here we report a novel observation with the use of genetic and pharmacological approaches, and murine mammary cell injection models in both syngeneic and immune compromised mice. We found that TGF-β receptor II (TβRII) knockdown in the MMTV-PyMT derived Py8119, a mesenchymal-like murine mammary tumor cell line, resulted in increased orthotopic tumor growth potential in a syngeneic background and a similar trend in an immune compromised background. Systemic treatment with a small-molecule TGF-β receptor I kinase inhibitor induced a trend towards increased metastatic colonization of distant organs following intracardiac inoculation of Py8119 cells, with little effect on the colonization of luminal-like Py230 cells, also derived from MMTV-PyMT tumors. Taken together, our data suggest that the attenuation of TGF-β signaling in mesenchymal-like mammary tumors does not necessarily inhibit their malignant potential, and anti-TGF-β therapeutic intervention requires greater precision in identifying molecular markers in tumors with an indication of functional TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuka Biswas
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiang Gu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Junhua Yang
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lesley G Ellies
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Johnson LDS, Jameson SC. TGF-β sensitivity restrains CD8+ T cell homeostatic proliferation by enforcing sensitivity to IL-7 and IL-15. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42268. [PMID: 22879925 PMCID: PMC3412850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine TGF-β has been implicated in the regulation of numerous aspects of the immune response, including naïve T cell homeostasis. Previous studies found that impairing TGF-β responsiveness (through expression of a dominant-negative TGF-β RII [DNRII] transgene) leads to accumulation of memory phenotype CD8 T cells, and it was proposed that this resulted from enhanced IL-15 sensitivity. Here we show naïve DNRII CD8 T cells exhibit enhanced lymphopenia-driven proliferation and generation of “homeostatic” memory cells. However, this enhanced response occurred in the absence of IL-15 and, unexpectedly, even in the combined absence of IL-7 and IL-15, which were thought essential for CD8 T cell homeostatic expansion. DNRII transgenic CD8 T cells still require access to self Class I MHC for homeostatic proliferation, arguing against generalized dysregulation of homeostatic cues. These findings suggest TGF-β responsiveness is critical for enforcing sensitivity to homeostatic cytokines that limit maintenance and composition of the CD8 T cell pool. (154 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D. S. Johnson
- Lab Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Jameson
- Lab Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Martin DL, Postan M, Lucas P, Gress R, Tarleton RL. TGF-β regulates pathology but not tissue CD8+ T cell dysfunction during experimentalTrypanosoma cruzi infection. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2764-71. [PMID: 17823982 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi leads to chronic infection, with parasite persistence primarily in muscle tissue. CD8(+) T cells isolated from muscle tissue of T. cruzi-infected mice display decreased production of IFN-gamma in response to T cell receptor engagement. The expression of TGF-beta at the site of CD8(+) T cell dysfunction and parasite persistence suggested that this immunoregulatory cytokine might play a role in these processes. Mice expressing a T cell-specific dominant negative TGF-beta receptor type II (DNRII) were therefore infected with T. cruzi. Infection of DNRII mice resulted in massive CD8(+) T cell proliferation, leading to increased numbers but decreased frequencies of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the spleen compared to wild-type mice. However, TGF-beta unresponsiveness failed to restore effector functions of CD8(+) T cells isolated from muscle tissue. Histological examination of skeletal muscle from T. cruzi-infected DNRII mice revealed an extensive cellular infiltrate, and DNRII mice displayed higher susceptibility to infection. Overall, while TGF-beta does not appear to be responsible for CD8(+) T cell unresponsiveness in peripheral tissue in T. cruzi-infected mice, these data suggest a role for TGF-beta in control of immunopathology in response to T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Martin
- Department of Cellular Biology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Cheng ML, Chen HW, Tsai JP, Lee YP, Shih YC, Chang CM, Ting CC. Clonal restriction of the expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ memory T cells by transforming growth factor-{beta}. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 79:1033-42. [PMID: 16478921 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0805474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence showed that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) regulates the global expansion of CD8+ T cells, which are CD44hi, a marker for memory cells. However, it is not clear whether this regulatory mechanism also applies to the antigen-specific CD8+ memory cells. By using a murine mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) model, we examined the effect of TGF-beta on antigen-specific CD8+ memory cells [cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)]. We found that the secondary CTL response in CD8+ memory cells from untreated MLC was not affected by TGF-beta but augmented by interleukin (IL)-2, whereas the CD8+ memory cells from TGF-beta-pretreated MLC (MLC-TGF-beta) failed to mount a significant, secondary CTL response, even when IL-2 was added. In exploring this dichotomy, in combination with flow cytometry analysis, we found that prolonged exposure to TGF-beta reduces the CTL activity in CD8+ memory cells. The increase by IL-2 and the reduction by TGF-beta of the CTL responses were clonal-specific. TGF-beta did not affect the CTL response to a third-party antigen or polyclonal T cell activation. Experiments performed with transgenic 2C cells gave similar results. Cell-cycle study performed with adoptive transfer of the cell tracker-labeled MLC cells revealed that the in vivo expansion of CD8+ memory cells from MLC-TGF-beta was restricted severely, and the restriction was clonal-specific, thus offering direct evidence to show that TGF-beta induces clonal restriction of CD8+ memory cell expansion.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Clone Cells/drug effects
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Coculture Techniques
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epitopes/drug effects
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/drug effects
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lien Cheng
- Immunology Group, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
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Maile R, Pop SM, Tisch R, Collins EJ, Cairns BA, Frelinger JA. Low-avidity CD8lo T cells induced by incomplete antigen stimulationin vivo regulate naive higher avidity CD8hi T cell responses to the same antigen. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:397-410. [PMID: 16402405 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that multiple injections of soluble MHC class I tetramers assembled with wild-type HY peptide induces unresponsiveness to male skin grafts in naive female C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Induction of unresponsiveness is dependent on a population of unresponsive allospecific CD8(lo )T cells. Reduced expression of CD8 acts to limit a T cell response to HY peptide by limiting the avidity window of effective signal transduction. We and others have demonstrated that CD8(lo) T cells are an alternative stable phenotype of CD8alphabeta(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo after antigen stimulation. We show here that CD8(lo) T cells can suppress naive CD8(+) T cell responses to HY antigen in vitro and male skin graft rejection in vivo after adoptive transfer into female recipients. These novel regulatory T cells express surface TGF-beta1 and secrete T cytotoxic 2 cytokines after antigen-specific stimulation. Anti-TGF-beta antibody and latency-associated peptide inhibit the suppressive effects in vitro. We also show that HY-specific memory CD8(+) T cells overcome regulation by CD8(lo) T cells. These data define a novel peripheral regulatory CD8(+ )T cell population that arises after repeated antigen encounter in vivo. These cells have implications in the maintenance of tolerance and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Maile
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 25799, USA.
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Kuniyasu Y, Qamar A, Sheikh SZ, Jhandier MN, Hakim W, Mehal WZ. Blocking intrahepatic deletion of activated CD8+ T cells by an altered peptide ligand. Cell Immunol 2006; 238:31-7. [PMID: 16445896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated CD8(+) T cells are retained by the healthy liver where the majority undergo apoptosis. The intrahepatic apoptosis of activated CD8(+) T cells is enhanced by the presence of SIINFEKL peptide. It is of great interest to identify strategies for maintaining intrahepatic T cell number and function in the presence of SIINFEKL peptides. AIM Our aim was to test if low affinity peptides can block SIINFEKL peptide induced T cell deletion. METHODS We used an in vivo model of intrahepatic CD8(+) T cell deletion with peptides of different affinities. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We show that the intrahepatic deletion of CD8(+) T cells by SIINFEKL peptide results in loss of in vivo cytotoxic T lymphocyte function. In contrast we show that a low affinity peptide (G4) does not result in intrahepatic deletion of CD8(+) T cells. High concentrations G4 peptide can however block intrahepatic deletion of activated CD8(+) T cells, and prevent loss of in vivo cytotoxicity due to SIINFEKL peptide. This is the first demonstration of blocking of SIINFEKL peptide induced CD8(+) T cell deletion in the liver, with enhancement of in vivo cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhshi Kuniyasu
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 8019, USA
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