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Shimizu T, Sun L, Ohnishi K. Influence of pre-B cell receptor deficiency on the immunoglobulin repertoires in peripheral blood B cells before and after immunization. Mol Immunol 2024; 166:87-100. [PMID: 38271880 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
During B cell development, pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR), comprising the immunoglobulin heavy chain (HC) and surrogate light chain (SLC), plays a crucial role. The expression of pre-BCR serves as a certification of HC quality, confirming its ability to associate with the SLC and light chain (LC). In mice lacking SLC, the absence of this quality control mechanism leads to a distorted repertoire of HCs in the spleen and bone marrow. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the immunoglobulin gene repertoire in peripheral blood cells of both wild-type mice and pre-BCR-deficient mice. Our findings reveal differences not only in the μ HC repertoire but also in the α HC and κ LC repertoires of the pre-BCR-deficient mice. These results suggest that the pre-BCR-mediated quality check of HC influences the selection of class-switched HC and LC repertoires. To further explore the impact of pre-BCR deficiency, we immunized these mice with thymus-dependent antigens and compared the antigen-responding repertoires. Our observations indicate that the affinity maturation pathways remain consistent between wild-type mice and pre-BCR-deficient mice, albeit with variations in the degree of maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeyuki Shimizu
- Department of Immunology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohnishi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Oda M. Structural, functional, and physiological properties of anti-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl antibodies during the course of affinity maturation. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:1521-1526. [PMID: 36659986 PMCID: PMC9842813 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-01008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional analyses of antibodies in the affinity maturation pathway can help us understand the molecular mechanisms of protein recognition. Using one of the haptens, (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP), various monoclonal antibodies have been obtained, either at the early or late stage of immunization. The variable regions of monoclonal antibodies and their site-directed mutants can also be obtained as single-chain Fv (scFv) antibodies. The change in antigen-binding affinity and avidity of matured-type antibodies from germline-type antibodies could be evaluated based on binding kinetics and thermodynamics, proposing the antigen recognition mode. Crystal structures of a germline-type antibody, N1G9, and a matured-type antibody, C6, in complex with NP were determined, revealing different antigen-binding mode at atomic resolution. Notably, the Tyr to Gly mutation at the 95th residue of the heavy chain is critical for changing the configuration of complementarity determining region 3, which is involved in antigen binding. Furthermore, thermal stability analyses of scFv antibodies have revealed trade-off between antigen-binding affinity and thermal stability in the antigen-unbound state. To increase affinity, the stability of the variable region may be decreased, possibly due to protein architecture. The high stability of germline-type antibodies and the low stability of matured-type antibodies, which increase upon antigen binding, can be explained by the stability of antibodies required at the respective stages of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Oda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8522 Japan
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Disruption of the cpsE and endA Genes Attenuates Streptococcus pneumoniae Virulence: Towards the Development of a Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidate. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020187. [PMID: 32326482 PMCID: PMC7349068 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of deaths due to Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are in developing countries. Although polysaccharide-based pneumococcal vaccines are available, newer types of vaccines are needed to increase vaccine affordability, particularly in developing countries, and to provide broader protection across all pneumococcal serotypes. To attenuate pneumococcal virulence with the aim of engineering candidate live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), we constructed knockouts in S. pneumoniae D39 of one of the capsular biosynthetic genes, cpsE that encodes glycosyltransferase, and the endonuclease gene, endA, that had been implicated in the uptake of DNA from the environment as well as bacterial escape from neutrophil-mediated killing. The cpsE gene knockout significantly lowered peak bacterial density, BALB/c mice nasopharyngeal (NP) colonisation but increased biofilm formation when compared to the wild-type D39 strain as well as the endA gene knockout mutant. All constructed mutant strains were able to induce significantly high serum and mucosal antibody response in BALB/c mice. However, the cpsE-endA double mutant strain, designated SPEC, was able to protect mice from high dose mucosal challenge of the D39 wild-type. Furthermore, SPEC showed 23-fold attenuation of virulence compared to the wild-type. Thus, the cpsE-endA double-mutant strain could be a promising candidate for further development of a LAV for S. pneumoniae.
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Nishiguchi A, Numoto N, Ito N, Azuma T, Oda M. Three-dimensional structure of a high affinity anti-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl antibody possessing a glycine residue at position 95 of the heavy chain. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:545-552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tashiro Y, Murakami A, Hara Y, Shimizu T, Kubo M, Goitsuka R, Kishimoto H, Azuma T. High-affinity IgM + memory B cells are defective in differentiation into IgM antibody-secreting cells by re-stimulation with a T cell-dependent antigen. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14559. [PMID: 30266961 PMCID: PMC6162211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32926-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IgM antibodies (Abs) are thought to play a major role in humoral immunity but only at the early stage of the primary immune response. However, two subsets of IgM+ memory B cells (MBCs), one with high affinity gained by means of multiple somatic hypermutation (SHM) and the other with low affinity and no SHMs, are generated through the germinal center (GC)-dependent and GC-independent (non-GC) pathway, respectively, after immunization with (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP)-chicken γ-globulin. Surprisingly, an analysis of antibody-secreting cells reveals that a large amount of anti-NP IgM Ab with few SHMs is secreted during the recall response, indicating that only non-GC MBCs have terminal differentiation potential. Since secondary IgM Abs are capable of binding to dinitrophenyl ligands, they likely provide broad cross-reactivity in defense against microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Tashiro
- Division of Development and Aging, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan. .,Division of Biosignaling, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Akikazu Murakami
- Department of Parasitology & Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hara
- Shared equipment room, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Shimizu
- Department of Immunology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Research Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Goitsuka
- Division of Development and Aging, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kishimoto
- Department of Parasitology & Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takachika Azuma
- Division of Biosignaling, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Antibody Technology Research Center, Co. Ltd., Noda, Chiba, Japan
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Shimizu T, Tateishi S, Tanoue Y, Azuma T, Ohmori H. Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in Rad18 knockout mice. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 50:54-60. [PMID: 28082021 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes is triggered by the activity of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). AID induces DNA lesions in variable regions of Ig genes, and error-prone DNA repair mechanisms initiated in response to these lesions introduce the mutations that characterize SHM. Error-prone DNA repair in SHM is proposed to be mediated by low-fidelity DNA polymerases such as those that mediate trans-lesion synthesis (TLS); however, the mechanism by which these enzymes are recruited to AID-induced lesions remains unclear. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), the sliding clamp for multiple DNA polymerases, undergoes Rad6/Rad18-dependent ubiquitination in response to DNA damage. Ubiquitinated PCNA promotes the replacement of the replicative DNA polymerase stalled at the site of a DNA lesion with a TLS polymerase. To examine the potential role of Rad18-dependent PCNA ubiquitination in SHM, we analyzed Ig gene mutations in Rad18 knockout (KO) mice immunized with T cell-dependent antigens. We found that SHM in Rad18 KO mice was similar to wild-type mice, suggesting that Rad18 is dispensable for SHM. However, residual levels of ubiquitinated PCNA were observed in Rad18 KO cells, indicating that Rad18-independent PCNA ubiquitination might play a role in SHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeyuki Shimizu
- Department of Immunology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Tateishi
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanoue
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takachika Azuma
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2669, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Haruo Ohmori
- Departments of Gene Information Analysis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawara-cho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Shimizu T, Azuma T. Detection and isolation of anti-hapten antibody-secreting cells by cellular affinity matrix technology. J Immunol Methods 2015; 422:80-6. [PMID: 25896213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed a method to detect and isolate plasma cells that produce antigen-specific antibodies. An affinity matrix of hapten was constructed on a cell surface, and subsequent incubation allowed cells to secrete antibodies. Anti-hapten antibodies preferentially bound to the affinity matrix on the cells from which they were secreted. We showed that the combination of surface biotinylation and streptavidin which was conjugated with a high valence of hapten was suitable for sensitive detection of antibody binding. Using this protocol, anti-hapten plasma cells from immunized mouse spleen were detected and enriched by flow cytometry. This method allows for isolation of intact plasma cells according to the antibody specificity and may be useful for highly efficient and precise analysis of an antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeyuki Shimizu
- Department of Immunology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Takachika Azuma
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Division of Bioinformatics, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.
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