1
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Shit B, Prakash A, Sarkar S, Vale PF, Khan I. Ageing leads to reduced specificity of antimicrobial peptide responses in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221642. [PMID: 36382522 PMCID: PMC9667363 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary theory predicts a late-life decline in the force of natural selection, possibly leading to late-life deregulations of the immune system. A potential outcome of such deregulations is the inability to produce specific immunity against target pathogens. We tested this possibility by infecting multiple Drosophila melanogaster lines (with bacterial pathogens) across age groups, where either individual or different combinations of Imd- and Toll-inducible antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were deleted using CRISPR gene editing. We show a high degree of non-redundancy and pathogen-specificity of AMPs in young flies: in some cases, even a single AMP could confer complete resistance. However, ageing led to drastic reductions in such specificity to target pathogens, warranting the action of multiple AMPs across Imd and Toll pathways. Moreover, use of diverse AMPs either lacked survival benefits or even accompanied survival costs post-infection. These features were also sexually dimorphic: females required a larger repertoire of AMPs than males but extracted equivalent survival benefits. Finally, age-specific expansion of the AMP-repertoire was accompanied with ageing-induced downregulation of negative-regulators of the Imd pathway and damage to renal function post-infection, as features of poorly regulated immunity. Overall, we could highlight the potentially non-adaptive role of ageing in producing less-specific AMP responses, across sexes and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Shit
- Ashoka University, Plot No. 2, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, National Capital Region P.O. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana-131029, India
| | - Arun Prakash
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Saubhik Sarkar
- Ashoka University, Plot No. 2, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, National Capital Region P.O. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana-131029, India
| | - Pedro F. Vale
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Imroze Khan
- Ashoka University, Plot No. 2, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, National Capital Region P.O. Rai, Sonepat, Haryana-131029, India
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2
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Plum LA, Blaser W, Peter L, Prahl J, Seeman J, DeLuca HF. Antibody production in mice requires neither vitamin D, nor the vitamin D receptor. Front Immunol 2022; 13:960405. [PMID: 36341456 PMCID: PMC9631817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.960405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor as well as its ligand have been localized to various immune tissues and cells. These observations have led researchers to hypothesize a role for vitamin D in the immune system. However, a specific role for vitamin D in immunity has yet to be clearly delineated. The work in this report was undertaken to determine if mounting an antibody response is altered in the face of vitamin D-deficiency or when the signaling pathway is eliminated by removal of the nuclear receptor. This investigation provides direct evidence vitamin D is not necessary for producing antibodies, a process paramount for optimal attack against many foreign organisms. The idea that vitamin D plays a significant role in immunity has been proposed repeatedly for many years. To address this important idea we have carried out studies in mice to determine if vitamin D plays a significant role in antibody production. Two animal models were utilized: mice depleted of vitamin D and mice devoid of the vitamin D receptor. Further, a possible role of hypocalcemia resulting from vitamin D deficiency in antibody production was determined. Neither the absence of vitamin D or the vitamin D receptor nor hypocalcemia affected the ability of mice to mount an antibody response to an antigen challenge. Thus, we found no evidence that vitamin D or normal serum calcium is required for this major form of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A. Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - William Blaser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Logan Peter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jean Prahl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jeremy Seeman
- Organic Lab, DiaSorin Inc., Stillwater, MN, United States
| | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Hector F. DeLuca,
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3
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Triantos C, Aggeletopoulou I, Mantzaris GJ, Mouzaki Α. Molecular basis of vitamin D action in inflammatory bowel disease. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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Kalia V, Studzinski GP, Sarkar S. Role of vitamin D in regulating COVID-19 severity-An immunological perspective. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:809-819. [PMID: 33464639 PMCID: PMC8014852 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4covr1020-698r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D, a key nutrient/prohormone classically associated with skeletal health, is also an important immunomodulator, with pleotropic effects on innate and adaptive immune cells. Outcomes of several chronic, autoimmune, and infectious diseases are linked to vitamin D. Emergent correlations of vitamin D insufficiency with coronavirus‐induced disease 2019 (COVID‐19) severity, alongside empirical and clinical evidence of immunoregulation by vitamin D in other pulmonary diseases, have prompted proposals of vitamin D supplementation to curb the COVID‐19 public health toll. In this review paper, we engage an immunological lens to discuss potential mechanisms by which vitamin D signals might regulate respiratory disease severity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV2) infections, vis a vis other pulmonary infections. It is proposed that vitamin D signals temper lung inflammatory cascades during SARS‐CoV2 infection, and insufficiency of vitamin D causes increased inflammatory cytokine storm, thus leading to exacerbated respiratory disease. Additionally, analogous to studies of reduced cancer incidence, the dosage of vitamin D compounds administered to patients near the upper limit of safety may serve to maximize immune health benefits and mitigate inflammation and disease severity in SARS‐CoV2 infections. We further deliberate on the importance of statistically powered clinical correlative and interventional studies, and the need for in‐depth basic research into vitamin D‐dependent host determinants of respiratory disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Kalia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - George P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Surojit Sarkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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5
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Baisa GA, Plum L, Marling S, Seeman J, DeLuca HF. Vitamin D is not required for adaptive immunity to listeria. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14209. [PMID: 31464083 PMCID: PMC6713852 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ex vivo research suggests that vitamin D may play a role in innate and adaptive immunity, clear in vivo evidence is lacking. We have tested whether severe vitamin D deficiency alters the ability of mice to resist infection by Listeria. Our results show that vitamin D deficiency does not affect the LD50 of naïve mice in response to Listeria. To study the adaptive immune response, the LD50 for Listeria-immunized mice was determined for vitamin D-deficient and vitamin D-sufficient mice. Although the LD50 clearly increased by immunization with inactivated Listeria, there was no effect of vitamin D deficiency on survival of mice infected with wild-type Listeria. Thus, in this model of adaptive immunity, we could find no evidence of a role for vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A. Baisa
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - Lori Plum
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - Steve Marling
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | | | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
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6
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Cantorna MT, Rogers CJ, Arora J. Aligning the Paradoxical Role of Vitamin D in Gastrointestinal Immunity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:459-466. [PMID: 31122825 PMCID: PMC6588413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and an immune-mediated attack against the commensal microbiota. Vitamin D is an essential vitamin that not only promotes calcium and phosphate absorption but also regulates immune function. The active form of vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] has been shown to suppress symptoms of IBD by inhibiting T cell responses. Host protection from gastrointestinal infection depends on T cells. Paradoxically, vitamin D deficiency increases susceptibility to IBD and gastrointestinal infection. Here we review the roles of vitamin D in immune cells using a kinetic model of the vitamin D-mediated effects on infection to explain the sometimes paradoxical effects of vitamin D on gastrointestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita T Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Connie J Rogers
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Juhi Arora
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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7
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Colotta F, Jansson B, Bonelli F. Modulation of inflammatory and immune responses by vitamin D. J Autoimmun 2017; 85:78-97. [PMID: 28733125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD) is a prohormone most noted for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in circulation, and thus of bone metabolism. Inflammatory and immune cells not only convert inactive VitD metabolites into calcitriol, the active form of VitD, but also express the nuclear receptor of VitD that modulates differentiation, activation and proliferation of these cells. In vitro, calcitriol upregulates different anti-inflammatory pathways and downregulates molecules that activate immune and inflammatory cells. Administration of VitD has beneficial effects in a number of experimental models of autoimmune disease. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that VitD insufficiency is frequently associated with immune disorders and infectious diseases, exacerbated by increasing evidence of suboptimal VitD status in populations worldwide. To date, however, most interventional studies in human inflammatory and immune diseases with VitD supplementation have proven to be inconclusive. One of the reasons could be that the main VitD metabolite measured in these studies was the 25-hydroxyVitD (25OHD) rather than its active form calcitriol. Although our knowledge of calcitriol as modulator of immune and inflammatory reactions has dramatically increased in the past decades, further in vivo and clinical studies are needed to confirm the potential benefits of VitD in the control of immune and inflammatory conditions.
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8
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Abstract
Available data suggest that vitamin D plays a role in controlling inflammation in the lungs. However, to date vitamin D-induced production of cathelicidin has not been shown to have an effect on the burden of either viruses or bacteria. Future work should continue to determine the effects of vitamin D-regulated mechanisms in the lung and the possible role of cathelicidin against different pulmonary pathogens in vivo.
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9
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Marcinkowska E, Wallace GR, Brown G. The Use of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ as an Anticancer Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E729. [PMID: 27187375 PMCID: PMC4881551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion that vitamin D can influence the incidence of cancer arose from epidemiological studies. The major source of vitamin D in the organism is skin production upon exposure to ultra violet-B. The very first observation of an inverse correlation between exposure of individuals to the sun and the likelihood of cancer was reported as early as 1941. In 1980, Garland and Garland hypothesised, from findings from epidemiological studies of patients in the US with colon cancer, that vitamin D produced in response to sun exposure is protective against cancer as opposed to sunlight per se. Later studies revealed inverse correlations between sun exposure and the occurrence of prostate and breast cancers. These observations prompted laboratory investigation of whether or not vitamin D had an effect on cancer cells. Vitamin D is not active against cancer cells, but the most active metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25D) has profound biological effects. Here, we review the anticancer action of 1,25D, clinical trials of 1,25D to date and the prospects of the future therapeutic use of new and low calcaemic analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Marcinkowska
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Graham R Wallace
- Institute of Inflammation and Aging, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Geoffrey Brown
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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10
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Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:365-408. [PMID: 26681795 PMCID: PMC4839493 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1071] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is the hormonally active form of vitamin D. The genomic mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 action involves the direct binding of the 1,25(OH)2D3 activated vitamin D receptor/retinoic X receptor (VDR/RXR) heterodimeric complex to specific DNA sequences. Numerous VDR co-regulatory proteins have been identified, and genome-wide studies have shown that the actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 involve regulation of gene activity at a range of locations many kilobases from the transcription start site. The structure of the liganded VDR/RXR complex was recently characterized using cryoelectron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and hydrogen deuterium exchange. These recent technological advances will result in a more complete understanding of VDR coactivator interactions, thus facilitating cell and gene specific clinical applications. Although the identification of mechanisms mediating VDR-regulated transcription has been one focus of recent research in the field, other topics of fundamental importance include the identification and functional significance of proteins involved in the metabolism of vitamin D. CYP2R1 has been identified as the most important 25-hydroxylase, and a critical role for CYP24A1 in humans was noted in studies showing that inactivating mutations in CYP24A1 are a probable cause of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. In addition, studies using knockout and transgenic mice have provided new insight on the physiological role of vitamin D in classical target tissues as well as evidence of extraskeletal effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 including inhibition of cancer progression, effects on the cardiovascular system, and immunomodulatory effects in certain autoimmune diseases. Some of the mechanistic findings in mouse models have also been observed in humans. The identification of similar pathways in humans could lead to the development of new therapies to prevent and treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Sarkar S, Hewison M, Studzinski GP, Li YC, Kalia V. Role of vitamin D in cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunity to pathogens and cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 53:132-45. [PMID: 26479950 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1094443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in immune cells has opened up a new area of research into immunoregulation by vitamin D, a niche that is distinct from its classical role in skeletal health. Today, about three decades since this discovery, numerous cellular and molecular targets of vitamin D in the immune system have been delineated. Moreover, strong clinical associations between vitamin D status and the incidence/severity of many immune-regulated disorders (e.g. infectious diseases, cancers and autoimmunity) have prompted the idea of using vitamin D supplementation to manipulate disease outcome. While much is known about the effects of vitamin D on innate immune responses and helper T (T(H)) cell immunity, there has been relatively limited progress on the frontier of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity--an arm of host cellular adaptive immunity that is crucial for the control of such intracellular pathogens as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and hepatitis C virus (HCV). In this review, we discuss the strong historical and clinical link between vitamin D and infectious diseases that involves cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity, present our current understanding as well as critical knowledge gaps in the realm of vitamin D regulation of host CTL responses, and highlight potential regulatory connections between vitamin D and effector and memory CD8 T cell differentiation events during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surojit Sarkar
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA .,b Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Martin Hewison
- c Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), The University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - George P Studzinski
- d Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark , NJ , USA , and
| | - Yan Chun Li
- e Department of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences , The University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Vandana Kalia
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA .,b Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA
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12
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Vitamin D every day to keep the infection away? Nutrients 2015; 7:4170-88. [PMID: 26035244 PMCID: PMC4488779 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the last decade, vitamin D has emerged as a central regulator of host defense against infections. In this regard, vitamin D triggers effective antimicrobial pathways against bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens in cells of the human innate immune system. However, vitamin D also mediates potent tolerogenic effects: it is generally believed that vitamin D attenuates inflammation and acquired immunity, and thus potentially limits collateral tissue damage. Nevertheless, several studies indicate that vitamin D promotes aspects of acquired host defense. Clinically, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk for various infectious diseases in epidemiological studies; yet, robust data from controlled trials investigating the use of vitamin D as a preventive or therapeutic agent are missing. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the effect of vitamin D on innate and acquired host defense, and speculate on the difficulties to translate the available molecular medicine data into practical therapeutic or preventive recommendations.
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Chen J, Waddell A, Lin YD, Cantorna MT. Dysbiosis caused by vitamin D receptor deficiency confers colonization resistance to Citrobacter rodentium through modulation of innate lymphoid cells. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:618-26. [PMID: 25315967 PMCID: PMC4398576 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) knockout (KO) mice had fewer Citrobacter rodentium in the feces than wild-type (WT) mice and the kinetics of clearance was faster in VDR KO than WT mice. VDR KO mice had more interleukin-22 (IL-22)-producing innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and more antibacterial peptides than WT mice. The increased ILCs in the VDR KO mice was a cell-autonomous effect of VDR deficiency on ILC frequencies. Bone marrow (BM) transplantation from VDR KO mice into WT resulted in higher ILCs and colonization resistance of the WT mice. Disruption of the gut microbiota using antibiotics in VDR KO mice reversed colonization resistance to C. rodentium infection. Confirming the role of the microbiota in the colonization resistance of VDR KO mice, transfer of the VDR KO microbiota to WT germ-free mice resulted in colonization resistance. Once colonization resistance was overcome, VDR KO mice had increased susceptibility to C. rodentium. VDR expression is a regulator of ILC frequencies, IL-22, dysbiosis, and C. rodentium susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | | | - Margherita T. Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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14
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Ritterhouse LL, Lu R, Shah HB, Robertson JM, Fife DA, Maecker HT, Du H, Fathman CG, Chakravarty EF, Scofield RH, Kamen DL, Guthridge JM, James JA. Vitamin d deficiency in a multiethnic healthy control cohort and altered immune response in vitamin D deficient European-American healthy controls. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94500. [PMID: 24727903 PMCID: PMC3984168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective In recent years, vitamin D has been shown to possess a wide range of immunomodulatory effects. Although there is extensive amount of research on vitamin D, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or the mechanism by which vitamin D regulates the human immune system. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency and the relationship between vitamin D and the immune system in healthy individuals. Methods Healthy individuals (n = 774) comprised of European-Americans (EA, n = 470), African–Americans (AA, n = 125), and Native Americans (NA, n = 179) were screened for 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels by ELISA. To identify the most noticeable effects of vitamin D on the immune system, 20 EA individuals with severely deficient (<11.3 ng/mL) and sufficient (>24.8 ng/mL) vitamin D levels were matched and selected for further analysis. Serum cytokine level measurement, immune cell phenotyping, and phosphoflow cytometry were performed. Results Vitamin D sufficiency was observed in 37.5% of the study cohort. By multivariate analysis, AA, NA, and females with a high body mass index (BMI, >30) demonstrate higher rates of vitamin D deficiency (p<0.05). Individuals with vitamin D deficiency had significantly higher levels of serum GM-CSF (p = 0.04), decreased circulating activated CD4+ (p = 0.04) and CD8+ T (p = 0.04) cell frequencies than individuals with sufficient vitamin D levels. Conclusion A large portion of healthy individuals have vitamin D deficiency. These individuals have altered T and B cell responses, indicating that the absence of sufficient vitamin D levels could result in undesirable cellular and molecular alterations ultimately contributing to immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L. Ritterhouse
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Rufei Lu
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Hemangi B. Shah
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Robertson
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Dustin A. Fife
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Holden T. Maecker
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Hongwu Du
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Charles G. Fathman
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Eliza F. Chakravarty
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Diane L. Kamen
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Cantorna MT, Waddell A. The vitamin D receptor turns off chronically activated T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1317:70-5. [PMID: 24673331 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T cell proliferation and T helper (TH ) cells that make IL-17 (TH 17 cells) and IFN-γ (TH 1 cells) have been shown to be inhibited by 1,25(OH)2 D3 . Previous work has shown that immune-mediated diseases, where TH 1 and TH 17 cells are pathogenic, are ameliorated with 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment. Paradoxically, infectious diseases that require TH 1 and TH 17 responses for host resistance are unaffected by 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment. Resting T cells are not responsive to vitamin D because they do not express the vitamin D receptor (VDR) until late after activation. T cells activated following an infection help clear the infection, and since the antigen is eliminated, vitamin D is not needed to dampen the immune response. Conversely, in immune-mediated disease, there is chronic T cell activation, and in this scenario, vitamin D and 1,25(OH)2 D3 are critical for inhibiting T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Vitamin D is a late regulator of T cell function and acts to turn off T cells. This paper will review these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita T Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Lang PO, Samaras N, Samaras D, Aspinall R. How important is vitamin D in preventing infections? Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:1537-53. [PMID: 23160915 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interaction with the immune system is one of the most recently established nonclassic effects of vitamin D (VitD). For many years, this was considered to be limited to granulomatous diseases in which synthesis of active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) or calcitriol is known to be increased. However, recent reports have supported a role for 1,25(OH)2D3 in promoting normal function of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Crucially, these effects seem to be mediated not only by the endocrine function of circulating calcitriol but also via paracrine (i.e., refers to effects to adjacent or nearby cells) and/or intracrine activity (i.e., refers to a hormone acting inside a cell) of 1,25(OH)2D3 from its precursor 25(OH)D3, the main circulating metabolite of VitD. The ability of this vitamin to influence human immune responsiveness seems to be highly dependent on the 25(OH)D3 status of individuals and may lead to aberrant response to infection or even to autoimmunity in those who are lacking VitD. The potential health significance of this has been underlined by increasing awareness of impaired status in populations across the globe. This review will examine the current understanding of how VitD status may modulate the responsiveness of the human immune system. Furthermore, we discuss how it may play a role in host resistance to common pathogens and how effective is its supplementation for treatment or prevention of infectious diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Lang
- Nescens Centre of Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Genolier, Route du Muids, 3, 1272 Genolier, Switzerland.
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Huang W, Hu J, August A. Cutting edge: innate memory CD8+ T cells are distinct from homeostatic expanded CD8+ T cells and rapidly respond to primary antigenic stimuli. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2490-4. [PMID: 23408840 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate memory phenotype (IMP) CD8(+) T cells are nonconventional αβ T cells exhibiting features of innate immune cells and are significantly increased in the absence of ITK. Their developmental path and function are not clear. In this study, we show hematopoietic MHC class I (MHCI)-dependent generation of Ag-specific IMP CD8(+) T cells using bone marrow chimeras. Wild-type bone marrow gives rise to IMP CD8(+) T cells in MHCI(-/-) recipients, resembling those in Itk(-/-) mice, but distinct from those derived via homeostatic proliferation, and independent of recipient thymus. In contrast, MHCI(-/-) bone marrow does not lead to IMP CD8(+) T cells in wild-type recipients. OTI IMP CD8(+) T cells generated via this method exhibited enhanced early response to Ag without prior primary stimulation. Our findings suggest a method to generate Ag-specific "naive" CD8(+) IMP T cells, as well as demonstrate that they are not homeostatic proliferation cells and can respond promptly in an Ag-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Hoelzer K, Pouillot R, Dennis S. Animal models of listeriosis: a comparative review of the current state of the art and lessons learned. Vet Res 2012; 43:18. [PMID: 22417207 PMCID: PMC3384455 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is a leading cause of hospitalization and death due to foodborne illness in the industrialized world. Animal models have played fundamental roles in elucidating the pathophysiology and immunology of listeriosis, and will almost certainly continue to be integral components of the research on listeriosis. Data derived from animal studies helped for example characterize the importance of cell-mediated immunity in controlling infection, allowed evaluation of chemotherapeutic treatments for listeriosis, and contributed to quantitative assessments of the public health risk associated with L. monocytogenes contaminated food commodities. Nonetheless, a number of pivotal questions remain unresolved, including dose-response relationships, which represent essential components of risk assessments. Newly emerging data about species-specific differences have recently raised concern about the validity of most traditional animal models of listeriosis. However, considerable uncertainty about the best choice of animal model remains. Here we review the available data on traditional and potential new animal models to summarize currently recognized strengths and limitations of each model. This knowledge is instrumental for devising future studies and for interpreting current data. We deliberately chose a historical, comparative and cross-disciplinary approach, striving to reveal clues that may help predict the ultimate value of each animal model in spite of incomplete data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hoelzer
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20707, USA
| | - Régis Pouillot
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20707, USA
| | - Sherri Dennis
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20707, USA
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Sacco RE, Nonnecke BJ, Palmer MV, Waters WR, Lippolis JD, Reinhardt TA. Differential expression of cytokines in response to respiratory syncytial virus infection of calves with high or low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33074. [PMID: 22412984 PMCID: PMC3297628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 has been related to increased risk of lower respiratory tract infections in children. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of low respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. The neonatal calf model of RSV infection shares many features in common with RSV infection in infants and children. In the present study, we hypothesized that calves with low circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) would be more susceptible to RSV infection than calves with high circulating levels of 25(OH)D3. Calves were fed milk replacer diets with different levels of vitamin D for a 10 wk period to establish two treatment groups, one with high (177 ng/ml) and one with low (32.5 ng/ml) circulating 25(OH)D3. Animals were experimentally infected via aerosol challenge with RSV. Data on circulating 25(OH)D3 levels showed that high and low concentrations of 25(OH)D3 were maintained during infection. At necropsy, lung lesions due to RSV were similar in the two vitamin D treatment groups. We show for the first time that RSV infection activates the vitamin D intracrine pathway in the inflamed lung. Importantly, however, we observed that cytokines frequently inhibited by this pathway in vitro are, in fact, either significantly upregulated (IL-12p40) or unaffected (IFN-γ) in the lungs of RSV-infected calves with high circulating levels of 25(OH)D3. Our data indicate that while vitamin D does have an immunomodulatory role during RSV infection, there was no significant impact on pathogenesis during the early phases of RSV infection. Further examination of the potential effects of vitamin D status on RSV disease resolution will require longer-term studies with immunologically sufficient and deficient vitamin D levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
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The Role of Vitamin D and Vitamin D Receptor in Immunity to Leishmania major Infection. J Parasitol Res 2011; 2012:134645. [PMID: 22007288 PMCID: PMC3191735 DOI: 10.1155/2012/134645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D signaling modulates a variety of immune responses. Here, we assessed the role of vitamin D in immunity to experimental leishmaniasis infection in vitamin D receptor-deficient mice (VDRKO). We observed that VDRKO mice on a genetically resistant background have decreased Leishmania major-induced lesion development compared to wild-type (WT) mice; additionally, parasite loads in infected dermis were significantly lower at the height of infection. Enzymatic depletion of the active form of vitamin D mimics the ablation of VDR resulting in an increased resistance to L. major. Conversely, VDRKO or vitamin D-deficient mice on the susceptible Th2-biased background had no change in susceptibility. These studies indicate vitamin D deficiency, either through the ablation of VDR or elimination of its ligand, 1,25D3, leads to an increase resistance to L. major infection but only in a host that is predisposed for Th-1 immune responses.
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Youssef DA, Miller CW, El-Abbassi AM, Cutchins DC, Cutchins C, Grant WB, Peiris AN. Antimicrobial implications of vitamin D. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:220-9. [PMID: 22259647 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.4.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence exists that vitamin D has a potential antimicrobial activity and its deficiency has deleterious effects on general well-being and longevity. Vitamin D may reduce the risk of infection through multiple mechanisms. Vitamin D boosts innate immunity by modulating production of anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) and cytokine response. Vitamin D and its analogues via these mechanisms are playing an increasing role in the management of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo, acne and rosacea. Vitamin D may reduce susceptibility to infection in patients with atopic dermatitis and the ability to regulate local immune and inflammatory responses offers exciting potential for understanding and treating chronic inflammatory dermatitides. Moreover, B and T cell activation as well as boosting the activity of monocytes and macrophages also contribute to a potent systemic anti-microbial effect. The direct invasion by pathogenic organisms may be minimized at sites such as the respiratory tract by enhancing clearance of invading organisms. A vitamin D replete state appears to benefit most infections, with the possible noteworthy exception of Leishmaniasis. Antibiotics remain an expensive option and misuse of these agents results in significant antibiotic resistance and contributes to escalating health care costs. Vitamin D constitutes an inexpensive prophylactic option and possibly therapeutic product either by itself or as a synergistic agent to traditional antimicrobial agents. This review outlines the specific antimicrobial properties of vitamin D in combating a wide range of organisms. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which vitamin D may have a therapeutic role in managing a variety of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima A Youssef
- Mountain Home VAMC Medicine Service; Mountain Home; TN USA
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Age-related changes in the epithelial and stromal compartments of the mammary gland in normocalcemic mice lacking the vitamin D3 receptor. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16479. [PMID: 21298063 PMCID: PMC3027678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) serves as a negative growth regulator during mammary gland development via suppression of branching morphogenesis during puberty and modulation of differentiation and apoptosis during pregnancy, lactation and involution. To assess the role of the VDR in the aging mammary gland, we utilized 12, 14, and 16 month old VDR knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice for assessment of integrity of the epithelial and stromal compartments, steroid hormone levels and signaling pathways. Our data indicate that VDR ablation is associated with ductal ectasia of the primary mammary ducts, loss of secondary and tertiary ductal branches and atrophy of the mammary fat pad. In association with loss of the white adipose tissue compartment, smooth muscle actin staining is increased in glands from VDR KO mice, suggesting a change in the stromal microenviroment. Activation of caspase-3 and increased Bax expression in mammary tissue of VDR KO mice suggests that enhanced apoptosis may contribute to loss of ductal branching. These morphological changes in the glands of VDR KO mice are associated with ovarian failure and reduced serum 17β-estradiol. VDR KO mice also exhibit progressive loss of adipose tissue stores, hypoleptinemia and increased metabolic rate with age. These developmental studies indicate that, under normocalcemic conditions, loss of VDR signaling is associated with age-related estrogen deficiency, disruption of epithelial ductal branching, abnormal energy expenditure and atrophy of the mammary adipose compartment.
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Bruce D, Ooi JH, Yu S, Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and host resistance to infection? Putting the cart in front of the horse. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:921-7. [PMID: 20660091 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is being touted as an anti-infective agent and it has even been suggested that vitamin D supplementation could be effective against the H1N1 influenza virus. The claims are largely based on the ability of vitamin D to induce antibacterial peptides and evidence that the immune system produces active vitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) in situ. While there are many examples of immune production of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in vitro, there is little in vivo evidence. In addition, it is not clear what role immune production of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) has on the course of disease. Vitamin D and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) inhibit T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th17-mediated immune responses and autoimmune diseases by acting on the innate and acquired immune system to inhibit the function of Th1 and Th17 cells. Th1 and Th17 cells are important in host resistance to many infections including tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Paradoxically the innate immune system is induced to produce antibacterial peptides that are effective against TB in vitro. Data from several models of infection have so far not supported a role for vitamin D in affecting the course of disease. There is also very little evidence that vitamin D affects the course of human TB infection. Experiments have not been done in cells, mice or humans to evaluate the effect of vitamin D on influenza virus. At this time it would be premature to claim that vitamin D has an effect on TB, influenza or any other infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Bruce
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
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