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Mura G, Karaca Atabay E, Menotti M, Martinengo C, Ambrogio C, Giacomello G, Arigoni M, Olivero M, Calogero RA, Chiarle R, Voena C. Regulation of CD45 phosphatase by oncogenic ALK in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1085672. [PMID: 36698412 PMCID: PMC9869957 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1085672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) is a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma frequently driven by the chimeric tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK, generated by the t (2,5)(p23;q35) translocation. While ALK+ ALCL belongs to mature T cell lymphomas, loss of T cell identity is observed in the majority of ALCL secondary to a transcriptional and epigenetic repressive program induced by oncogenic NPM-ALK. While inhibiting the expression of T cell molecules, NPM-ALK activates surrogate TCR signaling by directly inducing pathways downstream the TCR. CD45 is a tyrosine phosphatase that plays a central role in T cell activation by controlling the TCR signaling and regulating the cytokine responses through the JAK/STAT pathway and exists in different isoforms depending on the stage of T-cell maturation, activation and differentiation. ALK+ ALCL cells mainly express the isoform CD45RO in keeping with their mature/memory T cell phenotype. Because of its regulatory effect on the JAK/STAT pathway that is essential for ALK+ ALCL, we investigated whether CD45 expression was affected by oncogenic ALK. We found that most ALK+ ALCL cell lines express the CD45RO isoform with modest CD45RA expression and that NPM-ALK regulated the expression of these CD45 isoforms. Regulation of CD45 expression was dependent on ALK kinase activity as CD45RO expression was increased when NPM-ALK kinase activity was inhibited by treatment with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Silencing ALK expression through shRNA or degradation of ALK by the PROTAC TL13-112 caused upregulation of CD45RO both at mRNA and protein levels with minimal changes on CD45RA, overall indicating that oncogenic ALK downregulates the expression of CD45. CD45 repression was mediated by STAT3 as demonstrated by ChIP-seq data on ALCL cells treated with the ALK-TKI crizotinib or cells treated with a STAT3 degrader. Next, we found that knocking-out CD45 with the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in increased resistance to ALK TKI treatment and CD45 was down-regulated in ALCL cells that developed resistance in vitro to ALK TKIs. Overall, these data suggest that CD45 expression is regulated by ALK via STAT3 and acts as a rheostat of ALK oncogenic signaling and resistance to TKI treatment in ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mura
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elif Karaca Atabay
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matteo Menotti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Cinzia Martinengo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Ambrogio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gloria Giacomello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Martina Olivero
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaele A. Calogero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Claudia Voena
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Kulbay M, Bernier-Parker N, Bernier J. The role of the DFF40/CAD endonuclease in genomic stability. Apoptosis 2021; 26:9-23. [PMID: 33387146 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of genomic stability in cells is primordial for cellular integrity and protection against tumor progression. Many factors such as ultraviolet light, oxidative stress, exposure to chemical reagents, particularly mutagens and radiation, can alter the integrity of the genome. Thus, human cells are equipped with many mechanisms that prevent these irreversible lesions in the genome, as DNA repair pathways, cell cycle checkpoints, and telomeric function. These mechanisms activate cellular apoptosis to maintain DNA stability. Emerging studies have proposed a new protein in the maintenance of genomic stability: the DNA fragmentation factor (DFF). The DFF40 is an endonuclease responsible of the oligonucleosomal fragmentation of the DNA during apoptosis. The lack of DFF in renal carcinoma cells induces apoptosis without oligonucleosomal fragmentation, which poses a threat to genetic information transfer between cancerous and healthy cells. In this review, we expose the link between the DFF and genomic instability as the source of disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kulbay
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier-Santé-Biotechnologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Blvd. Edouard Montpetit, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathan Bernier-Parker
- Toronto Animal Health Partners Emergency and Specialty Hospital, 1 Scarsdale Road, North York, ON, M3B 2R2, Canada
| | - Jacques Bernier
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier-Santé-Biotechnologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada.
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Karri K, Waxman DJ. Widespread Dysregulation of Long Noncoding Genes Associated With Fatty Acid Metabolism, Cell Division, and Immune Response Gene Networks in Xenobiotic-exposed Rat Liver. Toxicol Sci 2020; 174:291-310. [PMID: 31926019 PMCID: PMC7098378 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic exposure dysregulates hundreds of protein-coding genes in mammalian liver, impacting many physiological processes and inducing diverse toxicological responses. Little is known about xenobiotic effects on long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), many of which have important regulatory functions. Here, we present a computational framework to discover liver-expressed, xenobiotic-responsive lncRNAs (xeno-lncs) with strong functional, gene regulatory potential and elucidate the impact of xenobiotic exposure on their gene regulatory networks. We assembled the long noncoding transcriptome of xenobiotic-exposed rat liver using RNA-seq datasets from male rats treated with 27 individual chemicals, representing 7 mechanisms of action (MOAs). Ortholog analysis was combined with coexpression data and causal inference methods to infer lncRNA function and deduce gene regulatory networks, including causal effects of lncRNAs on protein-coding gene expression and biological pathways. We discovered > 1400 liver-expressed xeno-lncs, many with human and/or mouse orthologs. Xenobiotics representing different MOAs often regulated common xeno-lnc targets: 123 xeno-lncs were dysregulated by ≥ 10 chemicals, and 5 xeno-lncs responded to ≥ 20 of the 27 chemicals investigated; 81 other xeno-lncs served as MOA-selective markers of xenobiotic exposure. Xeno-lnc-protein-coding gene coexpression regulatory network analysis identified xeno-lncs closely associated with exposure-induced perturbations of hepatic fatty acid metabolism, cell division, or immune response pathways, and with apoptosis or cirrhosis. We also identified hub and bottleneck lncRNAs, which are expected to be key regulators of gene expression. This work elucidates extensive networks of xeno-lnc-protein-coding gene interactions and provides a framework for understanding the widespread transcriptome-altering actions of foreign chemicals in a key-responsive mammalian tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Karri
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Vahidi Y, Bagheri M, Ghaderi A, Faghih Z. CD8-positive memory T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes of patients with breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:257. [PMID: 32228503 PMCID: PMC7106627 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-6714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunological memory is a hallmark of the adaptive immune system and plays an important role in the development of effective immune responses against tumors. In the present study, we aimed to determine the frequencies of CD8+ memory T cell subsets including T stem cell memory (TSCM) in tumor-draining lymph nodes of patients with breast cancer (BC). Methods Mononuclear cells were obtained from axillary lymph nodes of 52 untreated patients with BC and stained for CD8, CCR7, CD45RO, CD95 markers to detect different subtypes of memory cells in the CD8+ lymphocyte population. Data were acquired on four-color flow cytometer and analyzed with CellQuest Pro software. Results We observed that 47.65 ± 2.66% of CD8+ lymphocytes expressed the CD45RO, a marker for memory T cells. Statistical analysis showed that the total frequency of central memory T cells (TCM) and their subset with low CD45RO expression was significantly higher in tumor-involved nodes compared to tumor-free ones (P = 0.024 and P = 0.017, respectively). The level of CD95 expression (based on mean fluorescence intensity) on the surface of TCM, their CD45ROhi and CD45ROlow subsets, and TSCM was higher in patients with stage II compared to those in stage I (P < 0.05). In addition, the percentage of naive CD8+ T cells was significantly lower in tumor-involved lymph nodes compared to tumor-free ones (P = 0.025). Conclusions Our data collectively indicate no significant differences in the frequencies of CD8+ lymphocytes or their memory subsets in tumor-draining lymph nodes of patients with BC. However, the frequency of CD45low TCM was higher in tumor-involved nodes. Along with a decrease in the frequency of naive T cells, the higher frequency of CD45low TCM suggests that despite the immune reaction to provide a pool of effective memory cells, it is blocked in early-stage of memory cells’ differentiation (CD45ROlow), probably by tumor-derived suppressive factors. Identifying the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind this suppression can provide invaluable tools for adoptive T cell therapies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Vahidi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1798, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mandana Bagheri
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz Central Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1798, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Faghih
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1798, Shiraz, Iran.
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The Role of Alternative Splicing in the Control of Immune Homeostasis and Cellular Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010003. [PMID: 26703587 PMCID: PMC4730250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA helps to enhance the genetic diversity within mammalian cells by increasing the number of protein isoforms that can be generated from one gene product. This provides a great deal of flexibility to the host cell to alter protein function, but when dysregulation in splicing occurs this can have important impact on health and disease. Alternative splicing is widely used in the mammalian immune system to control the development and function of antigen specific lymphocytes. In this review we will examine the splicing of pre-mRNAs yielding key proteins in the immune system that regulate apoptosis, lymphocyte differentiation, activation and homeostasis, and discuss how defects in splicing can contribute to diseases. We will describe how disruption to trans-acting factors, such as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), can impact on cell survival and differentiation in the immune system.
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Matesanz MC, Feito MJ, Oñaderra M, Ramírez-Santillán C, da Casa C, Arcos D, Vallet-Regí M, Rojo JM, Portolés MT. Early in vitro response of macrophages and T lymphocytes to nanocrystalline hydroxyapatites. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 416:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hermiston ML, Zikherman J, Zhu JW. CD45, CD148, and Lyp/Pep: critical phosphatases regulating Src family kinase signaling networks in immune cells. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:288-311. [PMID: 19290935 PMCID: PMC2739744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is central to normal immune cell function. Disruption of the equilibrium between PTK and PTP activity can result in immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, or malignancy. Src family kinases (SFKs) play a central role in both immune cell function and disease due to their proximal position in numerous signal transduction cascades including those emanating from integrin, T and B-cell antigen receptors, Fc, growth factor, and cytokine receptors. Given that tight regulation of SFKs activity is critical for appropriate responses to stimulation of these various signaling pathways, it is perhaps not surprising that multiple PTPs are involved in their regulation. Here, we focus on the role of three phosphatases, CD45, CD148, and LYP/PEP, which are critical regulators of SFKs in hematopoietic cells. We review our current understanding of their structures, expression, functions in different hematopoietic cell subsets, regulation, and putative roles in disease. Finally, we discuss remaining questions that must be addressed if we are to have a clearer understanding of the coordinated regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and signaling networks in hematopoietic cells and how they could potentially be manipulated therapeutically in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Hermiston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-2413, Fax: 415-502-5127,
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
| | - Jing W. Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
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Sanz I, Wei C, Lee FEH, Anolik J. Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of human memory B cells. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:67-82. [PMID: 18258454 PMCID: PMC2440717 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells are more heterogeneous than previously thought. Given that B cells play powerful antibody-independent effector functions, it seems reasonable to assume division of labor between distinct memory B cells subpopulations in both protective and pathogenic immune responses. Here we review the information emerging regarding the heterogeneity of human memory B cells. A better understanding of this topic should greatly improve our ability to target specific B cell subsets either in vaccine responses or in autoimmune diseases and organ rejection among other pathological conditions where B cells play central pathogenic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Sanz
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Henrich S, Crossett B, Christopherson RI. Differentially expressed nuclear proteins in human CCRF-CEM, HL-60, MEC-1 and Raji cells correlate with cellular properties. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:1252-65. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Fialkow L, Wang Y, Downey GP. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as signaling molecules regulating neutrophil function. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:153-64. [PMID: 17189821 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a cornerstone of the innate immune response, neutrophils are the archetypical phagocytic cell; they actively seek out, ingest, and destroy pathogenic microorganisms. To achieve this essential role in host defense, neutrophils deploy a potent antimicrobial arsenal that includes oxidants, proteinases, and antimicrobial peptides. Importantly, oxidants produced by neutrophils, referred to in this article as reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS) species, have a dual function. On one hand they function as potent antimicrobial agents by virtue of their ability to kill microbial pathogens directly. On the other hand, they participate as signaling molecules that regulate diverse physiological signaling pathways in neutrophils. In the latter role, ROS and RNS serve as modulators of protein and lipid kinases and phosphatases, membrane receptors, ion channels, and transcription factors, including NF-kappaB. The latter regulates expression of key cytokines and chemokines that further modulate the inflammatory response. During the inflammatory response, ROS and RNS modulate phagocytosis, secretion, gene expression, and apoptosis. Under pathological circumstances such as acute lung injury and sepsis, excess production of ROS may influence vicinal cells such as endothelium or epithelium, contributing to inflammatory tissue injury. A better understanding of these pathways will help identify novel targets for amelioration of the untoward effects of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Fialkow
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Intensive Care Unit, Intensive Care Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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van Vliet SJ, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TBH, van Kooyk Y. Regulation of effector T cells by antigen-presenting cells via interaction of the C-type lectin MGL with CD45. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:1200-8. [PMID: 16998493 DOI: 10.1038/ni1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic control of T cells involves tight regulation of effector T cells to prevent excessive activation that can cause tissue damage and autoimmunity. Little is known, however, about whether antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are also involved in maintaining immune system homeostasis once effector T cells are stimulated. Here we found that immature APCs downregulated effector T cell function by a mechanism involving the C-type lectin MGL expressed by APCs. Glycosylation-dependent interactions of MGL with CD45 on effector T cells negatively regulated T cell receptor-mediated signaling and T cell-dependent cytokine responses, which in turn decreased T cell proliferation and increased T cell death. Thus, regulation of effector T cells by MGL expressed on APCs may provide a target for regulating chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, Vrije University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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