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Inoue A, Chiba S, Eto S, Taniguchi T, Yanai H. Potential of HMGB-inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotide ISM ODN to neutrophil recruitment in mouse model of hepatitis. Genes Cells 2023; 28:202-210. [PMID: 36550748 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nucleotide-binding chromatin protein that has also been characterized as a prototypical damage-associate molecular pattern. It triggers inflammatory responses upon release from damaged or dying cells. In fact, HMGB1 has been linked to the induction of many inflammatory diseases through immune cell activation including neutrophil recruitment. In this study, we examined the impact of HMGB1-binding inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotide (ISM ODN) on the development of hepatitis using a murine model of the disease. Our results indicate that ISM ODN effectively suppresses pathological features of hepatitis, including neutrophil accumulation. This study therefore may offer clinical insight into the treatment of hepatitis and possibly other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Inoue
- Department of Inflammology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Chiba
- Department of Inflammology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shotaro Eto
- Department of Inflammology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadatsugu Taniguchi
- Department of Inflammology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Inflammology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Cao L, Yin G, Du J, Jia R, Gao J, Shao N, Li Q, Zhu H, Zheng Y, Nie Z, Ding W, Xu G. Salvianolic Acid B Regulates Oxidative Stress, Autophagy and Apoptosis against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hepatic Injury in Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030341. [PMID: 36766230 PMCID: PMC9913662 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), as one of the main water-soluble components of Salvia miltiorrhizae, has significant pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, free radical elimination and biofilm protection actions. However, the protective effect of Sal B on Nile tilapia and the underlying mechanism are rarely reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Sal B on antioxidant stress, apoptosis and autophagy in Nile tilapia liver. In this experiment, Nile tilapia were fed diets containing sal B (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g·kg-1) for 60 days, and then the oxidative hepatic injury of the tilapia was induced via intrapleural injection of 50 g·kg-1 cyclophosphamide (CTX) three times. After the final exposure to CTX, the Nile tilapia were weighed and blood and liver samples were collected for the detection of growth and biochemical indicators, pathological observations and TUNEL detection, as well as the determination of mRNA expression levels. The results showed that after the CTX treatment, the liver was severely damaged, the antioxidant capacity of the Nile tilapia was significantly decreased and the hepatocyte autophagy and apoptosis levels were significantly increased. Meanwhile, dietary Sal B can not only significantly improve the growth performance of tilapia and effectively reduce CTX-induced liver morphological lesions, but can also alleviate CTX-induced hepatocyte autophagy and apoptosis. In addition, Sal B also significantly regulated the expression of genes related to antioxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis pathways. This suggested that the hepatoprotective effect of Sal B may be achieved through various pathways, including scavenging free radicals and inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis and autophagy.
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3
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Hu C, Zhao L, Shen M, Wu Z, Li L. Autophagy regulation is an effective strategy to improve the prognosis of chemically induced acute liver injury based on experimental studies. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8315-8325. [PMID: 32627386 PMCID: PMC7412417 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury (ALI) induced by chemicals in current experimental studies is characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress and necrosis, which can greatly influence the long-term outcome and lead to liver failure. In liver cells, different autophagy forms envelop cytoplasm components, including proteins, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria and lipids, and they effectively participate in breaking down the cargo enclosed inside lysosomes to replenish cellular energy and contents. In general, autophagy serves as a cell survival mechanism in stressful microenvironments, but it also serves as a destructive mechanism that results in cell death in vitro and in vivo. In experimental animals, multiple chemicals are used to mimic ALI in patients to clarify the potential pathological mechanisms and develop effective strategies in the clinic. In this review, we summarize related publications about autophagy modulation to attenuate chemically induced ALI in vitro and in vivo. We also analysed the underlying mechanisms of autophagy regulators and genetic modifications to clarify how to control autophagy to protect against chemically induced ALI in animal models. We anticipate that selectively controlling the dual effects of hepatic autophagy will help to protect against ALI in various animals, but the detailed mechanisms and effects should be determined further in future studies. In this way, we are more confident that modulating autophagy in liver regeneration can improve the prognosis of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesState Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouPR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouPR China
| | - Lingfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control TechnologyKidney Disease CenterInstitute of NephrologyFirst Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouPR China
| | - Miaoda Shen
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouPR China
| | - Zhongwen Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesState Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouPR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouPR China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesState Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouPR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouPR China
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4
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Bhogal RH, Weston CJ, Velduis S, G D Leuvenink H, Reynolds GM, Davies S, Nyguet-Thin L, Alfaifi M, Shepard EL, Boteon Y, Wallace L, Oo YH, Adams DH, Mirza DF, Mergental H, Muirhead G, Stephenson BTF, Afford SC. The Reactive Oxygen Species-Mitophagy Signaling Pathway Regulates Liver Endothelial Cell Survival During Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Liver Transpl 2018; 24:1437-1452. [PMID: 30040176 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is the main cause of complications following liver transplantation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were thought to be the main regulators of IRI. However, recent studies demonstrate that ROS activate the cytoprotective mechanism of autophagy promoting cell survival. Liver IRI initially damages the liver endothelial cells (LEC), but whether ROS-autophagy promotes cell survival in LEC during IRI is not known. Primary human LEC were isolated from human liver tissue and exposed to an in vitro model of IRI to assess the role of autophagy in LEC. The role of autophagy during liver IRI in vivo was assessed using a murine model of partial liver IRI. During IRI, ROS specifically activate autophagy-related protein (ATG) 7 promoting autophagic flux and the formation of LC3B-positive puncta around mitochondria in primary human LEC. Inhibition of ROS reduces autophagic flux in LEC during IRI inducing necrosis. In addition, small interfering RNA knockdown of ATG7 sensitized LEC to necrosis during IRI. In vivo murine livers in uninjured liver lobes demonstrate autophagy within LEC that is reduced following IRI with concomitant reduction in autophagic flux and increased cell death. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that during liver IRI ROS-dependent autophagy promotes the survival of LEC, and therapeutic targeting of this signaling pathway may reduce liver IRI following transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky H Bhogal
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- The Liver Unit, University Hospitals of Birmingham, New Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Weston
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Velduis
- University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henri G D Leuvenink
- University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gary M Reynolds
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Davies
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luu Nyguet-Thin
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Alfaifi
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Shepard
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yuri Boteon
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Wallace
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ye H Oo
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David H Adams
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Darius F Mirza
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- The Liver Unit, University Hospitals of Birmingham, New Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hynek Mergental
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- The Liver Unit, University Hospitals of Birmingham, New Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Muirhead
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby T F Stephenson
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Afford
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Infection and Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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5
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Role of hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-derived cytokines in hepatic inflammation and immunity. Cytokine 2018; 124:154542. [PMID: 30241896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In their quiescent state, Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), are present in the sub-endothelial space of Disse and have minimal interaction with immune cells. However, upon activation following injury, HSCs directly or indirectly interact with various immune cells that enter the space of Disse and thereby regulate diverse hepatic function and immune physiology. Other than the normal physiological functions of HSCs such as hepatic homeostasis, maturation and differentiation, they also participate in hepatic inflammation by releasing a battery of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and interacting with other liver cells. Here, we have reviewed the role of HSC in the pathogenesis of liver inflammation and some infectious diseases in order to understand how the interplay between immune cells and HSCs regulates the overall outcome and disease pathology.
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6
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Feng Q, Yao J, Zhou G, Xia W, Lyu J, Li X, Zhao T, Zhang G, Zhao N, Yang J. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals That Arctigenin Alleviates Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis Through Suppressing Immune System and Regulating Autophagy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1881. [PMID: 30177931 PMCID: PMC6109684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis is a well-established experimental model for immune-mediated liver injury. It has been widely used in the therapeutic studies of immune hepatitis. The in-depth analysis of dysregulated proteins from comparative proteomic results indicated that the activation of immune system resulted in the deregulation of autophagy. Follow-up studies validated that some immune related proteins, including Stat1, Pkr, Atg7, and Adrm1, were indeed upregulated. The accumulations of LC3B-II and p62 were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. Arctigenin pretreatment significantly alleviated the liver injury, as evidenced by biochemical and histopathological investigations, whose protective effects were comparable with Prednisone acetate and Cyclosporin A. Arctigenin pretreatment decreased the levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ, but increased the ones of IL-10. Next, the quantitative proteomic analysis demonstrated that ARC pretreatment suppressed the activation of immune system through the inhibition of IFN-γ signaling, when it downregulated the protein expressions of Stat1, P-Stat1, Pkr, P-Pkr, Bnip3, Beclin1, Atg7, LC3B, Adrm1, and p62. Meanwhile, Arctigenin pretreatment also reduced the gene expressions of Stat1, Pkr, and Atg7. These results suggested that Arctigenin alleviated autophagy as well as apoptosis through inhibiting IFN-γ/IL-6/Stat1 pathway and IL-6/Bnip3 pathway. In summary, the comparative proteomic analysis revealed that the activation of immune system led to Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Both autophagy and apoptosis had important clinical implications for the treatment of immune hepatitis. Arctigenin might exert great therapeutic potential in immune-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Ge Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenkai Xia
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Jingang Lyu
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China.,School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Ningwei Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Shimadzu Biomedical Research Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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7
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Ding R, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhao W, Li Y, Yang J, Zhang Y, Ma S. Assessment of sequence homology and immunologic cross-reactivity between tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) and human IL-21. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176707. [PMID: 28467480 PMCID: PMC5415133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have indicated that the expression of interleukin-21 (IL-21) is associated with the pathogenesis of certain liver diseases. However, in alternative animal models of liver diseases, it remains unknown whether the tree shrew could be utilized to analyze the relationship between IL-21 and liver diseases. Here, the phylogenetic tree, sequence alignment and protein structure model of tree shrew and human IL-21 were analyzed using bioinformatics software. A pEGFP-N3/tsIL-21 eukaryotic expression vector of tree shrew IL-21 (tsIL-21) was constructed, and IL-21 expression by the vector-transfected Huh7 cells was evaluated using the newly established quantitative real-time PCR and immunologic protocols for assessing human IL-21. The cytokine profiles were also evaluated in tree shrew spleen lymphocytes induced by recombinant human IL-21 or concanavalin A. It was found that the coding sequence (CDS) of tsIL-21 amplified from spleen lymphocytes belonged to the predicted sequence. The tsIL-21 was closely clustered with primate IL-21 rather than rodent IL-21, and it had an alignment of 83.33% with the human IL-21 nucleotide sequence and 69.93% with the amino acid sequence. The profiles of secondary structure, hydrophobicity and surface charge of tsIL-21 were also similar with those of human IL-21. The tsIL-21 expressed by the vector-transfected Huh7 cells could be identified by their different sources of antibodies against human IL-21, which were all dose-dependent. Recombinant human IL-21 could induce the change of the cytokine profiles of tree shrew spleen lymphocytes, which showed a higher expression of IL-10 and IFN-γ rather than IL-2, IL-4, IL-17, TNF-a and IL-21 during the five-day stimulation. These results indicate that tsIL-21 has a high degree of homology, structural similarity and immunological cross-reactivity with human IL-21 and also confirm the accuracy of this predicted tsIL-21CDS. The protocols utilized in this study will lead to the experimental feasibility of further IL-21-related studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, China
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyong Yang
- Cell Biological Therapy Center, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanxu Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiwu Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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8
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Canup BSB, Song H, Le Ngo V, Meng X, Denning TL, Garg P, Laroui H. CD98 siRNA-loaded nanoparticles decrease hepatic steatosis in mice. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49:188-196. [PMID: 27939923 PMCID: PMC6475075 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive lipid hepatic accumulation. Here, we investigated whether a reduction of CD98 expression mediated by CD98 siRNA-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) could attenuate liver disease markers in a mouse model of NAFLD. NPs were generated using a double emulsion/solvent evaporation technique. Mice fed a high fat diet for 8 weeks to induce fatty liver were treated with vein tail injections of CD98 siRNA-loaded NPs. In vitro, HepG2 treated with CD98 siRNA-loaded NPs showed significant downregulation of CD98 leading to a significant decrease of major pro-inflammatory cytokines and markers. In vivo, CD98 siRNA-loaded NPs strongly decreased all markers of NAFLD, including the blood levels of ALT and lipids accumulation, fibrosis evidence and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, our results indicate that CD98 appears to function as a key actor/inducer in NAFLD, and that our NPs approach may offer a new targeted therapeutic for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S B Canup
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Heliang Song
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vu Le Ngo
- Department of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiangxiao Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Department of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pallavi Garg
- Department of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hamed Laroui
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Fujita T, Narumiya S. Roles of hepatic stellate cells in liver inflammation: a new perspective. Inflamm Regen 2016; 36:1. [PMID: 29259674 PMCID: PMC5721720 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-016-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Connected with the intestinal tract through the portal circulation, liver sinusoids function as the first line of defense against extrahepatic stimuli such as bacterial products and other toxic substances. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are pericytes residing in the perisinusoidal space, between sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes, store vitamin A, and regulate sinusoidal circulation. Following chronic hepatitis, HSCs actively produce extracellular matrices and cause liver fibrosis. In spite of their close position to the liver sinusoids, however, whether HSCs contribute to liver inflammation has remained elusive. Evidence now accumulates to suggest that HSCs actively take part in the regulation of various forms of liver inflammation. Upon inflammatory stimuli from the sinusoids, HSCs produce various inflammatory molecules and interact with other liver cells, thereby recruiting and then activating infiltrating leukocytes and ultimately causing hepatocyte death. On the other hand, HSCs also exert hepatoprotective effects through inhibition of cytokine and chemokine production or induction of immunosuppressive cell population. HSCs therefore integrate cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses in the sinusoids and relay them to the liver parenchyma, either amplifying liver inflammation or suppressing parenchymal damage through immunoregulatory signaling depending on the context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Fujita
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulatory Technology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulatory Technology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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Zhang TG, Wang YM, Zhao J, Xia MY, Peng SQ, Ikejima T. Induction of protective autophagy against apoptosis in HepG2 cells by isoniazid independent of the p38 signaling pathway. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:963-972. [PMID: 30090405 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00470e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH), one of the first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs, is adversely associated with hepatotoxicity in the clinic. However, the detailed mechanism of this side effect is still unclear. The traditional theory that cytochrome P450 2E1 is involved in INH-induced hepatotoxicity remains controversial, therefore other mechanisms by which INH exerts hepatotoxicity need to be investigated. In the current study, we showed that in vitro treatment of human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells with INH induced caspase-dependent apoptosis through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. It was characterized by the increased population of apoptotic cells using Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double staining by flow cytometry, and by the activation of caspases 8, 9, 3 and poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) proteins by western blotting. INH treatment also induced autophagy as shown by the upregulated levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II), increased GFP-LC3 punctates, and elevated monodansylcadaverine (MDC) fluorescence intensity. The measurement of the autophagic flux using chloroquine (CQ) confirmed that INH stimulated autophagy but did not inhibit it by impairing lysosomal degradation. The blockage of autophagy with CQ exacerbated INH-induced apoptosis significantly. Further study showed that INH treatment down-regulated the protein phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), the key negative regulator of autophagy. In addition, INH induced p38 signaling activation. SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, effectively enhanced INH-induced apoptosis by increasing the cleavages of caspases 9, 3 and PARP, but did not affect autophagy. In summary, we firstly found that INH induced a protective autophagy which was associated with the inhibition of the mTOR pathway, and that INH induced p38 signaling activation to inhibit apoptosis by down-regulation of caspases 9, 3 and PARP pathways, but not that of autophagy. Thus, activation of autophagy and p38 signaling is presumably a therapeutic strategy for INH-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Guang Zhang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , 103 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 24 2384 4463.,Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology , Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , 20 Dongdajie Street , Fengtai District , Beijing 100071 , P.R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 1066948462
| | - Yi-Mei Wang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology , Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , 20 Dongdajie Street , Fengtai District , Beijing 100071 , P.R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 1066948462
| | - Jun Zhao
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology , Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , 20 Dongdajie Street , Fengtai District , Beijing 100071 , P.R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 1066948462
| | - Ming-Yu Xia
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , 103 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 24 2384 4463
| | - Shuang-Qing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology , Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , 20 Dongdajie Street , Fengtai District , Beijing 100071 , P.R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 1066948462
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , 103 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 24 2384 4463
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11
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Chen K, Li J, Li S, Feng J, Wu L, Liu T, Zhang R, Xu S, Cheng K, Zhou Y, Zhou S, Wang F, Dai W, Xia Y, Lu J, Zhou Y, Guo C. 15d-PGJ2 alleviates ConA-induced acute liver injury in mice by up-regulating HO-1 and reducing hepatic cell autophagy. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:183-192. [PMID: 27133055 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we confirmed a protective effect of 15d-PGJ2 in concanavalin A (ConA)-induced fulminant hepatitis in mice and investigated the potential mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Balb/C mice were injected with ConA (25mg/kg) to induce acute fulminant hepatitis, and 15d-PGJ2 (2.5-10μg) was administered 30min after the ConA injection. The histological grade, pro-inflammatory cytokine and ROS levels, apoptosis and autophagy activity, the expression of HO-1, Nrf2, JNK and Bcl-2 activity were determined 2, 4, and 8h after the ConA injection. RESULTS Following ConA challenge, the expression of cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) was up-regulated. Treatment with 15d-PGJ2 reduced the pathological effects of ConA-induced fulminant hepatitis and significantly reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and ROS after injection. 15d-PGJ2 inhibited apoptosis and autophagic cell death, facilitated Nrf2 nuclear translocation, increased HO-1 expression and suppressed the JNK activation. CONCLUSION 15d-PGJ2 alleviates ConA-induced acute liver injury in mice by up-regulating the anti-oxidative stress factor HO-1 and reducing the production of cytokines and ROS, thereby inhibiting hepatic cell autophagy probably induced by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Sainan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Liwei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Shizan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Keran Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; The First affiliated hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; The First affiliated hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Shunfeng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; The First affiliated hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Yujing Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Yingqun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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12
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Kamada Y, Sato M, Kida S, Akita M, Mizutani K, Fujii H, Sobajima T, Yoshida Y, Shinzaki S, Takamatsu S, Takehara T, Miyoshi E. N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V exacerbates concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3573-84. [PMID: 25572342 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
N‑Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT‑V) catalyzes β1‑6 branching in asparagine‑linked oligosaccharides and is one of the most important glycosyltransferases involved in carcinogenesis, cancer metastasis and immunity. To investigate the biological functions of GnT‑V, the present study developed GnT‑V transgenic (Tg) mice and the role of GnT‑V in experimental immune‑mediated hepatitis, induced by concanavalin A (ConA), were investigated. It was found that the aberrant expression of GnT‑V exacerbated ConA‑induced hepatitis in the Tg mice compared with the wild‑type (WT) mice. The survival rate of the ConA‑induced hepatitis at a high‑dose of ConA was significantly lower in the Tg mice. Intravenously injected ConA is known to initially bind predominantly to the mannose gland of the liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) surface and to leads to the activation of various immune cells. In the present study, the binding affinity of ConA to the LSECs did not differ between the WT and Tg mice. In addition, T cell receptor stimulation by anti‑cluster of differentiation (CD)3/CD28 antibodies produced lower levels of T helper (Th)1 cytokine (interferon‑γ) and higher levels of Th2 cytokine (interleukin‑10) in the Tg mouse splenic lymphocytes compared with WT mice. The composition of the hepatic mononuclear cells revealed that CD11b‑positive cells were significantly increased in the GnT‑V Tg mice. In addition, F4/80‑positive cells were significantly increased in the Tg mouse liver and the depletion of macrophages reduced the difference in the severity of ConA‑induced hepatitis between the WT and Tg mice. In conclusion, the present findings indicated that the aberrant expression of GnT‑V led to an increase in hepatic macrophage infiltration and enhanced ConA‑induced hepatitis. Modulation of glycosylation may be a novel therapeutic target for immunity‑associated acute hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Motoya Sato
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Sachiho Kida
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Maaya Akita
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Kayo Mizutani
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Hironobu Fujii
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sobajima
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shinzaki
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Shinji Takamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
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13
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Liu C, Fu J, Liu C, Li S. The role of nitric oxide and autophagy in liver injuries induced by selenium deficiency in chickens. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is recognized as a necessary trace mineral in animal diets, including those of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Ci Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- P. R. China
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14
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Pretreatment with wortmannin alleviates lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 455:234-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Peixoto E, Atorrasagasti C, Aquino JB, Militello R, Bayo J, Fiore E, Piccioni F, Salvatierra E, Alaniz L, García MG, Bataller R, Corrales F, Gidekel M, Podhajcer O, Colombo MI, Mazzolini G. SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) knockdown protects mice from acute liver injury by reducing vascular endothelial cell damage. Gene Ther 2014; 22:9-19. [PMID: 25410742 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is involved in many biological process including liver fibrogenesis, but its role in acute liver damage is unknown. To examine the role of SPARC in acute liver injury, we used SPARC knock-out (SPARC(-/-)) mice. Two models of acute liver damage were used: concanavalin A (Con A) and the agonistic anti-CD95 antibody Jo2. SPARC expression levels were analyzed in liver samples from patients with acute-on-chronic alcoholic hepatitis (AH). SPARC expression is increased on acute-on-chronic AH patients. Knockdown of SPARC decreased hepatic damage in the two models of liver injury. SPARC(-/-) mice showed a marked reduction in Con A-induced necroinflammation. Infiltration by CD4+ T cells, expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 and apoptosis were attenuated in SPARC(-/-) mice. Sinusoidal endothelial cell monolayer was preserved and was less activated in Con A-treated SPARC(-/-) mice. SPARC knockdown reduced Con A-induced autophagy of cultured human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Hepatic transcriptome analysis revealed several gene networks that may have a role in the attenuated liver damaged found in Con A-treated SPARC(-/-) mice. SPARC has a significant role in the development of Con A-induced severe liver injury. These results suggest that SPARC could represent a therapeutic target in acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peixoto
- Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Atorrasagasti
- 1] Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina [2] CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J B Aquino
- 1] Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina [2] CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Militello
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - J Bayo
- Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Fiore
- Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Piccioni
- Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Salvatierra
- Molecular and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Alaniz
- 1] Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina [2] CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M G García
- 1] Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina [2] CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Bataller
- 1] University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Corrales
- CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España
| | - M Gidekel
- 1] Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile. [2] Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - O Podhajcer
- Molecular and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M I Colombo
- 1] CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina [2] Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - G Mazzolini
- 1] Liver Unit, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina [2] CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Liver autophagy in anorexia nervosa and acute liver injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:701064. [PMID: 25250330 PMCID: PMC4163421 DOI: 10.1155/2014/701064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, a lysosomal catabolic pathway for long-lived proteins and damaged organelles, is crucial for cell homeostasis, and survival under stressful conditions. During starvation, autophagy is induced in numerous organisms ranging from yeast to mammals, and promotes survival by supplying nutrients and energy. In the early neonatal period, when transplacental nutrients supply is interrupted, starvation-induced autophagy is crucial for neonates' survival. In adult animals, autophagy provides amino acids and participates in glucose metabolism following starvation. In patients with anorexia nervosa, autophagy appears initially protective, allowing cells to copes with nutrient deprivation. However, when starvation is critically prolonged and when body mass index reaches 13 kg/m(2) or lower, acute liver insufficiency occurs with features of autophagic cell death, which can be observed by electron microscopy analysis of liver biopsy samples. In acetaminophen overdose, a classic cause of severe liver injury, autophagy is induced as a protective mechanism. Pharmacological enhancement of autophagy protects against acetaminophen-induced necrosis. Autophagy is also activated as a rescue mechanism in response to Efavirenz-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. However, Efavirenz overdose blocks autophagy leading to liver cell death. In conclusion, in acute liver injury, autophagy appears as a protective mechanism that can be however blocked or overwhelmed.
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17
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Yüksel M, Laukens D, Heindryckx F, Van Vlierberghe H, Geerts A, Wong FS, Wen L, Colle I. Hepatitis mouse models: from acute-to-chronic autoimmune hepatitis. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 95:309-20. [PMID: 25112417 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease associated with interface hepatitis, raised plasma liver enzymes, the presence of autoantibodies and regulatory T-cell (Tregs) dysfunction. The clinical course is heterogeneous, manifested by a fulminant or indolent course. Although genetic predisposition is well accepted, the combination with currently undefined environmental factors is crucial for the development of the disease. Progress in the development of reliable animal models provides added understanding of the pathophysiology of AIH, and these will be very useful in evaluating potential therapeutics. It appears that artificially breaking tolerance in the liver is easy. However, maintaining this state of tolerance breakdown, to get chronic hepatitis, is difficult because liver immune homeostasis is strongly regulated by several immune response inhibitory mechanisms. For example, Tregs are crucial regulators in acute and chronic hepatitis, and C57BL/6 mice are most prone to experimental AIH. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with liver (AIH) autoantigens (CYP2D6/FTCD or IL-4R) and the disturbance of liver regulatory mechanism(s), leading to experimental AIH, are likely to be most representative of human AIH pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Yüksel
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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18
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Concanavalin A-mediated T cell proliferation is regulated by herpes virus entry mediator costimulatory molecule. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 50:313-20. [PMID: 24163161 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation is regulated by two distinct signals, signals one and two. Concanavalin A (ConA) is an antigen-independent mitogen and functions as signal one inducer, leading T cells to polyclonal proliferation. CD28 is known to be one of major costimulatory receptors and to provide signal two in the ConA-induced T cell proliferation. Here, we have studied the implication of other costimulatory pathways in the ConA-mediated T cell proliferation by using soluble recombinant proteins consisting of an extracellular domain of costimulatory receptors and Fc portion of human IgG. We found that T cell proliferation induced by ConA, but not PMA plus ionomycin or anti-CD3 mAb, is significantly inhibited by herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM)-Ig, even in the presence of CD28 signaling. Moreover, the high concentration of HVEM-Ig molecules almost completely suppressed ConA-mediated T cell proliferation. These results suggest that HVEM might play more important roles than CD28 in ConA-mediated T cell proliferation.
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19
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Kato J, Okamoto T, Motoyama H, Uchiyama R, Kirchhofer D, Van Rooijen N, Enomoto H, Nishiguchi S, Kawada N, Fujimoto J, Tsutsui H. Interferon-gamma-mediated tissue factor expression contributes to T-cell-mediated hepatitis through induction of hypercoagulation in mice. Hepatology 2013; 57:362-72. [PMID: 22936459 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Concanavalin A (Con A) treatment induces severe hepatitis in mice in a manner dependent on T cells, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Treatment with the anticoagulant heparin protects against hepatitis, despite healthy production of IFN-γ and TNF. Here, we investigated molecular and cellular mechanisms for hypercoagulation-mediated hepatitis. After Con A challenge, liver of wild-type (WT) mice showed prompt induction of Ifnγ and Tnf, followed by messenger RNA expression of tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which initiate blood coagulation and inhibit clot lysis, respectively. Mice developed dense intrahepatic fibrin deposition and massive liver necrosis. In contrast, Ifnγ(-/-) mice and Ifnγ(-/-) Tnf(-/-) mice neither induced Pai1 or Tf nor developed hepatitis. In WT mice TF blockade with an anti-TF monoclonal antibody protected against Con A-induced hepatitis, whereas Pai1(-/-) mice were not protected. Both hepatic macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells (ECs) expressed Tf after Con A challenge. Macrophage-depleted WT mice reconstituted with hematopoietic cells, including macrophages deficient in signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) essential for IFN-γ signaling, exhibited substantial reduction of hepatic Tf and of liver injuries. This was also true for macrophage-depleted Stat1(-/-) mice reconstituted with WT macrophages. Exogenous IFN-γ and TNF rendered T-cell-null, Con A-resistant mice deficient in recombination-activating gene 2, highly susceptible to Con A-induced liver injury involving TF. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results strongly suggest that proinflammatory signals elicited by IFN-γ, TNF, and Con A in both hepatic macrophages and sinusoidal ECs are necessary and sufficient for the development of hypercoagulation-mediated hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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20
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Mladenović D, Radosavljević T, Hrnčić D, Rašić-Marković A, Puškaš N, Maksić N, Djuric D, Stanojlović O. Behavioral and electroencephalographic manifestations of thioacetamide-induced encephalopathy in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1219-27. [PMID: 22913436 DOI: 10.1139/y2012-088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the behavioral and electroencephalographic manifestations of thioacetamide-induced encephalopathy in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided among (i) control, saline-treated, and (ii) thioacetamide-treated groups (TAA(300) (300 mg/kg body mass); TAA(600) (600 mg/kg); and TAA(900) (900 mg/kg)). The daily dose of thioacetamide (300 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally once (TAA(300)), twice (TAA(600)), or 3 times (TAA(900)), on subsequent days. Behavioral manifestations were determined at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h, while electroencephalographic changes were recorded 22-24 h after the last dose. General motor activity and exploratory behavior, as well as head shake, auditory startle reflex, placement, and equlibrium tests were diminished in the TAA(600) and TAA(900) groups compared with the control, and were absent in the TAA(900) group 24 h after treatment. Corneal, withdrawal, grasping, and righting reflexes were significantly diminished in the TAA(900) group compared with the control. Mean electroencephalographic power spectra density was significantly higher in TAA(300) and TAA(600) and lower in the TAA(900) group by comparison with the control. Only a score of 3 (mean dominant frequency ≤ 7.3 Hz and δ relative power ≥ 45%) was observed in the TAA(900) group. Thioacetamide induces encephalopathy in rats in a dose-dependent manner. A dose of 900 mg/kg TAA may be used as a suitable model of all stages of hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Mladenović
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Rautou PE, Mansouri A, Lebrec D, Durand F, Valla D, Moreau R. Autophagy in liver diseases. J Hepatol 2010; 53:1123-34. [PMID: 20810185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, or cellular self-digestion, is a cellular pathway crucial for development, differentiation, survival, and homeostasis. Its implication in human diseases has been highlighted during the last decade. Recent data show that autophagy is involved in major fields of hepatology. In liver ischemia reperfusion injury, autophagy mainly has a prosurvival activity allowing the cell for coping with nutrient starvation and anoxia. During hepatitis B or C infection, autophagy is also increased but subverted by viruses for their own benefit. In hepatocellular carcinoma, the autophagy level is decreased. In this context, autophagy has an anti-tumor role and therapeutic strategies increasing autophagy, as rapamycin, have a beneficial effect in patients. Moreover, in hepatocellular carcinoma, Beclin-1 level, an autophagy protein, has a prognostic significance. In α-1-antitrypsin deficiency, the aggregation-prone ATZ protein accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum. This activates the autophagic response which aims at degrading mutant ATZ. Some FDA-approved drugs which enhance autophagy and the disposal of aggregation-prone proteins may be useful in α-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Following alcohol consumption, autophagy is decreased in liver cells, likely due to a decrease in intracellular 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPk) and due to an alteration in vesicle transport in hepatocytes. This decrease in autophagy contributes to the formation of Mallory-Denk bodies and to liver cell death. Hepatic autophagy is defective in the liver in obesity and its upregulation improves insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France.
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